I-United States Congress ingenye yezindikimba zemithetho ezinamandla kakhulu emhlabeni, isebenza njengesisekelo sentando yeningi yaseMelika. Njengoba igatsha lomthetho wombuso kahulumeni, iKhongolose lifeza indima ebalulekile ekulolongeni imithetho ebusa isizwe sethu, imelela amazwi ahlukahlukene ezakhamuzi zaseMelika, futhi ilondoloza isimiso esibucayi sokuhlola nokulinganisela esichaza iRiphabliki yethu engokomthetho-sisekelo. Izakhamuzi ezifuna ukwenza amazwi azo azwelwe futhi zihlanganyele ngokunenjongo enqubweni yentando yeningi, ziqonda indlela iSishaya-Hulumeni esisebenza ngayo.

Isisekelo Samandla Obumbano

UKhomishane uthola igunya lakhe eSiphakamisweni I soMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States, esiwumisa njengegatsha lokuqala likahulumeni. Abasunguli babeka igatsha lomthetho kuqala eMthethweni, okubonisa ukubaluleka kwalo okuyisisekelo esimisweni sokubusa saseMelika. Lesi sikhundla sibonisa isimiso sokuthi abameleli babantu abakhethiwe kufanele babe negunya eliyinhloko lokwenza umthetho.

Imibuso enikezwa iSishaya-Mkhandlu ibanzi futhi iqondile. Ngaphandle kokwenza imithetho kahulumeni, uMkhandlu uphethe amandla esikhwama semali, ulawula yonke imali nentela kahulumeni. Leligunya elingokwezimali linikeza i-Congress amandla abalulekile phezu kwegatsha eliphethe futhi liyivumela ukuba ilolonge izinto eziza kuqala ezweni ngezindawo ezimisiwe. futhi uMkhandlu unamandla okumemezela impi, ukulawula izikhungo zezwe nezohwebo zamazwe ngamazwe, ukumisa izinkantolo zikahulumeni ngaphansi kweNkantolo Ephakeme, kanye nemali yemali.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, iSishaya - mthetho sisebenza njengesehlo esibucayi ngokuphathelene namandla okuphatha ngemithwalo yaso yemfanelo. amakomiti eSishaya-mthetho ahlola njalo izenzo zezinhlangano zikahulumeni, aphenye ukuthi kungenzeka wenze okubi, futhi abeke izikhala zokuqinisekisa ukuthi igatsha eliphethe lisebenzisa imithetho ngendlela ehlosiwe.

Isakhiwo SaseBiadral: Izigungu Ezimbili, Ingqungquthela Eyodwa

ISishaya-mkhandlu sinezindawo ezimbili ezihlukene: iNdlu yabameleli neSigele. Lesi sakhiwo se-baobaral savela eMbusweni Omkhulu womthetho wangonyaka ka-1787, owalinganisela izithakazelo zemibuso emikhulu nemincane phakathi noMhlangano woMthetho-sisekelo. Igumbi ngalinye linezici ezihlukile, amandla, nemithwalo yemfanelo enezela ekusebenzeni kwegatsha lemithetho lilonke.

Indlu Yabameleli

Indlu yabameleli iklanyelwe ukuba ibe yigumbi eliseduze kakhulu nabantu, amalungu asebenza iminyaka emibili ukuze aqinisekise ukuthi amalungu abo abavoti anecala elivamile. Indlu inamalungu angu-435 okuvota, amelelwe inani labantu abavela kuhulumeni njengoba kunqunywe ukubalwa kwabantu kwaminyaka yonke. Amazwe anabantu abaningi kunabameleli abengeziwe, kanti isifundazwe ngasinye siqinisekiswa okungenani ummeleli oyedwa kungakhathaliseki ubukhulu.

Abameleli kumelwe babe neminyaka engu-25 okungenani, babeseyisakhamuzi sase-U.S. okungenani iminyaka engu-7, futhi bahlale esifundeni abasimelelayo. Indlu iholwa uMqaphi weNdlu, okhethwa yiqembu elikhulu futhi ukhonza njengabo bobabili isikhulu esiwengamele nomholi weqembu elikhulu egumbini. UScoumer unamandla amakhulu ekumiseni uhlelo lwezimemezelo zomthetho, abhekisele ezikweletalweni emakomitini, futhi aqondise impikiswano.

Indlu inemibuso eminingana ekhethekile engahlangani neSigele. Zonke izikweleti zemali kumelwe zivele eNdlu, zibonise inkolelo yabasunguli yokuthi intela kufanele iqale egumbini abantu abazolandisa kuyo ngokuqondile. Indlu futhi inamandla okuqala ukujezisa izikhulu zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise noMongameli.

ISigele Sase - United States

ISigele sasiklanyelwe ukuba sibe umzimba owehlisayo, onamalungu asebenzisa amagama athatha iminyaka eyisithupha ukuze anikeze ukuzinza futhi avumele ukucatshangelwa kwezimiso ezithatha isikhathi eside. ISigele sinamalungu ayikhulu, futhi isifundazwe ngasinye simelelwa abameli ababili kungakhathaliseki ukuthi sinabantu bangaki. Lomfanekiso olinganayo uqinisekisa ukuthi amazwe amancane anezwi elifanayo namazwe amakhulu okungenani egumbini elilodwa lomthetho.

Abahlaziyi kumelwe babe neminyaka engu-30 okungenani, bebeyisakhamuzi sase-U.S. okungenani iminyaka engu-9, futhi behlala esifundeni abasimelelayo. Umongameli ongumKhosi we-United States ukhonza njengoMongameli weSigele kodwa uvota kuphela ukuze aphule izibopho. ISigele sikhetha uMongameli uPro Tempore, ngokwesiko ilungu elithatha isikhathi eside kunawo wonke, ukuba engamele kukungabikho kukaMongameli.

