Ukuqonda Igatsha Eliphethe: Indima Yomongameli Ekubuseni KwaseMelika

Igatsha eliphethe likahulumeni wase-United States yinjini eguqula izinhloso zomthetho zibe yizenzo zansuku zonke. Nakuba iSishaya-mthetho sibhala imithetho nemithetho yejaji, nguMongameli nenhlangano enkulu yesizwe efeza ibhizinisi lesizwe. Ngokusayina umthetho omusha wezokwelapha wokumisa amabutho ngaphesheya, izinqumo zikaMongameli zithinta ngokuqondile wonke umuntu waseMelika. Abafundi nothisha abafuna ukuqonda okujule kakhulu ukuthi uhulumeni usebenza kanjani, ukuhlola isakhiwo segatsha lesikhulu, imibuso, nemingcele yayo ibalulekile. Lesi sihloko sinikeza umbono ogcwele kulokho uMongameli akwenzayo eMelika, izisekelo zomthetho wegunya lezempathi yezomthetho, kanye nesimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela okugcina amandla anjalo.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Nezakhiwo Zegatsha Eliphethe

ISiphakamiso II soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. simisa igatsha eliphethe igatsha nezingubo zalo kuMongameli oyedwa. Abakhi bamafomu bakha ngamabomu isikhulu esiqinile, esinobunye ukuze baqinisekise ukugcinwa okungaguquguquki kwemithetho kanye nohlelo olucacile lwemithetho, ikakhulukazi ezindabeni zakwamanye amazwe nasezweni. Ngokungafani negatsha le-projekthi, elihlukaniswa libe amagumbi amabili, igatsha eliphethe line-hearchicastrical, uMongameli ophezulu, elandelwa uMongameli, i-Kabhinethi, futhi kamuva amanxusa nezinhlangano zikahulumeni nezinhlangano eziningi.

Isakhiwo sokuqala sasisincane ngokwesilinganiso, kodwa esingaphezu kwamakhulu amabili eminyaka, siye sakhula saba igatsha elikhulu kakhulu likahulumeni, sisebenzisa izigidi zezisebenzi ezivamile nezempi. Ingxenye eziyinhloko zihlanganisa iHhovisi Lezokuqondisa loMongameli (EOP), elinikeza ukusekela okuqondile kweWhite House; iminyango engu 15 yeKhabhinethi (njengeSizwe, iDefense, iTrence, neJaji); kanye namakhulu ezinhlangano ezizimele (njenge-Evironty Protection Agement, NASA, ne-Frederal Reserve).

Amagunya angokomthetho kaMongameli athathwe eSiphakamiso II, esihlanganisa umsebenzi "Ukunakekela ukuba uMthetho ufezwe ngokwethembeka," amandla okumisa izikhulu (ngemvume yeSigele), kanye nendima yoMphathi-iNdlu. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lamandla aye achazwa kabanzi, ikakhulukazi ezikhathini zenhlekelele, kodwa ahlala engaphansi kwemihlola ebekwa iSishaya-Mkhandlu nezinkantolo.

Imithwalo Yemfanelo KaMongameli

UMongameli ugqoka izigqoko eziningi, futhi umsebenzi wansuku zonke wesimiso sasekhaya, ubuhlobo bangaphandle, ibutho lezempi, kanye nokuphathwa kwezindawo. Izingxenye ezilandelayo ziningiliza imithwalo yemfanelo eyinhloko echaza umongameli.

Ukusebenzisa Imithetho Yesifunda

Umthwalo oyisisekelo kakhulu kaMongameli uwukuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho kahulumeni ifezeka ngokwethembeka. Lomthwalo wemfanelo awuwona nje ongokomfanekiso; uhilela ukuqondisa nokuqondisa iqoqo elikhulu lezinhlangano ezisebenzisa yonke into kusukela ekuqoqweni kwentela kuya ekuhloleni ukudla. Ngokwesibonelo, uMongameli umisa inhloko zoMnyango woMahluleli ne-Department of Homeland Security, khona - ke oqondisa ukugcinwa komthetho nokugcinwa kwabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe, ngokulandelana. UMongameli angamisa futhi ukubekwa komthetho oza kuqala ngeziqondiso zezikhulu zezikhulu nangeziqondiso, alolonge indlela imithetho esetshenziswa ngayo. La mandla alinganiswa ngayo nge-propatialconational: Congress ingahlola izenzo zobustries, ukuxhasa, ukuxhasa, ukuxhasa, noma ukudlulisa imithetho emisha ukuze acacise noma abeke iziqondiso ngokulawula.

