I-United States Congress iwumbuso oyinhloko wokwenza umthetho kahulumeni kahulumeni, isisekelo sentando yeningi yaseMelika eyamiswa yi-Athic of the Constitution I. Iminyaka ecishe ibe ngu- 250, ibe yinkundla lapho kuphikiswana khona ngezinqumo ezilandelayo zezwe, zicwengisisiwe, futhi zibekwe khona. Lo mcabango wolimi olucacile uchaza indlela iziNgqungquthela ezisebenza ngayo, kusukela ekwakhekeni kwazo zentando yeningi kuya enqubeni eyinkimbinkimbi yokuguqula umqondo ube umthetho. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi unguthisha ochaza izifunda zesizwe, umfundi olungiselela ukuhlolwa, noma isakhamuzi esifuna ukuqonda isimiso esihlela ukuphila kwansuku zonke, lesi siqondiso siphula izihloko eziyinhloko, amandla, nezinselele zeSishaya-Hulumeni.

Uyini Umhlangano?

I-Congress ingumnyango we-wiscription kahulumeni wase-United States, ibekwa icala lokwenza imithetho kahulumeni, ukulawula ukusetshenziswa kukahulumeni, ukumisa umongameli, ukumisa impi, nokwengamela igatsha eliphethe. I-Fathers Equalings yakha isishaya-mthetho se-bidameral / amagumbi amabili ahlukene − njengoba iwukuhlehla phakathi kwemibuso emikhulu nemincane eMhlanganweni woMthetho-sisekelo we-1787. I House of Declaraties imelela abantu abasekelwe emphakathini, kuyilapho iSishaya-gena sinikeza umbuso ngamunye izimpawu ezilinganayo. Lesi sakhiwo siqinisekisa ukuthi kokubili inani labantu nobukhosi bombuso kuhileleke ekuhlelweni komthetho wezwe.

UKhokhi uthola igunya lawo emagunyeni ahlangene ahlelwe eSiqeshini I, isiqephu 8 soMthetho-sisekelo, esihlanganisa amandla okukhokha intela, ukuboleka imali, ukulawula ezohwebo zesifunda, imali, ukumisa amahhovisi eposi, ukuphakamisa nokusekela amabutho, nokunikeza inhlalakahle evamile. [[FLT:] UNesary ne Nkosi elungile u-Claus (ebizwa futhi ngokuthi i-Ellastic Clausle]) inikeza umthetho odinga ukudlulisa imithetho yokuhlukanisa amandla ayo, ilungiselelo eliye lavumela isimiso ukuba sinikeze izimpikiswano ezisukela emalungelweni omphakathi ukuya e-ibhukwini. Emiyalweni yomthetho ye-omthetho-mthetho-mthetho, ukuvakashela i-Elclective [Foctive Coographic] [F]

Izakhiwo Zomkhandlu

Indlu Yabameleli

Indlu yabameleli inamalungu angu-435, ngalinye elikhonza igama lokuvota iminyaka emibili futhi elimelela isifundazwe esisodwa. Inani labameleli kulelo nalelozwe linqunywa ukunqunywa kwenani le-deccaliance U.S., okuyizihlalo zokuvuna ezisekelwe ekushicilelweni kwabantu. Amazwe anabantu abaningi, njengaseCalifornia (52 izihlalo), neTexas (38 izihlalo), anezindawo eziningi ezincane, kuyilapho i-Delaware noVermont zinomuntu oyedwa. Ummeleli ngamunye kumelwe abe neminyaka engu-25 ubudala, izakhamuzi okungenani engu-U.S.