ISigele sinamagunya amaningana akhethekile asihlukanisayo nendlu. ISigele kumelwe sinikeze "imvume nemvume" yokumiswa komongameli, kuhlanganise namalungu eKhabhinethi, amajaji kahulumeni, namanxusa. ISigele kumelwe futhi sizwane noMongameli, sifune inani elingamashumi amathathu amabili ukuze livunyelwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iSigele siqhuba ukulingwa okungagunyazi izikhulu eziqeshwe yiNdlwane, ngevoti efunwayo ye-imitha ezimbili ukuquath' ukuvota okufunwa nguMongameli, idier, ifuna ukuvusekwa kwehhovisi.

Isimiso SeKomiti: Lapho Umsebenzi Wangempela Wenzeka Khona

AmaKomiti abalulekile ekusebenzeni okuphumelelayo kweSigele, ukuqoqa ukwaziswa ngezinkinga zesizwe nezizwe zonke ezisebusweni baso ukuze kuthathwe umthetho wokuhlela, ucabangele, futhi kutuse amalungu aphelele.

Izinhlobo Zamakomiti Ombuso

ISishaya - mthetho sisebenza ngezinhlobo eziningana zamakomiti, ngayinye isebenza imisebenzi ehlukene. kokubili i House of Messages neSigele kulondoloza izinhlobo ezintathu zamakomiti: amakomiti amile, ayizikomiti ezihlala njalo ezinemithwalo yemfanelo ebekwe emithethweni yegumbi ngalinye, amakomiti akhetha noma akhethekile, namakomiti ahlangene.

Kumanje, indlu inamakomiti amile angu-20 futhi iSigele sinamakomiti ayi-16. Lamakomiti amile ahlanganisa izindawo ezinkulu njengezolimo, izimemezelo, izinkonzo zezimiso, izinkonzo zezikhali, ubuhlobo bangaphandle, amajaji, nezindlela nempahla. Ikomiti ngayinye iphethe izindaba ezithile, futhi izikweletu ezihlobene nalezozihloko zibhekiswe ekomitini efanele ukuze kucatshangelwe.

Amakomiti akhethekile nakhethweyo asungulwa ngenjongo ethile, njengokuphenya, kuyilapho amakomiti ahlangene emiswa namalungu akho kokubili iNdlu neSigele. Lamakomiti avame ukusingatha imithwalo yemfanelo yobubonisi noma ahlela imisebenzi yokuphatha phakathi kwalamakamelo amabili.

Amakomiti amaningi amile amisa amakomiti angaphansi, avumela amalungu ukuba agxile ezicini ezithile ezisebusweni obubanzi bekomiti. Izinga lapho izikhulu ezingaphansi zifeza indima engokomthetho ekwenzeni izimiso liyahluka ngokwezimo nangokwesiko namasiko ekomiti.

Indlela Amakomiti Asebenza Ngayo

ISigele sibhekisela cishe emakomitini aso akhokhelwa izikweleti nabezinqumo ezingu-3 000 phakathi nengqungquthela ngayinye eneminyaka emibili, kodwa amakomiti athatha ingxenye encane yalezi zinyathelo. Isihlalo sekomiti sinegunya eliyinhloko lokuhlela ikomiti, likhomba izikweletu noma izimpikiswano ikomiti eyozama ukuthatha izinyathelo ezingokomthetho ngokuzwa noma ngokubonga.

Uma ikomiti inquma ukucabangela isikweleti, ngokuvamile kulandela inqubo ehleliwe. Uma ikomiti noma ikomiti engaphansi ithanda isilinganiso esithile, ivame ukucela izinhlangano eziphetheyo ukuba zibhale iziphetho ezibhaliwe ngokuphathelene nesilinganiso futhi zizwa ukuqoqa ukwaziswa nemibono kochwepheshe abangezona ikomiti. Lokhu kuzwakala kunikeza amathuba kumalungu eSishaya-Mkhandlu, izikhulu zegatsha eziphethe, amaqembu ezindaba, amaqembu ezokuphatha, nezakhamuzi ezivamile ukuba zifakazele ngomthetho ohlongozwayo.

Ukubhalisa ikomiti kuyisinyathelo esiyinhloko esiyinhloko ekugcineni ikomiti ethatha ukuze ikhokhele ukuqhubekela phansi, lapho isihlalo sekomiti sikhetha khona isiphakamiso esizobekwa phambi kwekomiti futhi amalungu acabangele izinguquko ezingenzeka ekuhlongozweni ngokunikela nangokuvota ekulungiseni izivumelwano.

Imithwalo Yemfanelo Yombuso

Ngaphandle kwemisebenzi yawo yokushaya umthetho, amakomiti afeza indima ebalulekile ekwengameleni igatsha eliphethe. Amakomiti eNkantolo anamandla amakhulu okusekela umsebenzi wawo wokushaya umthetho futhi anikezwa umsebenzi wokwengamela izinhlangano eziphethe zikahulumeni, okwenza izikhulu eziphethe ziyolandisa ngokuhlola nangokuqondisa imisebenzi yezinhlangano eziphethe.

Uma umthetho usumisiwe, uMkhandlu unelungelo nomthwalo wemfanelo wokunikeza ukumiswa kwezimiso, futhi amakomiti awo ahola kulomzamo ngegunya elibalulekile nenkululeko yokuqondisa nokuhlola. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlangano zikahulumeni zisebenzisa imithetho njengenjongo yeSishaya - mthetho nokuthi imali yokukhokha intela isetshenziswa ngokufanelekile.

Inqubo Yomthetho: Ukusuka Engqondweni Kuya EMthethweni

Inqubo yokuba umthetho wemali kube yinkimbinkimbi futhi kuhilela izigaba eziningi, ngayinye eklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi inqubo yokuba umthetho iqondakale futhi ingahlukahluka kakhulu kuye ngomthetho, futhi izikweletu eziningi, lenqubo ngeke ilandele ukulandelana kwezigaba ezivame ukuqondwa njengenqubo yomthetho.

