Umphakathi unomthwalo wokuziphendulela wakha umgogodla wokubusa kwentando yeningi, uqinisekisa ukuthi izikhulu ezikhethiwe nezisebenzi zomphakathi zingakwazi ukulandisa ngezinqumo zazo, izenzo, nokusebenzisa imithombo yomphakathi. Empeleni, iyinqubo izakhamuzi ezibeka ngayo icala lohulumeni, zidala indiva enikeza isijeziso engcono, zinciphisa ukulahlwa, futhi ziqinisa ukwethenjwa ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni. Uma ukulandisa kubuthakathaka, inkohlakalo kuyaphumelela, izinkonzo zintengantengantengantenga, nokugxeka kuqeda isivumelwano somphakathi. Ngokuphambene, izimiso zokulandisa okukhulu zihlobene ngokuphumelela kakhulu nohulumeni, zilinganiswa ngezimpawu ezinjengezinga lokulawula, ukubusa komthetho, nokuhambisa umsebenzi. Lokhu kuhlola okunwetshiswe kunyukela kakhulu emqondweni, ukuhlola ubufakazi obuhlukahlukene, ukuhlaziya ukulandisa kokwenza imicimbi, ukuveza izinselele okuqhubekayo, ukuphatha izinselele kwezindlela eziqhubekayo, ukuqondisa izinhlelo zezimiso zezenzisa.

Ukuqonda Ukulandisa Komphakathi

Ukulandisa komphakathi akuyona imfanelo engokonyaka; kuhlanganisa isibopho sabaphethe amandla sokuchaza nokuthethelela izinqumo zabo, ukuzithoba ekuhloleni, nokubhekana nemiphumela − ilungile noma engakhi noma [1] esekelwe ekusebenzeni kwabo. Emkhakheni kahulumeni, ukulandisa kusebenza ngezilinganiso eziningi: [ ukuma kwe- (izibopho ezikhethelwe izikhulu ezilandisa ngokhetho nangokuzibopha), [[FLT]] [[FLT]] (izinye izikhathi ezibhekene ngokuhlola nokulinganisela, njengezinkantolo, izinkantolo, izindumiso, nezindondondoma) ezingaphezulu, kanyekanye [[FLD:] [FT] [FFF] [FT] [5] [ect:c] [7]], [ibon kanye namahhovisi ahlukene, ukulandisa okungokonganisa okungokomlando, ukuphakama kwemiyalelo yegatsha lanamuhla, okuvela kuhulumeni kwanamuhla okuvela phezulu kwegatsha, lapho kuveza ukuvuse ukuvuse ukuvuse.

Izimiso Zomthetho: Ukubona Izindawo Ngokubona Izinga, Ukuziphendulela Nokuphoqelelwa

Izazi zivame ukuhlukanisa ukulandisa ngezingxenye ezintathu eziyinhloko. umehluko uqinisekisa ukuthi ulwazi ngezenzo zikahulumeni lukhululekile futhi lufinyeleleka, lusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqaphele ukusebenza kwazo. Ngaphandle kokubona obala, ukulandisa kuba akwenzeki ngoba umphakathi awunakukwazi ukuhlola lokho izikhulu ezikwenzile. ukuphenduleka [[FLT:]] [[FLT]] kubhekisela ezibophweni zezikhulu [[FLT]] ukuvikela izinqumo zazo futhi ziphendule imibuzo ebekwe ezinyangweni zazo, futhi ziphendulele kwezinye izibopho ezintathu. ukuvuma okudingekayo] ukunikeza imiphumela ekhona ukuze kususwe ukukhohlakazeka kodumo ekususweni okungokomthetho noma ekususweni kwehhovisi. [izikhulu]