Ukuphatha Isimiso Sangaphandle

UMongameli ungumphathi wezwe futhi ungumphathi wenhlangano yesizwe oyinhloko wesimiso sokwakha sezomthetho wangaphandle e-U.S. lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuxoxa nokusayina izivumelwano (okudinga ukumiswa kwesivumelwano kweSigele ngevoti ezimbili), ukuhlanganyela ezivumelwaneni zokuphatha nabaholi bangaphandle, nokumelela i-United States embulungeni yonke njengeZizwe Ezihlangene. UMongameli futhi unamandla okuqaphela ohulumeni bangaphandle nokwamukela amanxusa. Ngokwesibonelo, isinqumo sikaMongameli sokufaka izijeziso zezomnotho, ukuhlangana nesivumelwano sezentengiselwano, noma ukushiya isivumelwano sezohwebo singaphinde sime emhlabeni wonke njengenhlangano yeZizwe Ezihlangene. Umbhali wezwe usebenza njengesimiso esiyinhloko sikaMongameli wangaphandle, kodwa igunya lokugcina lihlala eHowenu.

Isikhulu Esiphethe Samabutho Ahlomile

ISiphakamiso II sibiza uMongameli njengomphathi-nhloko wamabutho nemikhumbi yasolwandle, enikeza ukuqondisa okuqondile kwezempi. Lombuso uvumela uMongameli ukuba agunyaze amabutho ukuba alwe, aqondise amaqhinga empi, futhi agunyaze imisebenzi yokufihla. Nokho, uMthetho-sisekelo ugcine amandla okumemezela impi kuphela kuKhongolo, wenze ukulinganisela okucophelela. Kulokhu, abaholi bempi baye basebenzisa amabutho angokomthetho ngaphandle kokumemezela impi, ukumisa amabutho akhethekile, ukumisa, noma ukungenela izinkonzo zokuvikela ukuthula. Isinqumo seMpi sombuso sisaqhubeka sifuna ukwazisa uMongameli weSishayamthetho phakathi namahora angu-48 okuhloma izikhali nokuhlanganisa amabutho angahlanganisiwe izinsuku ezingu-60 ngaphandle kokugunyazwa. Lobukhombano oluphethe izintambo phakathi kwesimiso sesizwe sokuzibophanga izintambo.

Ukumisa Izikhulu Eziwuhulumeni

UMongameli umisa izikhulu eziphezulu kuwo wonke uhulumeni kahulumeni, kuhlanganise nonobhala bamaKhabhinethi, amajaji kahulumeni (kuhlanganise amajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme), amanxusa, kanye namanxusa ezinhlangano ezizimele. Lokhu kumiswa kungaphansi kokuqinisekiswa kweSishaya-mthetho − inqubo eklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abanyunyana bafanelekile futhi bayamukeleka kumalungu amaningi. Amandla oMongameli angokomthetho ayisiciko sokulungisa indlela yemithetho. Izikhulu zithwala iziyalezo zikamongameli, nakuba zinemithwalo yemisebenzi yezomthetho yeNkathi Yezi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uMongameli umisa izinkulungwane zezikhundla phakathi kwegatsha eliphethe, kusukela kubaphathi bezenhlangano ukuya emalungwini e-ofisini.

Ukukhipha Imithetho

Elinye lamathuluzi omthetho anamandla kakhulu kaMongameli yi-veto. Ngemva kokuba uKhongolo ludlulise isimemezelo, uMongameli angasayina kuso umthetho, awuyeke ube umthetho ngaphandle kokuwusayina ngemva kwezinsuku eziyishumi (uma uMkhandlu ukhona), noma uwenqabe, ulahle umthetho ngokuqondile. UKhongolo lungawukhipha u-veto, kodwa olufuna inani eliyisithathu esibili kuzo zombili izintambo eNdlweni naseSihlalweni somthetho, lungahlangabezwana. Usongo lwe-veto kuphela lungamisa umthetho, njengoba izikhwama zekhekheba zokuvimbela umongameli ukuba ahlulwe. I-veto ingahlola ngokucacile ngokukhomba umthetho, kodwa futhi i-Presidenti ingenza uMongameli angene eMkhankambini we-Congresston. Ngokwesibonelo, usongo lungase luhlangane usongo olusayokusongela ekuhlanganeni kwasekuqaleni kwezingxoxo ezihlangene.