Ukusungulwa Nokuvuselelwa

Kuphela amalungu egumbi ngalinye angamisa umthetho, nakuba ngezinye izikhathi ilungu limisa umthetho ngesicelo sikaMongameli. Amalungu nezisebenzi zawo ngokuvamile bayathintana nabameli abangesiyo isigaba se-Greative Application Office yegumbi ngalinye ukuze lisizwe ekufakeni iziphakamiso zemithetho olimini lwezishayamthetho.

Ngaphambi kokwethula isikweleti, amalungu avame ukufuna abaxhasi abakanye nabo ukuze abonise ukusekela umthetho. Amalungu angase adlulisele isambatho futhi acele abanye egumbini ukuba basayine njengezimpongi zemali zokuqala ukuze babonise isisekelo esiqinile sokusekela lomqondo. Ukuba nenkokhelo yemali ehlangeneyo kungandisa amathuba okucatshangelwa okungathi sína.

Umthetho ungathatha olunye lwezinhlobo eziningana, kuye ngezinjongo, ngezindleko nezinqumo ezihlangeneyo ezingase zibe umthetho uma zibekwa phakathi neSishaya-mthetho seminyaka emibili lapho zaqala khona. Uma sethulwe, amafakthe anikwa inani (H.R. ezikweletini zendlu, S. ezikweletini zegele) futhi abhekiselwe ekomitini efanelekile esekelwe endabeni yomthetho wendaba yomthetho.

Ukucabangela Ikomiti

Ngemva kokubhekisa ikomiti ekomitini, izimali zingena kulokho ngokuvamile okuyingxenye ebucayi kakhulu yenqubo yomthetho. Ngemva kokuba sekuqaliswe izikweleti, zithunyelwa ekomitini efanelekile lapho kwenziwa khona umsebenzi onzima womthetho wokubhala, nakuba izikweletu eziningi zingadluli kumakomiti azo futhi kumelwe ziphinde zibekwe eMkhandlwini olandelayo ukuze kucatshangelwe.

Uma isihlalo sekomiti sinquma ukuqhubekela phambili nesikweleti, ikomiti ingaba necala ukuze iqoqe ukwaziswa kanye nemibono. Uma ukuqulwa kwecala kunikeza ukuhleleka komphakathi okungokomthetho lapho kucelwa khona isiphakamiso senqubo, amalungu ekomiti nezisebenzi zithatha khona okunye ukuhlolwa ngokufushaniswa kwezimiso, futhi ukuqulwa akudingeki ngokombono wesikhwama ukuze kuthathwe esinye isinyathelo.

Ngemva kokuqulwa kwecala, ikomiti ingaba nesimiso sokuqongelela imali ukuze iqede futhi ilungise isikweleti. Ikomiti ingavota ibike isikweleti esitusweyo esinezinguquko ezibonisa noma yiziphi izinguquko ezamukelwa phakathi nokubhapa, noma kunalokho ingabika isikweleti sokuqala noma esihlanzekile esasibhalwe ngokuyisisekelo enqubeni yokubhapa.

Ukucabangela Ubuhle Nempikiswano

Lapho ikomiti isibike kahle isikhwama semali, ingena phansi ukuze ihlolwe amalungu agcwele. Izinqubo zokucabangela iphansi ziyahluka kakhulu phakathi kwendlu neSigele, zibonisa ubukhulu obuhlukile namasiko.

Kule House, iKomiti yeMiyalo imisa izimpikiswano, kuhlanganise nokuthi impikiswano izothatha isikhathi esingakanani futhi kulungiswe yini. Abaholi beqembu eliseNdlu inezigunya ezibalulekile kanye negunya lokumisa ngokuphumelelayo uhlelo lwezimiso futhi banqume ukuthi iziphi izihlongozo ezizohlolwa phansi. Lokhu kulawula okuyinhloko kuvumela iNdlu ukuba isebenzise umthetho ngokunempumelelo kodwa kungalinganisela ikhono leqembu elincane lokuletha izinguquko noma ezinye izindlela.

ISigele sisebenza ngaphansi kwemithetho ehlukene enikeza izikhulu ezinamandla engeziwe okuthonya inqubo yomthetho. Umholi wengxenye enkulu ngokuvamile kulindeleke ukuba ahlongoze izinto ezizocatshangelwa, kodwa amathuluzi angokomthetho avumela iningi ukuba lithathe isinyathelo ambalwa, ngakho ukuhola kweqembu elikhulu ngokuvamile kumelwe kuxoxisane nabaholi beqembu elincane ukuba baqhube ngokuphumelelayo isenzo esiphansi seSigele. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukucatshangelwa kweSishaya-mthetho ngokuvamile kudinga ukubambisana kwezesivumelwano futhi kungaba isikhathi esiningi kunaseNdlungwini.

Phakathi nengxoxo yasesitezi, amalungu axoxa ngenzuzo yomthetho, athembise ukulungisa, futhi achaze izikhundla zawo kosebenza nabo nakwabameleli. Le mpikiswano yomphakathi ifeza imisebenzi ebalulekile yentando yeningi, ivumela ukuba wonke amalungu abe sobala futhi anikeze wonke amathuba okuhlanganyela ekwakheni umthetho.

Ukukhangisa Nokudlula

Ngemva kwengxoxo, amavoti egumbi elisemthethweni. Kuwo womabili amakamu, iningi lalabo abakhona kanye nokuvota kuyadingeka ukuze kudlule. Amalungu angavota ngezindlela eziningi, kuhlanganise namavoti ezwi, amavoti eqembu, namavoti aqoshiwe. Amavoti aqoshiwe akha umbhalo ohlala njalo wendlela ilungu ngalinye elivota ngayo, avumele abameleli babo ukuba baphendule ngayo.