Indlu isebenza ngaphansi kwemithetho eqinile elinganisela impikiswano nokwenza izinqumo. Ukhulumela iNdlu , okhethwe yiningi, uyisikhulu esiphetheyo futhi owesibili emgqeni we-denanti ngemva koMongameli. Ezinye izikhundla zobuholi zihlanganisa i-Majoliath Mholi, i-Wapit, no-omfonsola babo abambalwa. Amakomiti eNdlungwini kulapho umsebenzi omningi owenziwa khona, imicimbi yokulalela, nokubeka umthetho phambi kwesiteji eliphansi. Ngenxa yokuthi abameleli babhekene futhi baphinde bakhethe njalo eminyakeni emibili, iNdlulela ngokuvamile igumbi eliseduze nabantu, isabela ngokushesha ekuboneleni umbono obala. Ngokokwaziswa kwamanje eMnyango, ukuhlola i House, [FOffnerty] [2]

ISigele

ISigele sakhiwa amalungu ayikhulu, futhi isifundazwe ngasinye sikhetha izigebengu ezimbili kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zinabantu bani. Izikhotha zisebenzisa amagama athatha iminyaka eyisithupha, futhi ukhetho lushaqiswa kangangokuba cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yeSigele ivulelwe ukukhethwa futhi iphinde ihlelwe njalo eminyakeni emibili. Lomklamo wenza ukuba kuqhubekeke futhi kuqiniseke nganhloso mayelana neNdlu yezulu eguquguqukayo. Ama-senator kumelwe abe neminyaka engu-30 ubudala, isakhamuzi sase-U.S. okungenani iminyaka engu-9, futhi ahlala kulombuso abamele.

ISigele sinawo amandla amaningana akhethekile angahlangani neNdlu, kuhlanganise negunya lokuqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli (ama-cabinet, amajaji kahulumeni, amajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme) nokuvumela izivumelwano ngokuvota okuphindwe kabili. UMongameli wase-United States usebenza njengoMongameli weSigeqe kodwa uvota kuphela ukuphula uthayi. UMholi weSigebe, hhayi uMphathi weSigebe, umisa izivumelwano zeSishaya-mthetho. ISigebe sivumela impikiswano engenakulinganiswayo, engaholela [[FL:] i-flister[FL:[FL:][FLT:] [FLT:]] [12]] [12] [empetamsterolo]].[3] Inqubo yokuhlola okuvamile, lapho isigelengi sekhuluma khona amahora okulibala noma okuvika.[5]

Indlela Ibhili Eliba Ngayo Umthetho

Uhambo lwesivumelwano sokukhipha umthetho luyinqubo yamabomu, enezinyathelo eziningi eklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa impikiswano ephelele nokuvimbela umthetho osuthathekile. Nakuba indlela ingahlukahluka, nansi indlela ejwayelekile:

  1. I-introduction: Icala lingamiswa kuphela yilungu loMkhandlu. Inikwa inani (umzk. H.R. 1 leNdlu yendlu, S. 1 yeSigeqe) futhi inyatheliswe. Izinkulungwane zezikweletu ziqala isiqephu ngasinye, kodwa ingxenye kuphela iba umthetho.
  2. Committee Referral: Imali ithunyelwa ekomitini emile efanelekile (umk., iKomiti yendlu eMphakamo nezohwebo ukuze ikhokhele ngezindleko ezihlobene nezempilo). Isihlalo sekomiti sinquma ukuthi izohlela yini ukuzwa nokucwinwa. Amakomiti angasilungisa isigebengu, asibulale ngezenzo, noma asibike kahle egunjini eligcwele.
  3. Ukucabangela (Indlu):[[[FLT]] Endlini, imali iya eKomitini Yomthetho, emisa imingcele yempikiswano-(isikhathi, inani lemikhawulo evunyelwe. Indlu egcwele khona impikiswano namavoti. Inkombha elula (218 uma wonke amalungu ekhona) iyadingeka ukuze ihambe.
  4. Ukucabangela (I-Senate): Enhlanganweni, uMholi woMholi uhlela isikhathi esiphansi. Ukuphikisana ngokuvamile akunamkhawulo ngaphandle kokuba isivumelwano esivumelanayo sikulinganisela. Amavoti avamile (51) ayadingeka ukuze adluliswe, kodwa ama-finbuster angadinga amavoti angu-60 ukuze amahlule.
  5. [ IKomiti yokuhlanganisa: Uma iNdlu neSigele kudlulisa izinguqulo ezihlukene zomthetho ofanayo, ikomiti yengqungquthela(ihlanganiswe amalungu avela kuwo womabili amagumbi(i-"iveza umehluko. Inguqulo yokuhlehliswa kumele ivunyelwe ngawo womabili amagumbi njengoba kubhalwe.
  6. I-Presidialed Action: Isivumelwano sokugcina siya kuMongameli, ongasayina umthetho, angawufaka kuwo, noma awuvumele ukuba ube umthetho ngaphandle kokusayina ngemva kwezinsuku eziyishumi (uma uMkhandlu usekhona). I-veto ingancitshiswa ngevoti eyisithathu kulawo makamu.