Ukukhipha Iziqondiso Nezimemezelo Eziphethe

Ngaphandle kokushiwo ngokuqondile kuMthetho-sisekelo, iziyalezo zezikhulu ziye zaba ithuluzi elivamile kuMongameli ukuba aqondise izinhlangano zikahulumeni futhi aphathe igatsha eliphethe. Umyalo ophethe uphethe ithonya lomthetho kodwa ungaphansi kokubukezwa komthetho futhi ungagumbuqelwa ngokulandelana kwemithetho noma uhlelo lukaMongameli wesikhathi esizayo. Abaholi basebenzisa iziyalezo zokumisa ushintsho ngaphandle kokulinda iSishaya-Mnyango (_zesibonelo), ukumisa kabusha imithetho yendawo ezungezile, ukuhlela kabusha izinhlangano zikahulumeni, noma ukubeka imingcele ephezulu yezohwebo. Izinhlelo zezomthetho zifana kodwa ngokuvamile zisho into efanayo kodwa ngokuvamile, njengokumemezela usuku lwesikhumbuzo sesizwe noma ukuklama kwesikhumbuzo sesizwe. Nakuba iziyalezo zezikhulu zinikeza ukuvumelana, zingadala futhi izingxabano ezingokomthetho uma zishaya imingcele yemithetho engokomthetho noma izivumelwano zemithetho ekhona.

Ukuhlobisa Amapardon Nezinso

ISiphakamiso II sinikeza uMongameli amandla okunikeza iziphakamiso nokuthethelela izono zikahulumeni, ngaphandle kwezimo zokungagunyazi. Lokhu kulunga kuvumela uMongameli ukuba abeke izigwebo ezingekho ngokomthetho, anciphise izijeziso, noma abaxolele ngokugcwele abantu ababoshelwe ubugebengu bukahulumeni. Igunya lokuxolelwa liphelele futhi alikho ngaphansi kokuvunyelwa kwesivumelwano, nakuba ngokuvamile kuphikisana ngezombangazwe. Abagxeki baye balisebenzisela izizathu ezihlukahlukene, kusukela ekulungiseni izigwebo ezingalungile ukuze bathuthukise ukubuyisana kwesizwe. Ngokwesibonelo, uMongameli uRold Ford’s. Intethelelo kaRichard Nixon noMongameli uBabama's comma's commentations forgistisms formas tolgistismtions, isho ububanzi baleli gunyaza leligunya.

Umphathi Wenhlekelele

Phakathi nezimo eziphuthumayo zesizwe, ukuhola kukaMongameli kuba sobala kakhulu. Igatsha eliphethe liklanyelwe ukuthatha isinyathelo ngokushesha, futhi uMongameli unemithombo engekho elinye igatsha: ukuqondisa okuqondile kwezempi, ukulawula izinhlangano zikahulumeni, nekhono lokuxhumana ngokuqondile nomphakathi. Ngokomlando, abaholi baye basebenzisa amandla okulawula izinhlekelele zemvelo ukuze baphendule izinhlekelele zemvelo, ukuwa kwezomnotho, nokuhlasela kwamaphekula. Umthetho weStafford ugunyaza uMongameli ukuba amemezele inhlekelele enkulu, avule usizo lwezwe ukuba lukhulu. Ngokufanayo, i-National Emer Division Act Act ivumela uMongameli ukuba ameme umeme umkhosi wesizwe okhethekile ophuthumayo futhi enze imibuso ekhethekile. Nokho, lamandla alinganiselwe imfuneko yokuba uMkhandlu ulandisombuluko nohlelo lubukelwe ngezikhathi ezithile.

Izinhlekelele Ezingokwemvelo Nokusabela Kwamanxusa

Lapho kugadla iziphepho, amalahle emvula, ukuzamazama komhlaba, noma imiqedazwe, uMongameli uhlela ukusabela kukahulumeni. I-Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) ithumela imithombo ```i-suplies, izisebenzi, izimali , ukusiza isifundazwe nohulumeni bendawo. UMongameli angaqondisa futhi uMnyango weSiphepho ukuba unikeze ukusekela kwezesayensi, njengemikhumbi yezokwelapha noma izikhali zobunjiniyela. Isibonelo esaziwayo sasiyimpendulo kahulumeni esabelweni seSiphepho Katrina ngo 2005, okwabangela ukugxekwa kweSiphepho ngo-20171717, kwanconywa kakhulu, ngenxa yekhono elithuthukisiwe lokuxhumana ngokuxhumana. Umongameli uhulumeni uyakwazi ukuqoqa ukuphepha okuhluzeka komphakathi.