Uma isikweleti sidlula kwelinye igumbi, sithunyelwa kwelinye igumbi, lapho sidlula khona ngenqubo efanayo yokucabangela amakomiti, kungenzeka kulungiswe, kuphikiswane ngesesitezi, futhi kuvotelwe. Ukuze umthetho ube umthetho, zombili izingosi kumelwe zidlulise imithetho efanayo.

Ukuxazulula Ukungezwani Phakathi Kwezikhungo

Lapho iNdlu Nesigele kudlulisa izimvume ezihlukene zesivumelwano esifanayo, ukungezwani kumelwe kuxazululwe ngaphambi kokuba umthetho uqhubeke kuMongameli. Umhlangano phakathi kweNdlu yendlu namalungu eSishaya - mthetho uvumelanisa ukungafani phakathi kwezindleko ezidluliswa emakamelweni abo, futhi lapho ukuhlehla sekuye kwacinywa, umbiko wengqungquthela ukhishwa futhi uvotelwe iNdlu neNdlu.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, elinye igumbi lingamane lamukele uhlobo lwesinye isikwele somlomo, noma amagumbi angashintshana kuze kube yilapho efinyelela isivumelwano. Indlela ekhethwayo ngokuvamile ixhomeke ebunkimbinkimbini bomehluko namandla ezombangazwe azungeze umthetho.

Isenzo Sobumongameli

Uma la maqembu esedlulise izimvume ezifanayo zesivumelwano, uthunyelwa kuMongameli ukuze ahlolwe. UMongameli usuke enethonya enqubweni yemithetho, ngokuvamile esikisela umthetho futhi atusa ukuhlelwa kwemali kwaminyaka yonke yezinhlangano zikahulumeni, futhi mhlawumbe ngokuphawulekayo, amandla okukhipha umthetho weveto angathinta izindleko ezidluliswa yiSishaya - mthetho.

UMongameli unezindlela eziningana lapho enikezwa ngesivumelwano. UMongameli angasayina isibeko emthetho, asibuyisele eSixukwini ngokuphikisa, noma angathathi nyathelo. Uma uMongameli engathathi nyathelo izinsuku eziyishumi lapho uMkhandlu useseqenjini, isibambiso ngokuzenzekelayo siba umthetho. Nokho, uma i-Congress i-applens phakathi naleyo nkathi yezinsuku eziyishumi futhi uMongameli engasayinanga incwadi, ayibi ngumthetho, kodwa cishe isimo esaziwa ngokuthi "i-pocket"vetoto."

Uma uMongameli ekhipha umthetho, uMkhandlu ungazama ukudlula iveto ngokuvota okungama-3 amabili kuwo womabili amakamu. I-Vito ivela kancane, njengoba idinga ukusekela okukhulu kwe-bipartisan, kodwa imelela i-cheke ebalulekile emandla omongameli.

Indlela Izakhamuzi Ezingahlanganyela Ngayo Nomhlangano

Intando yeningi isebenza kangcono kakhulu uma izakhamuzi zihlanganyela ngentshiseko enqubweni yezombangazwe. Ngenhlanhla, kunezindlela eziningi abantu abangenza ngazo izwi labo futhi bathonye ukumiswa kwesinqumo somphakathi. Isivumelwano esiphumelelayo sesakhamuzi sidinga ukuqonda izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuxhumana nokuqamba amaphutha okutholakala.

Ukuxhumana Nabameleli Bakho

Enye yezindlela eziqondile zokuthonya uMkhandlu ukuxhumana nabameleli bakho abakhethiwe.

Uma ungakwazi ukuxhumana nommeleli wakho usebenzisa indlela yokuxhumana, i-Clerk yeNdlu ilondoloza amakheli nezinombolo zocingo zawo wonke amalungu endlu namaKomiti, noma ungabiza u-2022 224-31 kumqondisi we-palex yendlu yase-U.S. ku-IS. kuma-senator, ukwaziswa okufanayo kuyatholakala nge-website yeSigele.

Lapho uthintana nabameleli bakho, ungakhetha ezindleleni eziningana:

Izingcingo

Ungabiza ummeleli wakho ngokuqondile noma ubize ibhodi le-Capitol e-U.S. ngo-20224-3121, futhi enye indlela yokulondoloza isikhathi futhi usize ukuba ubize uKhongolose umkhuba ukugcina izinombolo zocingo zomthetho kumakhalekhukhwini wakho. Uma ubiza, zimisele ukukhuluma nelungu lezisebenzi elisingatha umagazini othile okhathazayo. Buza ukukhuluma no-ade osingatha izindaba ofisa ukuziphendula futhi uzichaze, uthanda ukushiya impendulo emfushane.

Izingcingo ziphumelela ngokukhethekile ngoba zibonisa ukuthi unendaba nokuthi ungayithatha isinyathelo ngokushesha.

Izincwadi Ezilotshiwe

Personal messages from constituents can be a very effective way of communicating with your legislators, and you should always be sure to include your name and address to make it clear that you live in the relevant district or state. All letters should start with Dear Senator/Representative, and they can be just a few paragraphs about a single issue, written in your own words.

Nakuba iposi elivamile lisamukelwa, i-imeyili isivame kakhulu ekuxhumaneni nabantu. Amalungu amaningi oMkhandlu anezindlela zokuxhumana emawebhusayithi awo agunyaziwe avumela abameleli ukuba bathumele imiyalezo ngokuqondile emahhovisi abo. Lezi miyalezo zemishini zibuye zibukezwe izisebenzi futhi zingaphumelela njengezincwadi ezivamile.

Ukuhlanganyela Kwezokuxhumana

Indlela entsha kakhulu nelula kakhulu yokuxhumana nabameleli bakho ingezingosi zezokuxhumana njenge Facebook ne-twitter, futhi nakuba izingcingo nezinhlamvu zingaba nesisindo esikhulu, ukukhuluma nabamisi-mthetho bakho ngezokuxhumana kusiza ekuboneni umphakathi. Uma uphawula ngekhasi le-Facebook le-misipala yakho noma uthumele i-tweet, abanye abantu bangafunda umyalezo wakho, ongase ubangele ingxoxo futhi usize ekuqapheleni ukuthi uphakanyiswe yini ngesihloko sakho.

