Isisekelo Sokubusa Kwabameleli

Ukuvunywa komphakathi kuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu yanoma yisiphi isigaba sentando yeningi esisebenzayo. Iguqula inqubo yokuhlelwa kwemithetho kusukela ekuqhutshweni kwemithetho kuya phambili ibe ukuxoxisana okuhambisana phakathi kwezikhulu ezikhethiwe nabantu abakhonzayo. Uma izakhamuzi zihlanganyela imibono yazo ngemithetho ehlongozwayo, izinhlelo zokuhlela, noma iziqondiso zezimiso, zinikeza abenzi bomthetho abanemininingwane ebalulekile ekwazi ukuthatha ngokugcwele: okuhlangenwe nakho. Le nqubo iqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho ubonakalisa izidingo zezwe langempela lemiphakathi kunokuba ubonise izimiso zezombangazwe ezingaqondakali. Ngaphandle kwezimiso eziqinile zokusetshenziswa komphakathi, imithetho engazihlukanisa nezindawo ezibusayo, inciphe ukwethemba nokungalinganiswa kwezinhlangano zentando yeningi.

Ukubaluleka kwalokhu kuhlangana akunakuchazwa ngokweqile. Ngokokucwaninga okuvela ku- OECD ekhomba uhulumeni wemishini , ohulumeni abahlela umphakathi babone amazinga aphakeme okuhlanganyela kwezimiso nokwaneliseka kwezakhamuzi. Uma abantu bezwa, basengozini kakhulu ukwamukela ukudayiswa okunzima nokusekela imigomo yezimiso ezinde. Ngokuphambene, ukunganaki ukuvunywa komphakathi kungaholela ekuphikiseni, ekulingeni, nasekuphazamisekeni kwemiyalulweni kwezenhlalo. Inqubo yemithetho yomthetho ayikho umgwaqo owodwa; iyingxoxo eqhubekayo phakathi kwegunya nesibopho sokulandisa.

Ubuciko Bokudla Komphakathi

Ukuvuma komphakathi kutholakala ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, ngayinye enamandla ahlukile nobuthakathaka. Abenzi bomthetho abathembele endleleni eyodwa bafaka engozini yokuzwa kuphela isiqeshana esincane se-vcotor. Indlela ebanzi ihlanganisa amathuluzi angokwesiko nawanamuhla ukuze kuthathwe inqwaba yamazwi aphelele.

AmaHholo Asedolobheni Avamile Nezindlebe Zomphakathi

Ihholo ledolobha linesisekelo sentando yeningi eqondile. Lezi zenzakalo ezilandelanayo zivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zime phambi kwabameleli bazo futhi zinikeze ubufakazi bomuntu siqu. Ubunzima obungokomzwelo bemali yendlu ehlongozwayo bungathinta kanjani umkhaya wazo ngendlela yokulawula imithetho ngendlela engenakusetshenziswa ngayo. Nokho, amahholo asedolobheni anenkinga yokungena kakhulu, ngokuvamile adonsa abantu abanonya noma abanonya. Futhi akha imingcele kubazali abasebenzayo, abantu abakhubazekile, nalabo abangenazo izinto zokuhamba ezithembekile. Ukukhuluma ngalokhu, eminye imibuso manje inikeza izingxenyana eziyimifantu ehlanganisa amasampula akhona akhethayo.

Ukuzithoba Okulotshiwe Nezikhathi Zokuphendula

Izinkampani eziningi zemithetho zinikeza izikhathi zokukhulumela ezingokomthetho lapho izakhamuzi nezinhlangano zinganikeza khona ukunikeza imvume ebhaliwe ezikweletini ezisele. Lendlela ibaluleke kakhulu ekuhlolweni kwemininingwane yobuchwepheshe (ngokwesibonelo, uchwepheshe wezentela angafaka inqubo ethatha amakhasi angu-50 emiphumela yezezimali ezomnotho. Nokho, umthamo omkhulu wezintambo unganqoba izisebenzi. i-Federal Register yase-U. ngokwesibonelo, ithola izigidi zamazwi minyaka yonke ngemithetho emikhulu. Abenzi bemithetho kumelwe bathuthukise izindlela ezihlelwayo zokuhlukanisa nokulinganisa lezi zimo zemali ezintsha zemali ngaphandle kokuvumela ukuduma kwe-amood.