Okwenza Izindaba Zokulandisa Zibe Nendaba Yokuphumelela Kukahulumeni

Ukuphumelela kukahulumeni — izinga lezinkonzo zomphakathi, ikhono lenkonzo yomphakathi, kanye nokuthembeka kwezibopho zikahulumeni − kuxhomeke ngokugxeka ekuzilandiseni. Uma izikhulu ziyazi ukuthi ziyobekwa icala ngemiphumela, zithambekele kakhulu ekunikezeni imithombo yengcebo ngokunempumelelo, zimise izimiso ezisekelwe kubufakazi obunenkohlakalo, futhi zisuse inkohlakalo. Ukucwaninga okungokwezinkonzo ezisezinhlanganweni ezifana ne World Bank [i] World Bank [[FLT]] [iright:1]] kubonisa ukuthi amazwe anezimiso zokulandisa ezinamandla kakhulu athambekele ekutholeni izimpawu eziphezulu, kuhlanganise nokulawula umthetho nokulawula inkohlakalo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Worlderngamediance Intections (WGI) ibonisa njalo ukuvalwa okuqinile phakathi kwe-"ivointerverse" ne"exvice" futhi "eventition" ezithuthukile" ezisathuthuka kuwo womayela namazwe athuthuka.

Izindlela Zokulandisa Komphakathi

Ohulumeni banamuhla basebenzisa ulwembu oluyinkimbinkimbi lwezimiso ezingokomthetho nezingahleliwe ukuze baqinisekise ukulandisa. Lezi zimiso zisukela ekuhloleni komthetho-sisekelo nasezilinganisweni kuya ezimpandeni zomphakathi. Ukuqonda indlela inqubo ngayinye esebenza ngayo, futhi lapho ngokuvamile ihluleka khona ukufinyeza khona ukusungula izisekelo eziphumelelayo zobubonisi.

Imishini Yobuciko

Izimiso ezingokomthetho zihlanganiswa emithethweni, imithetho - sisekelo, nemithetho ehleliwe, kuhlelwe ukuba kube ububonisi nokugcinwa kwemithetho, okuvame ukusekelwa igunya elingokomthetho.

  • Imithetho elawulayo: IPhalamende noma izingqungquthela zisebenzisa amakomiti, izimemezelo, kanye nezikhathi zombuzo ukuze zihlole izenzo zobuqondisi. Ezimisweni zephalamende, izikhonzi ziphenduleka ngokuqondile kumphathi wendlu yomthetho. Ezimisweni yomongameli, ukuqondisa ngokuvamile kuhlala kuyi-inquisio enkulu. Ukuvunyelwa nokuqinisekiswa kwezikhulu eziphakeme kuyimishini yokwengamela.
  • Izinhlangano zokuhlola ukunqunywa kwezincwadi: Eziphakeme kakhulu (isinye isik., iHhovisi leMasheya yoMbuso wase-U.S. elinobuProvini, i- Comptroller noMphini jikelele waseNdiya) uqhuba izinqumo zezimali nemisebenzi yezinhlangano zikahulumeni. Imibiko yabo iwumphakathi, ibangela ukucindezela kokulungisa. Amakhasimende aphumelelayo adinga ukuzimela kubaphathi nemithombo yezimali eyanele.
  • Jodicial Review:[ Izinkantolo ziqinisekisa ukuthi izenzo zokuphatha zivumelana nomthetho-sisekelo nemithetho. Ukukhululeka kokwahlulela kuyagxeka; ngaphandle kwakho, ukulandisa akunanzuzo. Ukuhlola kokwahlulela kungagadla imithetho engekho emthethweni noma kuphoqelele izinhlangano ukuba zifeze imisebenzi yemithetho.
  • Amahhovisi ombuds:[ Umthumeli uhlola izikhalo zezakhamuzi ngesimiso sokuphatha esingafanele. Nakuba ngokuvamile zingenawo amandla okuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwamandla ezisebenzi, zingakhipha ukutusa okubophayo noma ukushukumisa isenzo sephalamende. Isibonelo sokuqala se-ombudsman saseSweden siye samukelwa emhlabeni wonke.
  • Imishini yokukhetha:[ I-evolution contrest comment comfice iqondisa amaqumrhu aphethe amavota mahhala nangakhethi, imisa imithetho yezimali futhi yenza abazobhapathizwa bangakhohliswa. Bayisivikelo esiphambili ekusebenziseni uvota.