Ukuhlanganyela Emihlanganweni YamaHholo Omuzi

Imihlangano yedolobha inikeza amathuba okuhlangana nabameleli bayo ngokubhekene nombono futhi baxoxe ngezindaba ezikhathazayo. Le mihlangano ivame ukuqhutshelwa esifundeni noma esifundazweni sommeleli, ikakhulukazi phakathi nezindawo zomhlangano. Amahholo edolobha avumela ukuxoxa okuqondile phakathi kwezikhulu ezikhethiwe nezihlangene, inikeza izakhamuzi ithuba lokubuza imibuzo, ukuveza imibono, nokuzwa abameleli bazo bechaza izikhundla zazo ezindabeni ezihlukahlukene.

Ukuze usebenzise kahle imihlangano yasehholo ledolobha, lungiselela ngemibuzo ethile noma izinto ezikukhathazayo, kodwa phikelela, futhi ukhumbule ukuthi ukuhlanganyela kwakho akugcini ngokudlulisela imibono yakho kummeleli wakho kodwa kubonisa nabanye abantu abakhona ukuthi izakhamuzi ziyazikhathalela lezi zindaba.

Ukuba Khona Nokuqinisekisa Ezokuqulwa Kwezindaba Kwamakomiti

Imihlangano yamakomiti lapho kuthathwa khona ubufakazi kofakazi abamele izinhlangano zikahulumeni, izinhlangano zezingxenye ezizimele nomphakathi wonke kutholakala emphakathini futhi kungaqhutshelwa eWashington, DC, noma emiphakathini yendawo. Nakuba abantu abaningi abafakaza ekuqulweni kwezindaba zomphakathi bemenywa ochwepheshe noma abameleli benhlangano, ezinye izimemezelo zivuma ubufakazi obuvela ezakhamuzini ezivamile.

Ngisho noma ungafakazi, ukuya emacaleni kungaba okufundisa futhi kubonise isithakazelo sezakhamuzi enqubweni ye-authorist. Izindaba eziningi zekomiti zikhona futhi ngomfula ophilayo noma ngevidiyo egciniwe, eyenza zitholakale kubantu abangakwazi ukuya ngasese.

Ukuzihlanganisa Nezinhlangano Eziyizisebenzi

Ukujoyina noma ukusekela izinhlangano zokuphambanisa zingakhulisa izwi lakho ezindabeni ozikhathalelayo. Lezizinhlangano ngokuvamile ziye zasungula ubuhlobo namahhovisi enhlangano, ubuchwepheshe ezindaweni ezithile zezimiso, nemithombo yokuhlanganisa imikhankaso emikhulu yezezimali. Zinganikeza ukwaziswa mayelana nomthetho osele, ukuhlelwa kwemizamo yokukhuthaza utshani, futhi zisize izakhamuzi ziqonde indlela yokuxhumana ngokuphumelelayo nabameleli bazo.

Izinhlangano eziningi zezempango zinikeza izixwayiso zokuthi amalungu abalulekile aqala ukuvota noma lapho ukuqapha okubalulekile kudinga ngokukhethekile. Lezi zixwayiso zivame ukuhlanganisa amaphuzu okukhuluma nokwaziswa okuthintana ukuze kube lula ngezakhamuzi ukufinyelela kubameleli bazo.

Ukuvolontiya Imikhankaso Yezombangazwe

Izisebenzi zokuzithandela ezisekela imikhankaso zisiza ngemisebenzi enjengeyokusakaza izindawo ezizungezile, ukwenza izingcingo kubavoti, ukuhlela izenzakalo, nokusakaza ukwaziswa ngabazobhapathizwa nezikhundla zabo.

Ukuhileleka kwenkampano kunikeza amathuba okufunda okwengeziwe ngenqubo yezombangazwe, ukuhlangana nezakhamuzi ezicabangayo, nokusekela ngokuqondile abanezimo ezivumelana nezakho. Ngisho nemizamo yokuzithandela ephansi ingaba nomehluko, ikakhulukazi emijahweni yokuncintisana lapho yonke imincintiswano ibalulekile khona.

Ukuhlala Nginolwazi Ngemithetho Nemibhalo Eqoshiwe

Ikhomu lomthetho eligunyaziwe lidinga ukuba uzazise ukuthi wenzani. iSishaya - mthetho.gov siyiwebhusayithi engokomthetho yokwaziswa kwemithetho kahulumeni wase-U.S. enikezwa i- Library of Congress. Le website ivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zifune izikweletu, zilandele intuthuko yazo ngenqubo yokushaya umthetho, zifunde imibiko yamakomiti, futhi zifunde nezinye izincwadi zokungena kweminye imikhankaso.

Ungabheka futhi amarekhodi okuvota abameleli bakho ukuze ubone ukuthi bavota kanjani ezindabeni ezibalulekile kuwe. Izinhlangano eziningi ziqoqa izingqwembe zokuvota ezithi amalungu oMkhandlu athathe izinombolo ezisekelwe kumavoti awo ezindabeni ezithile. Lamakhadi angakusiza ukuba uhlole ukuthi abameleli bakho bavota yini ngezindlela ezivumelana nezindinganiso zakho nezinto eziza kuqala.

Izindaba ezilandela ingqungquthela ngemithombo yezindaba enedumela elihle, ukubhalisela amapheshana avela emahhovisi abameleli bakho, nokuqapha izimpikiswano ezithile noma izikweleti kungakusiza ukuba uhlale ukhona ezinhlanganweni zemithetho. Uma wazi kangcono, ungahlanganyela ngokuphumelela kakhulu enqubweni yokushaya umthetho.