Izindlela Zokuxhumana Nemithombo Yezindaba

I-Internet ifake idemocratic translate ngezindlela ezingakaze zibonwe. Ama-gcomposi manje athola ukwaziswa kwangempela ngezindawo zezokuxhumana zezokuxhumana ezinjenge-twitter, Facebook, ne-Instagram. Ama Hashtag angahlela umuzwa womphakathi ngezindaba ezithile, futhi ama-proxygenta angaphoqelela abenzi bemithetho ukuba bakhulume ngezihloko ezingase zigwemeke. Nokho, ukuveza izinkulumo zezibalo kuthambekele kakhulu ekusebenziseni izinkulumo zezezombangazwe ze-Twikinfffed. I-acective efana nezimpande zotshani. Ngakho, ukuhlola okungu 2019 okukhishwe kuyi-data ye-injini ye-injini ye-injini. Ngakho kumelwe ukuba kukhishwe i-ngosimende ye-ngosi ye-ngosicine ye-ngosicimbini ekhishwe nge-injini ye-injini ye-injini ye-Grouniction.

Ukuhlola Nezindawo Zezakhamuzi

Ukuhlolwa kwezibalo kunikeza ukuphikisana okungalinganiyo nokungalingani kwezakhamuzi kumacala omphakathi. Ukuhlola okungakhethi kwe-falm kungaveza lokho i-avenge icabanga, hhayi nje kweyezwi elikhulu. Abanye ohulumeni baye bathatha inyathelo elingaphezulu ngokuhlanganisa amaqoqo ezakhamuzi zezindawo zokuhlala/enzeka ngokuhlangana kwezindawo zezakhamuzi ezihlukene, "zingamaqembu akhethwe ngamabomu amahlelo anezimpikiswano eziyinkimbinkimbi ezingaphezulu kwezikhawulo eziningi. [FLT]] zenza inter phone yeSigunday , iphayona eBrithani ngoshintsho oluhle, luye lwavezwe emhlabeni wonke ngenxa yezimpikiswano zokukhishwa kwezisulelo zesikhathi. Lamaqembu aveza izinqululo ezihlangeneyo, ahlanganisa ukuhlelwa kwegunya elikhulu.

Indlela Ukuhlupha Okungakuvumeli Ngayo Ukushaya Indiva Umthetho: Izibonelo Ezihlobeneyo

Ukubaluleka okucatshangelwayo kokuvuma komphakathi kuboniswa kangcono ngokuhlola izindaba ezithile lapho ukufakwa kwezakhamuzi kwashintsha khona ngokuqondile inkambo yomthetho.

Ukunakekela Impilo Kushintsha Nesenzo Sokunakekela Esingadunyi

Phakathi nokudwetshwa kweAffordal Care Act (ACA) ngo- 2009-2010, izinkulungwane zamaMelika zahlanganyela izindaba zomuntu siqu zokwenqatshelwa komshuwalense ngenxa yezimo ezandulelayo. Lab ubufakazi basiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi umthetho wokugcina wawuhlanganisa ukwenqatshelwa kokuphika okunjalo. Ukuvunywa komphakathi futhi kwathonya ukufakwa kwezimfuneko zokuvimbela nokukhula kweMedicaid, nakuba kamuva kwenziwa ngeNkantolo Ephakeme. Ngaphandle kokubuyiselwa komzwelo wezindaba zezakhamuzi, i-ACAA yayingaba iyingxenye yemithetho ebuthakathaka kakhulu.

Ukulawula Izibhamu Ngemva Kokudubula Ngenqwaba

Ngemva kokudubula ngo-2018 eMarjory Stoneman Douglas High School e-Parkland, Florida, abafundi abashisekeli basungula umkhankaso omkhulu wokunikeza impendulo yomphakathi. Bahlela ukumasha, bafaka ubufakazi phambi kwezishaya-mthetho zesifunda, futhi bagcwalisa imithombo yezindaba yezenhlalo befuna imithetho eqinile yezibhamu. Imizamo yabo yaba nengxenye ekudluleni kweMarjory Douglas High Safety School Act eFlorida, eyaphakamisa iminyaka engaphansi kokuthenga izibhamu futhi yabeka inkathi eyizinsuku ezintathu yokulinda. Nakuba umthetho wezwe wawulokhu ungekho ngqiqweqwele, ushintsho lwezelubonise amandla okuhlelwa, ukufakwa komphakathi okuqhubekayo.