Imishini Engavamile

Izimiso ezingokwemvelo zincike emikhubeni yabantu, emithonjeni yezindaba nasemphakathini ukuze ohulumeni balandise.

  • [[FLT: 0] I-Investigative Journalism: I-athonsi yezindaba ekhululekile idalula amahlazo, ukwehluleka kwezimiso, nenkohlakalo. Uphenyo lwe-Watergate luyisibonelo esivelele. Amathuluzi anamuhla emishini andisa ukufinyelela kobumagazini be-wardism, nakuba inkululeko yezindaba isongelwa emazweni amaningi.
  • Izinhlangano zeNhlangano (CSOS):[[FLT] NGOS, amaqembu ezemfundo, nezinhlangano zomphakathi ziqondisa ukusebenza kukahulumeni, amafakela i-Fource Isicelo sokwaziswa, kanye nokufuna izinguquko. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Transparency’s Poration Perceptions Index isebenzisa izinhlolo zezakhamuzi ukuze kugcinwe ohulumeni benombuzo.
  • IMikhosi yePublic Prosets neNtlalo-ntle: IMisa iqoqwa [1] kusukela e-Arabia Spring kuya emzamweni we-Indiya ohulumeni abalwa nokonakala, ukubhekana nezikhalo. I-Pursease ivame ukuba yindlela yokugcina uma imikhondo engokomthetho ihluleka, kodwa ingashukumisa ushintsho olusheshayo lwezinqubo zokusungula.
  • Izimo ezi-Sacial Media ne- Digital Watchdogs: I-Platforms enjenge-Twitter ne Facebook yenza ukuba ukuhlola kwangempela kwesikhathi kanye nokuchayeka kwamagciwane ekuziphatheni okubi kukahulumeni kukwazi ukusakaza ukwaziswa okunganembile, okudinga ukuphendulwa ngokucophelela kwemithombo.

Indlela Ukulandisa Komphakathi Okuwuthinta Ngayo Uhulumeni Ophumelelayo

Ukuhlobana phakathi kokulandisa nokuphumelela akuyona nje into ecatshangelwayo; ubufakazi obuqinile obubonisa ukuthi ohulumeni abalandisayo banikeza izakhamuzi imiphumela engcono.

Ukuthuthwa Kwemithombo Yemali Ethuthukisiwe Nokuncishiswa Kwamahlathi

Uma izinhlangano zidinga ukuhlolwa nokuqondiswa kwemithetho, zithambekele ekusebenziseni izimali zomphakathi ngokuhlakanipha kakhulu. Ukuhlola kwe-International Bacter Prefeneship kwathola ukuthi amazwe anendlela yokulawula izimali ezinamandla kakhulu nezimiso zokubona izinto zaphumelela kakhulu ekusebenziseni imali engokwempilo nemfundo. Izimiso zokulandisa zenza kube nzima kakhulu ngezikhulu ukuphambukisa izimali emikhankasweni yokufuya noma ukuphambanisa. Ngokwesibonelo, isimiso sokuhlola umphakathi (SIFI) kanye nokuhlola komphakathi kwemisebenzi kamasipala kunciphise kakhulu ukonakala kohulumeni wendawo, kukhulula imali yokukhokha izinkonzo ezidingekile.