Le nqubo ilinganisela izinyanga noma ngisho neminyaka. Ukuze uthole izindleko zangempela ezihamba kuKhongolo, sebenzisa i- Corest.gov umzila wephepha we-rack.

Indima Yamakomiti

AmaKomiti avame ukubizwa ngokuthi amahhashi asebenzayo oMkhandlu. Ngenxa yokuthi alikho ilungu elingalawula yonke impikiswano, amakomiti avumela ukumiswa. Alalela lapho ochwepheshe, abameleli, nezikhulu zikahulumeni befakaza; baphatha amanxusa aphethe; futhi bacwengisisa umthetho ngenqubo ye- inqubo, lapho amalungu ephikisana khona kanye nokuqeda izikweletu ngomugqa. Kunezinhlobo eziningana zamakomiti:

  • AmaKomiti amisayo: amabhodi ahlala njalo agxile ezindaweni ezithile ezingokomthetho, njenge-Agriculture, i-Appropriation, izinkonzo zezikhali, ne-Judiary. Zombili indlu neSigele zinezinguqulo zazo.
  • [[QULT:0] Khetha noma amaKomiti akhethekile:[ Amakomiti esikhashana aklanyelwe ukuphenya umagazini othile (umz., iKomiti) kaJanuwari 6 noma ukwenza isifundo esithile.
  • [[QURT:0] AmaKomiti ahlotshisiwe:[ Akhiwe amalungu kuzo zombili iziteshi, avame ukusingatha izindaba zokuphatha noma izifundo (umz., iKomiti ehlangeneyo yentela).
  • [ AmaKomiti avumela ukuvunyelwana: Amabhodi esikhashana akhiwe ngokukhethekile ukuxazulula ukungaboni phakathi kwendlu neSigele somthetho. Imibiko yabo ayilunganga/Izivoti zegumbi ngalinye yeyebo noma cha.

Izihlalo zamakomiti, njalo ezivela eqenjini leningi, zinamandla amakhulu ekuhleleni iziqephu. Banquma ukuthi iziphi izikweleti ezithola ukuzwakala, iziphi ofakazi abazibizayo, nokuthi yiziphi izikweleti eziqhubekela phansi. ngokuvamile zinquma isimiso sokuzimela [ usihlalo, nakuba umholi weqembu engathonya izabelo. Izikhulu zamalungu ziphatha izihloko ezimngcingo ezimngciphene ngaphakathi kwesikhundla sekomiti, zivumela ngisho nokugxila kakhulu. Ukubheka ngokujulile emagunyeni ekomitini nasemisebenzi, [[FLT:] Commeteestas on Congress.[FLT]