Ukuqonda Ukuhola Kwenhlangano Neqembu Elinamandla

Isenzo sombuso sihlelwa futhi siqondiswe abaholi beqembu egumbini ngalinye, abaye bakhethwa amalungu e-caucus noma ingqungquthela yabo. Ukuqonda indlela ukuhola kweqembu okusebenza ngayo kungasiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde kangcono ukwenza izinqumo zobungqungquthela futhi zibone abadlali abayinhloko abathonya umthetho.

Ukuhola Emakhaya

UmSheaker wale House uyisikhundla esinamandla kakhulu eNdlu yabameleli futhi okwesibili ohlwini lwe-profesɛrɛ yokulandela uMongameli. U-Speaker ukhethwa yindlu yonke kodwa ngokuvamile ungumholi weqembu elikhulu. Imithwalo yemfanelo yoMphathi ihlanganisa ukwengamela iziqephu zendlu, ukubhekisa izikweleti kumakomiti, ukumisa amalungu emakomitini engqungquthela, nokumelela iNdlu kuMongameli nasemphakathini.

Ezinye izikhundla eziyinhloko zobuholi bendlu zihlanganisa uMholi weMajority, okhonza njengomkhulumeli omkhulu nomkhulumeli weqembu elikhulu; uMholi Wobuncane, ohola iqembu eliphikisayo; kanye noMphathiswa NoMncane uWips, onomthwalo wemfanelo wokubala amavoti nokukhuthaza amalungu eqembu ukuba avote ngokwezikhundla zeqembu.

Ukuhola Kwesigele

Umongameli oyisekela we-United States ukhonza njengoMongameli weSigele kodwa akuvamile ukuba engamele ngaphandle kokuvota amavoti aphazamisa uthayi. UMongameli uPro Tempore, ngokwesiko oyilungu leqembu leningi elithatha isikhathi eside kunawo wonke, uqondisa ukungabikho koMongameli ongumsekeli kodwa unamandla alinganiselwe uma eqhathaniswa noSomlomo weNdlu.

Amandla angempela esiGadeni axhomeke kuMholi weMajority noMholi we-Minova. UMholi weMajority ulawula uhlelo lweSigele futhi unquma ukuthi yiziphi izikweleti ezifika phansi ukuze zicatshangelwe. Nokho, imithetho yeSigele inikeza izikhulu zenhlangano ngayinye amandla abalulekile okuba zibambezele noma zivimbe umthetho, okusho ukuthi uMholi omkhulu kumelwe axoxe neqembu elincane kanye nezinkampani ezizimele ukuze ziqhubele phambili umthetho.

Indima Yezisebenzi Zombuso

Ilungu ngalinye lelungu le-Congress kuneqembu lamalungu ezisebenzi afeza indima ebalulekile enqubeni yomthetho. Izisebenzi ze-Congregational zifeza izindima eziyinhloko ezinqunyweni zokucwaninga, umthetho ohlelayo, ukuxhumana nezinhlangano, ukuphatha izimiso, nokululeka amalungu ezisebenzi zekomiti ngendlela yokuvota. Amalungu ekomiti athuthukisa ubuchwepheshe ekulawuleni kwekomiti yawo futhi adlale indima eziyinhloko ekuhleleni ukuzwa, ekuhlolweni kwezindlebe, nasekubizeni imibiko yekomiti yokuhlela imishini.

Uma izakhamuzi zithintana nabameleli bazo, zivame ukusebenzelana namalungu ezisebenzi hhayi nesikhulu esikhethiwe ngokuqondile. La malungu asebenza kuzo ayimisele ebalulekile yokwaziswa futhi kufanele ahlonishwe. Ukwakha ubuhlobo namalungu ezisebenzi asingatha izindaba ozikhathalelayo kungaba icebo eliphumelelayo lokulawula imizwelo.

Inqubo Yokusebenzisa Uhlelo Lokusetshenziswa Kwemali Nezokuhlobisa

Enye yemithwalo yemfanelo ebaluleke kakhulu yeSishaya-mthetho ukulawula ukusetshenziswa kwemali ngohlelo lwemali nangenqubo yokuhlela. Le nqubo inquma ukuthi imalini uhulumeni kahulumeni ezoyisebenzisa nokuthi leyo mali izokwabiwa kanjani phakathi kwezinhlelo namaqembu ahlukahlukene.

Iphepha elithunyelwa nguMongameli eKhongolose unyaka ngamunye elichaza izindleko zikahulumeni kanye nezimali zonyaka wemali ozayo livame ukubekwa eMkhandlwini ngasekupheleni kuka-January noma ekuqaleni kuka-February. Nokho, uMkhandlu awuboshelwanga yisiphakamiso sohlelo lwemali futhi ngokuvamile wenza izinguquko ezinkulu.

Umthetho odluliswa yiSishaya - mthetho unyaka ngamunye ubeka imingcele iyonke ngemali nezimali, futhi amakomiti amaqembu asebenzisa isinqumo sokuhlela uhlelo lwemali njengesiqondiso sokuhlela izimali ezimisweni ezithile zikahulumeni, nakuba isinqumo sokuhlela uhlelo lwemali singadingi ukuvunyelwa nguMongameli.

Ngemva kwesinqumo semali, i-Congress kumelwe idlulise izikweleti zemali ukuze inikeze izimali ezingokomthetho zemisebenzi kahulumeni. Kukhona izikweleti ezihlukene eziyishumi nambili ezikhokhelwayo ezihlanganisa izindawo ezihlukahlukene zikahulumeni. Isivumelwano sokunikeza izimali ezigunyaza izinhlangano zikahulumeni ezikhokhelwa njalo izikweletu zikahulumeni ezingadluliswanga ngaphambi kokuba ukuphela konyaka kahulumeni kubizwa ngokuthi isinqumo esiqhubekayo.