Ukubeletha Kwenkonzo Okuthuthukisiwe

Ukulandisa kuthuthukisa ukuthunyelwa kwenkonzo phambili kwezakhamuzi ngezipho ze-opera ukuze zifune ukusebenza kangcono. Amakhadi ezibalo abhalwe phansi kanye no-[FLT]] no- nombiko wenani elibiko lamakhadi [[]]. [Izikhundla ezisetshenziswa emazweni anjenge Uganda ne-Indiya ukunikeza abasebenzisi i-asethi yemithola impumelelo yempilo, izikole, izikole, impumelelo yenkonzo ivame ukunyuka. ERwanda, izivumelwano zokwenza umsebenzi (himogo) phakathi kwabaholi bendawo nohulumeni omkhulu zikhishwa futhi zibukelwe minyaka yonke, ziveza izisusa ezinamandla zokuthuthukisa ukuthuthukiswa. Ngokomphumela, iRwanda, ibone ukuthuthukiswa kwezemfundo empilweni nente.

Ukukhathalela Izidingo Zezakhamuzi Ngokukhudlwana

Izimiso ezithe ngqo neziqonde ngqo zokulandisa ziqinisekisa ukuthi izinto eziza kuqala zikahulumeni zivumelana nokukhetha komphakathi. Ukuthatha isinyathelo sokuhlela imali, ukuphayona ePorto Alegre, eBrazil, kuvumela izakhamuzi ukuba zinqume ukuthi zingayabela kanjani ingxenye yemali kamasipala. Le nqubo ihlangene nokutshala imali okufakiweyo nokwaneliseka okukhulu kwezakhamuzi. Ngokufanayo, ukuzwa kwabantu emikhankasweni yezezisekelo zezemisebenzi yezemisebenzi kwenza abantu bazizwe bazizwe bazizwele, banciphise izingozi zemisebenzi yendlovu emhlophe. Ukuzifaka phambili, kuthuthukisa ukufaneleka kwezombangazwe kanye nokukhokha intela yokuzithandela.

Ukuthembana Okuqinisiwe Nokungagwegwesi

Ukwethembana kuyisici esiyinhloko sokubusa okuphumelelayo. Izakhamuzi ezikholelwa ukuthi uhulumeni wazo uzolandisa cishe zivumelana nemithetho, zikhokhe izintela, futhi zivumelane neziqondiso zempilo yomphakathi. I-OECD’s Public Perfeal Frameworky[ igcizelela ukuthi izimiso zobuqotho zihlanganisa ukubonakala, ukulandisa, nokukhomba amathikithi. Ukukwethemba, njengalokho okwaphawulwa edemocricity eshumini leminyaka elidlule, i-correactic transtionsting transmesting. Ukuphendula kubaluleke kakhulu ekuhlikiseleni lesi simo.

Izinselele Zokufeza Isibopho Somphakathi Sokulandisa

Naphezu kwezinzuzo zayo ezicacile, ukulandisa komphakathi ngokuhlelwa kugcwele izithiyo.

Ukonakala Nokubanjwa Uhulumeni

Inkohlakalo ilulaza ngokuqondile izikhulu ngokuzifihla izenzo zazo nokujezisa abafuyi bekhwelo. Uma ukonakala kungokwezimiso, izindikimba zobubonisi zona ngokwazo zingabanjwa. Ngokwesibonelo, izinhlangano zokuhlola kwamanye amazwe azikwazi ukuzimela ngoba ukuhola kwazo kumiswa umphathi ongenazo izivikelo. I-Corruption Perceptions Index njalo ibonisa ukuthi amazwe anokonakala okukhulu nawo aphansi ekufezekeni kukahulumeni. Ukuphula imijikelezo yesijeziso akudingi imithetho nje kuphela kodwa kudinga ukuvikelwa kanye nesivikelo sezentengiselwano ezilwa nokonakala.

Ubuciko Bezinhlangano Obubuthakathaka

Amazwe amaningi asathuthuka awanazo izisebenzi eziqeqeshiwe, ezobuchwepheshe, nezimali zokuqondisa okuphumelelayo. Amahhovisi okuhlola angase anciphe izisebenzi, izishaya-mthetho zingantula ukusekelwa kokucwaninga, futhi izinkantolo zingavalwa. Ngaphandle kobukhomba, asengamahlosi amaphepha. Ukwakha kuwumzabalazo wokwakha othatha isikhathi eside odinga ukugcinwa kwemali nosizo lwezobuchwepheshe kubantu abasebenza ndawonye emhlabeni wonke.