Ubulungisa Bendawo Ezungezile Nezwi Lomphakathi

Kunhlekelele yamanzi eFlint, kwakungeyona imibiko engokwesayensi kodwa kwakuyizikhalo eziphikelelayo zezakhamuzi ezathi ekugcineni zaphoqelela ukuthatha isinyathelo sikahulumeni. Ezinyangeni eziningi, izakhamuzi zabika ukukhinyabezwa kwamanzi amibala ehlukahlukene nezimpawu zempilo, kodwa kwamane kwathi kwathi kwathina izikhulu zathi lesi simo saba yihlazo sesizwe kuphela ngemva kokuba izintatheli zinyuse umbono womphakathi. Lenhlekelele yaholela ekushicileleni ekutheni iziqondiso zendawo ezungezile zihilela kanjani ukufakwa komphakathi, kuhlanganise nokumiswa kwe- EPA’S Office of Environmental Justice [[. Igcizelela ukuthi ukuvunywa akuyona nje inhlonipho kodwa isivikelo ekungana nemithetho engokomthetho.

Izithiyo Zokuhlanganyela Okunenjongo

Nakuba kubalulekile, ukuvuma umphakathi akusona isibuko esiphelele sombono womphakathi.

Ukuhlukana Kwezinombolo

Amathuluzi okunikeza impendulo ku-inthanethi akhipha izakhamuzi ngaphandle kokuthola i-Internet ethembekile. Ngokwe-Pew Research Center, cishe amaphesenti angu-7 abantu abadala baseMelika abasebenzisi i-Internet, futhi leli nani liphakeme ngokungenakulinganiswa phakathi kwamakhaya, asebekhulile, nabangenayo. Uma izishaya-mthetho zithembele kuphela kuma-tecture, zihlela ukuthulisa labo ababhekene nokuncishiswa. Izimiso eziphumelelayo zokunikeza impendulo kumelwe zihlanganise ukukhetha ngaphandle kolayini njengezindlela zokuphendula nokulalela umphakathi.

Imithombo Nemisebenzi Eyinkimbinkimbi

Izindikimba ezincane zemithetho-mthetho − njengalezo zasesifundazweni noma endaweni yakhona − ngokuvamile azinazisebenzi zokuhlela imisebe emikhulu yokuthola ukwaziswa. Umkhandlu wedolobha ocabangela ukushintsha kokuhlelwa kwezindawo ungathola amakhulu e-imeyili kodwa awunamhlaziyi ozinikezele ukuba ahlulele. Lokhu kungaholela ekunqumeni ukukhathala: kunokuba zilinganisele ngokucophelela wonke umbono, izikhulu zithambekele ekutholweni okukhumbulekayo noma okunonya. Ukuhlolwa kobuchwepheshe bomphakathi, njengamathuluzi okulungisa ulimi olungokwemvelo, kungasiza, kodwa akuyona i-paneace.

Ukufuya Nokuhlinza Okunemicikilisho

Amaqembu akhethekile avame ukwenza imikhankaso yama-ossearoot − ebizwa ngokuthi “i-astraturfing”" ukuze adale ukukhohlisa kokusekela komphakathi ogcwele. Uphenyo lwama-2020 o- i-Guardian yaveza umzamo ohlangene lapho inkampani eyodwa efaka amashumi ezinkulungwane amaphuzu afanayo eKhomishane ye-Federal Commission ngaphansi kwamagama ahlukene. Amasuntswana anjalo onakalisa inqubo yokuveza inguquko kanye nabenzi bemithetho ukuze basebenzise imithombo eqinisekisa ubuqiniso kunokuba ihlole into.