Izimiso Zomthetho Nezokulandisa

Zombili lezi zikhungo zinekomiti yezimiso ezihlola ukumangalelwa kokungalungi kokuziphatha futhi zingatusa ukulwa namalungu aphula imithetho yokuziphatha.

Amalungu eSishaya-Mkhandlu kuyadingeka ukuba abhale imibiko yezembulo zezimali zaminyaka yonke ukuthi lemibiko ikhona obala futhi ivumela izakhamuzi nezinhlangano eziqaphe isithakazelo ukuba ziqaphele izingxabano ezingase zivele. Amalungu futhi angaphansi kwemithetho ngokuphathelene nezipho, uhambo, izimali zomkhankaso, nokusebenzelana nabangenisi bemikhankaso.

Izakhamuzi zifeza indima ebalulekile ekulandiseni kobukhoma ngokuhlala zinolwazi ngokuziphatha kwabameleli bazo, zisekele izinyathelo zokukhanya, futhi zibeke amalungu ecala ngenqubo yokukhetha. Uma amalungu ephula imithetho yezimiso zokuziphatha noma ehluleka ukumelela abameleli bawo ngokwanele, abavoti banamandla okukhetha abameleli abasha.

Ukubaluleka Kwemfundo Nesivumelwano Semfundo Yobunye

Ukuqonda ukuthi uKhongolose usebenza kanjani kumane kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokuthembisana izakhamuzi. Idemokrasi idinga ukuba neqhaza eliqinile ezakhamuzini ezizimisele ukusebenzisa isikhathi namandla ezombangazwe. Nakuba ngezinye izikhathi kungabonakala sengathi amazwi awekho abalulekile lapho kubhekwa izithakazelo ezinamandla nokuhlukana, umlando ubonisa ukuthi ukushisekela izakhamuzi kungawenza umehluko.

Izinguquko ezinkulu zesimiso kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika .n. ukusukela ekuvikelweni kwamalungelo abantu kuya ekuvikelweni kwendawo ezungezile kuya ekuhlaziyweni kwempilo, kuye kwabangelwa ukukhokha ngokuqhubekayo kwezakhamuzi nokuthembisana. Uma abantu abavamile behlela, bexoxa nabameleli babo, futhi benza amazwi abo azwakale, bangathonya inqubo yokushaya umthetho futhi balolonge imithetho ebusa umphakathi wethu.

Lapho abantu beqonda ukuthi uhulumeni wabo usebenza kanjani futhi uhlanganyela kanjani enqubweni yezombangazwe, baba nesihlahla esikhulu ezinhlanganweni zentando yeningi futhi bahlonyiselwa kangcono ukuba bagcine izikhulu ezikhethiwe zinecala.

Imithombo Yokuhlanganyela Esontweni

Kukhona imithombo eminingi yokusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo neKhongolo. Ithuluzi le-USA Gov's Accessible Your Edected Accounting System linikeza amalungu eSishaya-mthetho, umongameli, uhulumeni nezikhulu zendawo ukwaziswa kokuxhumana. Lelithuluzi lenza kube lula ukubona ukuthi umelelwa ngubani nokuthi ungafinyelela kanjani kuwo.

Amawebhusayithi angokomthetho eNdlu yabameleli ( www.house.gov) neSigele ( www.senate.gov) anikeza ukwaziswa okubanzi ngenqubo yomthetho, imisebenzi yamakomiti, nokwaziswa kwamalungu. Lezizingosi zinikeza nemithombo yemfundo mayelana nendlela i-Carresskorve isebenza ngayo nendlela izakhamuzi ezingahlanganyela ngayo.

Congress.gov isebenza njengomthombo obanzi wokwaziswa kwemithetho kahulumeni, ivumela abayisebenzisayo ukuba bafune izikweletu, balandele intuthuko yabo, bafunde iCongregational Record, futhi bafunde imibiko yekomiti yokungena nezinye izincwadi. Le ndawo futhi inikeza amavidiyo emfundo nezinto zokwakha ezichaza inqubo ye-provission.

I-Congregational Research Service iveza imibiko ngezindaba zezimiso nezinqubo zomthetho, eziningi zazo ezikhona obala. Izinhlangano ezinjenge-Congregational Institute zinikeza izinhlelo zokufundisa nempahla mayelana nesivumelwano somphakathi.

Uma kungenzeka, izivakashi zitholakala emphakathini futhi zinikeza amathuba okubona iSishaya - mthetho, zivakashele izindawo ezingokomlando futhi zifunde okwengeziwe ngegatsha lezomthetho. Amahhovisi amaningi ezinhlangano anikeza namathuba okuxhumana abafundi nabanye abanesithakazelo sokuzuza okuhlangenwe nakho komthetho.

Ukunqoba Izithiyo Zokuhlanganyela

Naphezu kwamathuba amaningi okuthembisana umphakathi, izithiyo ezihlukahlukene zingavimbela abantu ekuhlanganyeleni enqubweni yezombangazwe. Ukuvinjelwa kwesikhathi, ukuntuleka kokwaziswa, imizwa yokungabi namandla, nokungakuthembi okungagunyazi okuphathelene nezombangazwe konke kungakuqeda ukuhileleka kwezakhamuzi. Ukuqaphela nokusingatha lemingcele kubalulekile ekwakheni intando yeningi ebophekile nemelele ngokwengeziwe.

Kulabo abanesikhathi esilinganiselwe, ngisho nezenzo ezincane zingawenza umehluko. Ukushayela ihhovisi lommeleli wakho ucingo olufushane, i-imeyili esheshayo ngendaba oyikhathalelayo, noma ukuxoxa ngokwaziswa okuphathelene nomthetho osele ukhona kuzokuxhumana konke kunengxenye ekuthembiseni umphakathi. Akudingeki ukuba ube umshisekeli wesikhathi esigcwele ukuze ube nethonya.