Ulwazi Asymmetry

Ohulumeni bavame ukuphatha ukwaziswa okuningi kakhulu kunezakhamuzi noma ngisho nezishayamthetho, okwenza kube nzima ukuhlaziya ukusebenza. Izimiso eziyinkimbinkimbi − njengokuvikela kwesizwe, isimiso semali, noma imithetho yezobuchwepheshe − kunzima ukuba abantu bangaphandle bazihlole. Ngisho nangemithetho yolwazi, ohulumeni bangase bephuze ukusabela noma bahlukanise izincwadi. Ulwazi lunika izikhulu amandla futhi lunciphise ukusabela. Amakhambi ahlanganisa ukuvuleka okusemthethweni okusemthethweni, izindinganiso zokwaziswa, nokusekela abahlaziyi bemithetho ezimele.

Ukuntuleka Kwesivumelwano Nentando Yezombangazwe

Ukulandisa kudinga izakhamuzi ezikhuthele ezivotayo, ezihlanganyela ekulaleleni, futhi ezinakekela uhulumeni. Nokho, ukunganaki kwabavoti, isithakazelo esiphansi sezombangazwe, nokubusa kwezombangazwe kungavimbela isidingo sokulandisa. Kwezinye izimo, izakhamuzi zibekezelela ukonakala ngenxa yezinzuzo zabathengi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izazi zezombangazwe ezihlangene zivame ukumelana nezinguquko ezizonika izindikimba amandla ngenxa yokwesaba ukulahlekelwa amandla. Ukunqandwa kwale-repintia kudinga ukuhlanganisa izibophoko zokuguqula nokucindezela kwangaphandle, njengezivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe noma izivumelwano zeminikelo.

Izinyathelo Zokuqinisa Ukulandisa Komphakathi

Uma kucatshangelwa ukuhlola okuphumelelayo kwezehlakalo nezindlela ezinhle kakhulu emhlabeni wonke, izindlela eziningi zingathuthukisa izinqubo zokulandisa.

Ubuchwepheshe Obuhlanyayo Nemininingwane Evulekile

Amathuluzi ezenombolo anganciphisa kakhulu izindleko zokwabelana ulwazi nokuhlola. E-overnance platifomu ekhipha ukwaziswa okungakhokhwa, ukuhlelwa kwemali, kanye nezivumelwano zomphakathi ngesikhathi sangempela zisiza izakhamuzi nezindaba ukuba zibone ukungalingani. Isimiso se-Indiya sokulungisa i-ecrectoration [i-GM] ne-Mexico [[FTM: 4.] i-compranet [ iyanda futhi inciphise ukonakala ekutheleni umphakathi. Ngokufanayo, ama-elect avumela izakhamuzi ukuba zibike umsebenzi weze (ig., ukuqoqwa kwemfucucucucucu]) kwenza ukuba kuvuleke kahle, uma kuhlangene nokuqeqeshwa komphakathi, uma kusebenza.

Izinguquko Ezingokomthetho: Ilungelo Lokwaziswa Nesivikelo Somculi

Amazwe angaphezu kwekhulu manje anemithetho yelungelo lokuvikela i-Information (RTSI), kodwa ukusetshenziswa akulingani. Ukuqinisa iRTI kudinga imishini yokwaziswa ezimele, izinqubo zokwambula, nezijeziso zokungaqedi. Okubaluleke ngokufanayo yimithetho yesivikelo sokuvikelwa kwezisebenzi zomphakathi edalula ukuziphatha okubi. Amazwe anjenge-South Korea ne-United States aye abona izenzakalo eziqinile zokudubula impepho ngenxa yokuthi isivikelo esingokomthetho sasikhona. Ngaphandle kwazo, zimbalwa ezizozivikela ngengozi.