Izingxenye Zokubhala Nokucwenga

Imithetho-mthetho encike ku-Twitter noma kuFacebook ingazwa amazwi anzima kakhulu asuka eqenjini labo, kuyilapho imibono elinganiselwe noma ezimele ingavezwa. Lokhu kungashukumisela abaqondisi-mthetho ekubambeleleni kwemibono futhi badedele ekubusweni okungokwemvelo.

Ukulinganisa Umphumela Wangempela Wokwaziswa Komphakathi

Ukwenezela ukuthi kungakanani ukuguqula ngempela umthetho kunzima kakhulu. Abenzi bomthetho bangakhomba umbono womphakathi ukuze bathethelele izinqumo abebengazithatha, noma bangase balahle ukufakwa okuphikisanayo ngokuthi akukho okumele. Ukuhlolwa kwe-2021 kwenyuvesi yaseChicago kwahlola izikweleti ezingu-200, futhi bathola ukuthi izikweletu ezaqala ngemva kwezinkulumo ezinkulu zasobala zicishe ziphumelele kakhulu uma ziqhathaniswa nezikweletu ezidlulele ngaphandle kokuxhumana nomphakathi. Nokho, ukuhlola ngeke kunqume ukuthi ukuxazulula ngempela kwamandla omphakathi noma ukuphumelela kwezombangazwe.

Enye indlela ethembisayo ukusebenzisa “ukuhlolwa kwezincwadi ezigobile,” lapho abahloli abazimele beqhathanisa umthetho wokugcina ngokumelene nomlando wamazwi omphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, ngemva kokuba i-European Union yamukela i-General Data Protection Regtification (GDPR), abacwaningi bahlola indlela ukuzithoba kwezakhamuzi okuthonye ngayo umbhalo wokugcina. Bathola ukuthi nakuba ukwakheka okuyisisekelo kwakuklanywe abangenisi bemboni, amalungiselelo amaningana e-prossuumer (elungelo lokuthola ukwaziswa) elifana nemvume yokwaziswa (ukukhishwa yi-gevective production. Le windows ingaba abagcini-mthetho abanomthetho abanolwazi futhi bawabeke eqondweni wobuqiniso nabangenisi bemboni.

Indlela Ehleliwe Yabaenzi Bomthetho

Ukuze bandise ukubaluleka kokunikeza inkulumo yomphakathi lapho besingatha izinselele zayo, abashaya izishaya - mthetho nezisebenzi zabo bangamukela imikhuba emihle kakhulu.

Iziteshi Eziwukuxuba Isikhumba

Akukho msakazo owodwa obamba wonke umuntu. Isimiso esiqinile sihlanganisa ukuqungatha komphakathi okungokwesiko, ukuhlola kwe-inthanethi, ukulalela i-website yomphakathi, ukuzwana kwezokuxhumana, ukukhulumela okuthunyelwe ngeposi, kanye nokukhipha izenzakalo ezisezindaweni ezigciniwe. Amanye ama-pactimen aye akha “amahhovisi okubopha ama-commony" anikezelayo ahlela le mizamo futhi aqinisekise ukuthi ukuvunyelelwa kuwiswe, kubekwe ngokwezimo, futhi kufingqwa ngabenzi besinqumo.

Sebenzisa ubuchwepheshe ukulawula ivolumu

Ukuhlakanipha okuzenzekelayo namathuluzi okufunda omshini kungasiza ekuhlukaniseni imiqulu emikhulu yamazwi ngesihloko, umzwelo, nangemvelaphi yendawo. Ngokwesibonelo, iCanadian House of Commons isebenzisa ithuluzi le-Al elibizwa ngokuthi i-e-Comment ukuze isize izimpendulo eziphambili. Nokho, lamathuluzi kumelwe abe nokubona futhi ahlolwe ukuze agweme ubandlululo. Abenzi bomthetho kufanele banyathelise ukufushaniswa kokuthi ukunikeza ukwaziswa kwahlelwa kwahlelwa kanjani nokuthi kukhulu kangakanani.