Amasheke Nokulinganisela

I-Congress ifakwe esimisweni samagunya ahlukene lapho igatsha ngalinye (elihlukanisayo, elinomthetho, elilawulayo) lingahlola amanye. Lokhu kuhlola kuvimbela noma iliphi igatsha ukuba libuse futhi lisemqoka ekuklanyweni koMthetho-sisekelo. Izibonelo eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • I-Legislative Veto Engalawuleki: Uma uMongameli ekhipha umthetho, i-Congress ingawulawula lowo msindo ngesithathu sama-tomagn emagumbini womabili. Lokhu akuvamile ukwenzeka cishe cishe ngamaphesenti amane kuphela ama-vetoes aye akhanyiswa emlandweni wase-U.S. kodwa usongo luye lwahlela ukuhlelwa kobumongameli.
  • Amandla okuvota: Indlu inamandla okuphela kwezikhulu zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise noMongameli, uMongameli, uMongameli, nabahluleli. Khona - ke iSigele sizama ukugunyaza; amavoti amabili-ntathu adingeka ukuze agunyazwe futhi asuswe. Ngawo amathathu kuphela amongameli (Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton, Donald Trump) aye alahlwa yiNd House; akukho namunye owalahlwa yiSigele.
  • Ukuqinisekisa ukumiswa kweZinqumo: UMongameli umisa onobhala bekhathekthi, amanxusa, amajaji kahulumeni, namajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme, kodwa iSigele kumelwe sibaqinisekise ngevoti eningi. Lokhu kunikeza ithonya elikhulu emagatsheni aphethe nahluleli.
  • I-Ratiation: UMongameli uxoxa ngezivumelwano, kodwa zidinga ukuvunyelwa ngezingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zeSigele. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ezivumelwaneni eziningi ezilungisiweyo, ezilibaziwe, noma ezenqatshwayo.
  • Amandla entengo: ulawula yonke imali esetshenziswayo kahulumeni. Indlu iqala izikweleti zemali (isiqalo se-athonsi), futhi womabili amagumbi kumelwe adlulise izindleko zokudlulisa izigwegwe ngaphambi kokuba kusetshenziswe imali. Lokhu kuvumela uMkhandlu ukuba ususe izinyathelo zokulawula igatsha elimelene nayo.
  • Ukuqapha nophenyo: Amakomiti angafaka amabhukwana eposi, ofakazi ababizayo, futhi abe namatalente ukuze ahlole indlela imithetho ekhishwa ngayo. Lomsebenzi wobubonisi uyi-sehlo elibalulekile emandleni omphathi, njengoba kubonakala ekuhloleni ihlazo leWatergate, i-Iran-Contratine, kanye nemibuzo yamuva.
  • I-Advice kanye ne-Convention yeNkantolo Ephakeme: Indima yesigele ekuqinisekiseni amajaji iye yaba yi-pal, nesihloko ngasinye sokuhlola okukhulu. Ukwenqaba ukuba necala kuMerrick Garland ngo-2016 kanye nokuqinisekisa okuphenduliweyo kuka-Amy Coney Barrett ngo-2020 kuveza ukuthi leli phengululo lingashintsha kanjani lisekelwe ekulawuleni kwezombangazwe.

Izinkonzo Zokumelela Nezokuvikela

Ngalé kokwenza umthetho, amalungu eSishaya-mthetho asebenza njengezokuxhumana phakathi kwezakhamuzi nohulumeni kahulumeni. Izinkonzo zeConstituent. − ngokuvamile zibizwa 'swomsebenzi wesicathulo [1]'okhokha ingxenye enkulu yesikhathi sommeleli noma ummeli. Amalungu esifunda asiza abaqondisi ukuba bahambe ngezinkinga zesobungane, izinzuzo zokuhlangenwe nakho, izimpikiswano zokufuduka, iMedicare, nezinye izinhlangano zikahulumeni. Amalungu futhi aphethe imihlangano yedolobha, athumela amapheshana, futhi alondoloze amahhovisi esigodi ukuze ahlale ehlangene nezicingiselwano zendawo.

Ukumelelwa kuhamba ngazo zombili izindlela: izikhulu kulindeleke ukuba zisekele isifundazwe sazo kuyilapho zicabangela futhi isithakazelo sesizwe. I-senetor yasezweni lokulima ingase ifune imali yokuxhasa amapulazi, kuyilapho ummeleli ovela esifundeni sogu lolwandle engase abeke phambili inguquko yomshuwalense. Umbango phakathi kombono wendawo nowesizwe uyisici esihlala njalo sokuphila kobukhoma. Ukuvela kwezembubhisi kanye nezindaba zezentambo kuye kwaqinisa ukucindezela kokunxusa ukuba angenele ekuvoti, ngezinye izikhathi ngezindleko zokuhlehla kwe-bhartisan.