Uma unomuzwa wokuthi awunalwazi ngendlela yokuthatha isinyathelo ngokuphumelelayo, sebenzisa imithombo eminingi yemfundo ekhona. Qala ngokufunda ngabameleli bakho siqu nangezindaba abasebenza kuzo. Landela umba obaluleke kakhulu kuwe kunokuba uzame ukuhlala wazi konke. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ulwazi lwakho nokuqiniseka kuzakukhula.

Nakuba izakhamuzi zingase zingabi namali elingana nezinhlangano ezinkulu noma abantu abacebile, izenzo ezihlanganyelwe abantu abavamile zingaba namandla angavamile. Lapho abantu abaningi bexhumana nabameleli babo ngendaba efanayo, kuyaqashelwa.

I-Cynicism ngezombangazwe iyaqondakala inikezwa uqhekeko oluhlukanisayo nokuphazamiseka okuphawula iziKhongolo. Nokho, ukudideka kwenza lezi zinkinga zibe zimbi kakhulu. Ikhambi ledemokrasi engaphelele alikhona ukuthatha iqhaza kodwa elingaphansi kakhulu elivela kubantu abanomuzwa wokuthi isimiso asibasizi. Izindaba zakho, futhi ukuhlanganyela kwakho kungasiza ekwenzeni iSishaya-Mkhandlu sisabele futhi siphumelele.

Ikusasa Lokuhlanganyela Kobumbano

Ubuchwepheshe budala amathuba amasha ezakhamuzi ukuba zihlanganyele neMkhandlu futhi zihlanganyele enqubweni yentando yeningi. Amasiteji ezokuxhumana avumela ukuxhumana okuqondile phakathi kwabameleli nabameleli, kuyilapho amathuluzi e-website enza kube lula ukulandelela umthetho, ukuhlela imikhankaso yokuzisebenzela, nokuqoqa abasekeli. I-Vidiyo egunyazwayo ikwenze kwaba lula kubantu abengeziwe ukuba bahlanganyele ezindlebeni nasemihlanganweni ngaphandle kokuya eWashington.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ubuchwepheshe buletha izinselele, kuhlanganise nokusakazeka kokwaziswa okunganembile, ukwakhiwa kwamagumbi abantu abamane bavumelane nawo, nokukhathazeka ngokuphepha kokwaziswa, nokuphepha kokwaziswa.

Uma sibheka phambili, amandla entando yeningi yaseMelika ayoxhomeka ekuzimiseleni kwezakhamuzi ukuhlala zinolwazi, zihlanganyele nenqubo yezombangazwe, futhi zigcine abameleli bazo benobufakazi obungcono kakhulu. UMkhandlu usebenza kangcono uma uveza amazwi nemibono ehlukahlukene yabantu baseMelika. Ngokuqonda indlela iSishaya-mthetho esisebenza ngayo futhi sithathe iqhaza enqubweni yomthetho, izakhamuzi zingasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi uhulumeni wazo ubamelela futhi uxazulule izinselele ezibhekene nesizwe sethu.

Ukuthatha Isinyathelo: Izinyathelo Ozothatha

Njengoba usuyazi indlela uMkhandlu osebenza ngayo nezindlela eziningi ongahileleka ngazo, cabangela ukuthatha lezi zinyathelo eziqinile ukuze uqale noma ujulise isithembiso sakho somphakathi:

  • Yazi abameleli bakho eMzini naseSigeleni bese ulondoloza ukwaziswa kwabo okuphathelene nabo
  • Zisayine ukuba amaposi noma izixwayiso ezivela emahhovisi abameleli bakho zihlale zinokwaziswa ngemisebenzi yazo
  • Khetha umbango owodwa noma emibili oyikhathalela ngokujulile futhi ulandele umthetho ohlobene nawo ophathelene noKhongolo.
  • Zibophelele ukuxhumana okungenani kanye ngenyanga nabameleli bakho ngezinto ezibaluleke kuwe
  • Yiba khona emhlanganweni wehholo lasedolobheni noma kwenye isenzakalo seningi lapho ungahlangana khona nabameleli bakho ngokuqondile
  • Hlanganyela noma usekele inhlangano yokusekela izinhlangano ezisebenza ezindabeni ozikhathalelayo
  • Xoxa nabangane nomkhaya ngenqubo yomthetho kanye nomthetho olindele
  • Cabanga ngokuzinikela ngokuzithandela emkhankasweni wezombangazwe noma omibono yakhe ivumelana neyakho
  • Khuthaza abanye ukuba bahlanganyele enqubweni yokubusa ngentando yeningi futhi benze amazwi abo ezwe
  • Hlala wazi ngokulandela izindaba zengqungquthela ezivela emithonjeni eminingi enokwethenjelwa

Khumbula ukuthi ukuthembisana komphakathi akuyona isibopho esithatha isikhathi esisodwa kodwa isibopho esiqhubekayo. Idemocracy idinga ukunakwa njalo nokuhlanganyela ezakhamuzini ezinolwazi. Ucingo ngalunye, i-imeyili, ihholo ledolobha, nokuvota kunengxenye esimisweni sentando yeningi esingcono, esisabela kakhulu.

I-United States Congress iyinhlangano eyinkimbinkimbi enezinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi namasiko akudala aqinile. Nokho, emnyombweni wayo, i-Congress ikhona ukuba imelele abantu baseMelika futhi iguqule izinkathazo zabo nezinto eziza kuqala kumthetho kahulumeni. Ngokuqonda indlela uKhongolo olusebenza ngayo futhi luhlanganyele ngenkuthalo enqubweni yomthetho-mthetho, ungasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izwi lakho liyazwakala futhi uMkhandlu ugcwalisa imithwalo yawo yemfanelo engokomthetho. Izindaba zakho zomshado, iphicosha, futhi ukuhlanganyela kwakho kuqinisa ukubusa kwe-Melika wonke umuntu.