Vala Isethi lokuyivula Nabathile

Enye yezikhalo ezivame kakhulu ngokunikeza impendulo umuzwa wokuthi ingena emgodini omnyama. Abenzi bomthetho kufanele basungule izinqubo ezinikeza impendulo ezazisa izakhamuzi ukuthi uphakamiso lwabo lwasetshenziswa kanjani (noma ukuthi kungani lungasetshenziswanga. Ngisho ne-imeyili elula ethi “izinkulumo zakho ezichaza intengo yamandla avuselelwe zaphawulwa; zanikela ekufakeni isikweletu sentela yala langa” zingakha ukwethembana nokukhuthaza ukuhlanganyela esikhathini esizayo. Lokhu“ ukuchaza inqubo” kuyisici esibonisa ukubusa okusabelayo.

Fundisa Umphakathi Ngalendlela

Izakhamuzi eziningi azikwazi ukunikeza impendulo ephumelelayo. Zingafaka iziphakamiso ezingokomzwelo kunokuphikisa, noma zingagxila emininingwaneni engadingekile. Ama-gistrallature angakhipha iziqondiso zokubhala ubufakazi obukholisayo (ngokwesibonelo, akhuthaza abantu ukuba baphawule izingxenye ezithile zemali, banikeze imininingwane noma izindaba zomuntu siqu, futhi bahlobise ezinye izindlela eziqinisekile. Iwebhusayithi yePhalamende laseNew Zealand ihlanganisa iziqondiso ze-“Usay yakho” [ echaza isikhathi se-Grogistline ye-gesalgion kanye nendlela ukuzithoba okuhlolwa.

Ukukhuphuka Kokudla Komphakathi

Ukuqoqwa nokusetshenziswa kokunikeza impendulo yomphakathi kuphakamisa imibuzo edinga inzuzo engenakungashaywa mkhuba. Ukuba wedwa kubaluleke kakhulu: izakhamuzi zinganqikaza ukuxoxa ngemibono ebucayi uma zesaba ukuthi ziyokwenziwa obala noma zisetshenziswe ngokumelene nazo. Amanye ama-recunts avumela ukuzithoba okungaziwa, kodwa lokhu kuvulela umnyango ekuxhashazweni kabi. Ukulinganisela okulungile kudinga izinqubo ezicacile ekusingatheni ukwaziswa kusingathwe futhi kubonakale ukuthi amazwi azosetshenziswa kanjani.

Enye inkathalo engokokuziphatha ingozi “yokukhathala.” Uma izakhamuzi zicelwa ukuba zinikeze ukuzwana kwazo zonke izinguquko ezincane ezithatha imingcele, zingaba nokugxeka noma ziyeke ukuhlanganyela ngokuphelele. Abenzi bomthetho kufanele bamise ukuhlola okuthinta ukuphila kwabantu ngempela futhi bagweme inqubo eyize eklanyelwe ukwanelisa izimfuneko ezingokwemvelo. Ukuthembisana okuqinisekile, hhayi ubuningi, yikho okuqinisa idemokrasi.

Isiphetho: Ikusasa Lokudla Okusemthethweni

Ukunikeza impendulo komphakathi kuzoba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu njengoba ubuchwepheshe bushintshashintsha, ukuguquguquka kwenani labantu kushintsha umshini wokukhetha, futhi ukushesha kwemithetho kushesha. Ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa kungasiza ngokushesha ukuba kuhlolwe imizwelo yangempela yezigidi zezimpendulo, kuyilapho ukuqinisekiswa okusekelwe kumabhuloho kunganciphisa ukuvuselelwa kwemizwa. Nokho isimiso esiyisisekelo sihlala singaguquki: imithetho eyenziwa ngaphandle kwemvume yababuswayo ayisemthethweni. Abenzi bomthetho abafaka imali ngokuhlukahlukahlukahluka, ngokufinyelelekayo, futhi bathathela phambili izimiso ezingcono kuphela kodwa futhi baqinise i-democricism evumelana negunya labo. Inseleleko ayikona nje ukuqoqa ukunikeza imvume kodwa ukulalela okuzwiwayo.

Ukuze sifunde okwengeziwe ngemikhuba engcono kakhulu ekuthembiseni umphakathi, International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Areplation inikeza iziqondisi ezibanzi[. Njengezakhamuzi, kumelwe sifune ukulandisa futhi sisebenzise amathuluzi atholakalayo kithina. (enokuba umbhobho wehholo wedolobha noma ibhodi le-keyboard) ukulolonga imithetho elawula ukuphila kwethu.