Izinselele Ezibhekene Nezishaya - mthetho

Nakuba uMkhandlu usalokhu uyinhlangano eqinile, ubhekene nezithiyo eziningana ezingathi sína ezithinta ukusebenza kwawo kahle nokuma kwawo emphakathini:

  • Isiphakamiso ne-Gridlock: Ukuhlahlela kwezombangazwe kuye kwanda ngokuphawulekayo phakathi namashumi ambalwa eminyaka adlule. Ukuvota kwePhakathi seliyisiko, futhi ama-monibster eSigele ngokuvamile adinga amavoti angu-60 ukuze adlulise umthetho omkhulu. Lomnyango omkhulu kakhulu uye waholela ekunqandeni ukunqanda ukuma kwemithetho ezindabeni ezinjengokufuduka, ukushintsha isimo sezulu, nokulawula izibhamu. Ngokwepew Research Center, amaMelika abheka ukuphikisana kwe-RCB njengenkinga enkulu.
  • Ukuhlela: Ezifundazweni eziningi, imingcele yesifunda idonswa izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni ukuze zithande iqembu elilodwa, zakha izihlalo eziphephile ezinciphisa ukhetho lokuncintisana. Lokhu kungaholela kubameleli abasekela imibono eyeqisayo kunokuba bafune indawo efanayo.
  • Imali nemali kwezombangazwe: Ukujaha i-Congress kuyabiza, nezinhlanga ze Home ezibiza izigidi namashumi ezigelekeqe eziyizigidi. Abathathi bachitha isikhathi esiphawulekayo sokuqoqa imali, okungasusa ukugxila ekubuseni. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi iminikelo emikhulu inikeza abantu abacebile nezinhlangano ithonya elingalingani.
  • Ukukholeka Komphakathi: Isilinganiso sokuvunyelwa koMkhandlu siye sanda cishe iminyaka engu-20%, sibonisa ukukhungatheka okugcwele kakhulu nge-gridbock, amahlazo, nokungaqondi ukuthi awukho. Ukuthembana kwenza kube nzima kakhulu kumalungu ukuba athathe isinyathelo ngesibindi, i-bipartisan ngenxa yokwesaba ukuvota ngokunqamuka.
  • Ukulandelana kwezihloko zezindaba zanamuhla: njengengqondo engekho emthethweni, i-inthanethi, nokulungisa impilo kudinga ulwazi olunzulu lobuchwepheshe. UKhongolo-mthetho luncike kumakomiti, ku-Congress Research Service Service ye-Accounting Service, neHhovisi le-Accounting ukuze kunikezelwe ulwazi, kodwa ukuyinkimbinkimbi okukhulu kunganciphisa ukuhlelwa komthetho futhi kuholele emiphumelweni engalindelekile.
  • Impikiswano ye-pilibuster: Abanye abashisekeli benguquko baphikisa ngokuthi iSigele kufanele siqede noma silungise i-palbuster ukwenza kube lula ukudlulisa umthetho ngezinto ezilula, njengoba kwenza indlu. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi i-vulbuster ivikela amalungelo amancane futhi ikhuthaza ukwakhiwa kohlanga. Lengxoxo ayikaphenduli.

Isiphetho

Ukuqonda indlela uKhongolose osebenza ngayo kubalulekile ekwakheni izakhamuzi ezinolwazi. Inqubo yokulawula ingabonakala ihamba kancane futhi ingasebenzi kahle − kodwa inikeza amathuba amaningi okufakwa, ukuphikisana, nokuthuthukiswa. Kusukela ehholo ledolobha elinezitsha zotshani kuya egumbini lokuzwa lekomiti ukuya ekuvoteleni phansi, inyathelo ngalinye libonisa inhloso yabasunguli yokwakha indikimba elingana nejubane elilinganayo nokuqapha. Abafundi nabafundi abawaqondayo lala mathuba ayisisekelo bangahlaziya kangcono izenzakalo zamanje, basebenzela nabameleli babo, futhi basekele izinhlelo zabo. Nakuba i-Congressress ibhekeneys, umsebenzi wayo oyinhloko, ukumelela abantu baseMelika futhi yenza imithetho ibumbe isizwe namuhla ibaluleke njengango1789.