Imishini Ewubuciko Yokulawula

Isivumelwano sezakhamuzi kufanele siqhubele phambili ngaphaya kokhetho oluqhubekayo. ukuhlelwa kwemali esetshenziswayo kanye nezimiso zokulungisa. , njengoba kuphawuliwe, kwenza imiphakathi ilawule ngokuqondile izimali. ISicizen umthetho-mvume [[ (esetshenziswa eMalaysia nase-Indiya]]] [ukusetshenziswa kwezindinganiso zenkonzo nezimiso zokubuyisela isimilo]. [FLT:]] Ukuhlola izimali , ukuphayona e-National Morivalbalitable Act Act, kuhilela imiphakathi i-real Relitivective Act; lokhu kuqeqeshelwa ngokuphawulekayo. Ukuqeqesha okunjalo kudinga ukuvuza nokuqinisekisa.

Imizimba Ezimele Nesivikelo Sezinhlangano

Amahhovisi e-ombudsman, ikhomishane yokulwa nokonakala, kanye nezinhlangano zamalungelo abantu kufanele zivinjelwe ngokomthetho-mthetho noma ngokomthetho ekungeneleni kwezikhulu. Izinqubo zokumisa kufanele zihlanganise abagcono abaningi futhi zidinge ukuba kube namasuntswana amakhulu ukuze kuncishiswe ubandlululo. IKhomishane yeVennice[[ kanye ne ECD inikeza iziqondiso zokuzimela.

Ukubambisana Kwamazwe Ngamazwe Nokumiswa Kwezinga Elivamile

Imizamo yembulunga yonke enjenge I-upper Government interrial idala ukucindezela kontanga kwezinguquko zokulandisa. Amazwe angamalungu abophezela ukwenza amalungiselelo okubona, amaqembu, nendawo embukwane, nokunganyaniseki. Ngokufanayo, i- UN Convention emelene noHlomelo [ igunyaza usizo olungokomthetho kanye nokululama kwezenhlalakahle, iqinisa ukulandisa okuthe ngqo kwemikhawulo emingceleni. Izinhlangano zezezimali zomhlaba jikelele zivame ukukhokha imali ezinswe ngenguquko ekwakhelini, inikeza abaguquli bezindawo zasekhaya.

Isiphetho

Umphakathi awuzilandisi ngokunethezeka kwemibuso ecebile; umshayeli oyinhloko wempumelelo kahulumeni kuyo yonke indawo. Kusukela ekunciphiseni ukonakala nasekuthuthukiseni umsebenzi nasekuthuthukiseni ukufinyelela ukuthemba nokuqinisekisa ukuthi imithombo elinganiselwe ifinyelela labo abayifunayo kakhulu, izimiso zokulandisa ziguqula indlela esetshenziswa ngayo. Kodwa ukwakha lezi zimiso kudinga umzamo oqhubekayo: izinguquko ezingokomthetho, amandla okuhlela, ubuchwepheshe, kanye nezakhamuzi ezikhuthele kumelwe zisebenze ekhonsathini. Nakuba izinselele zihlala zikhona (kakhulu) emongweni wokuthola nokungaphathi kahle umthetho ) kusobala ukuthi inguquko engokwenani elikhulu ingaveza inzuzo enkulu. Ohulumeni abamukela ukubonakala, ukunikeza izimpendulo, nokuphoqelela abenzi ngokuphumelelayo kuphela kodwa futhi ngeke bazenze ngokomthetho ukuqina kwesikhathi eside nokuthuthuka. Indlela phambili ephambili ekutholeni iziphakasweni okuqhubekayo, ukugunyazwa kwezakhamuzi, nokuqina okuqinile kwesimiso somthetho wokuzibo.