Ukululama Kwezomnotho Nokuwohloka Kwezimo

Izinkinga zezomnotho zihlola ikhono likaMongameli lokumisa izimakethe nokuvikela imisebenzi. Nakuba uHulumeni elawula isimiso sokukhokha nokukhokha intela. [1] UMongameli angaveza izinyathelo zokuthatha isinyathelo, asebenzise iziyalezo zokuqondisa iziqondiso, futhi aqondise izinhlangano ezifana ne-Mooral neFederal Revement (okuzimele) ukuze athathe isinyathelo. Phakathi nomqedazwe we Great Recession (2009-2009), uMongameli uGeorge W. Bush wasayina i-Asting Asting Programment (TEd program), futhi uMongameli uBack Obama wasayina i-American Reinvement and Fecest Act. Phakathi komgence. Umphali weCHOVAD, uDonald Trucracces Sces futhi wasebenzisa iziyalezo zokungathwa kwemisebenzi nokukhokha intela yabafundi. Kamuva, umongameli waseMelika wasayine i-Bilden, njengoba kuqokomisa yemisebenzi yezentensiveriveriestiverial, ngisho namandla embunkulu. Umahlulelwe ngisho

Ukulondeka Kwesizwe Nokumelana Nobuphekula

Usongo oluvela kulezo zitha, amaqembu amaphekula, noma ukuhlasela nge-inthanethi kudinga ukuba uMongameli asebenze njengomvikeli wesizwe. UMkhandlu weSikhuthazo sesizwe (NCONC) ululeka uMongameli ngazo zonke izindaba zokhuseleko lwesizwe, uhlanganise iziNqabi zikaSwebuzwe, uMqondisi weSizwe, noMphathi weNhloni ye-Scompons of Staff. UMongameli ugunyaza imisebenzi yokufihla, ukuhlangana kokuhlakanipha, nemizamo yokuhlela ukuvimbela ukuhlasela. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlasela okwabulala u-Osama Bin Laden kwaya u-Obama futhi kwabulawa yi-Prodestrialm. Umongameli futhi unegunya lokukhipha izigwebo ezinhlanganweni zobuthano nokhetho lwamazwe angaphandle. Le mibuso ibanzi, kodwa iphethe izinhlangano zezokuhlasela zezengabengamele izinhlangano zezomthetho.

Isekela Likamongameli: Umngane Oyinhloko

Nakuba idla ngokunganakwa, uMongameli ungummeli ophakeme kakhulu ophethe igatsha eliphethe futhi ungowokuqala ukuba aphumelele uMongameli. Indima yomthetho-sisekelo kaMongameli ongumKhosi iwukusebenzela njengoMongameli weSigele (ukwephula amavoti ocingo) nokuthatha isikhundla sikamongameli uma uMongameli esuswa, efa, eshiya, noma ekhubazeka kakhulu. Ngapha koko, abaPhathiswayo namuhla bakhonza njengabeluleki abaseduze, ngokuvamile bathatha isimiso esithile sezekwengamele ukumiswa kwemithetho ekwandiseni komthetho (ovoti) (okshini ewuphula) futhi bathathe indima kaJoe Biden ka-Kamara's projective ibhedry noma i-Kamarala'ston's jources profectioners provicess arces provices provices arences orces orcecties owes, kodwa ihhovisi likhula kakhulu eminyakeni engu-50 edlule.

IKhabhinethi Nezinkonzo Zomphakathi

IKhabhinethi inezinhloko zeminyango engu-15 ephethe, emiswa nguMongameli futhi iqinisekiswa yiSigele. Laba onobhala nabaqondisi baqondisa izinhlangano ezinkulu: uMnyango Wezokuvikela unezisebenzi ezingaba yizigidi ezintathu, kuyilapho uMnyango Wezempilo nezezinkonzo Zobuntu ulawula iMedicare neMedicaid. Amalungu ekhathev aluleka uMongameli, kodwa ngamunye unemisebenzi yakhe siqu yezomthetho wezomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, unoNobhala weNkongamele izimali uphethe izimali zikahulumeni, kuyilapho i-Athorney General (inhloko yoMnyango Wezobulungisa) imisa umthetho kahulumeni. Umongameli umisa umthetho ngeziqondiso nangezimali, kodwa ufeza lezo zimiso zomsebenzi. Lesi simiso siqinisekisa ukuthi izinqubo zikaMongameli zithwalwe wonke uhulumeni, nakuba zikhona futhi izikhundla zikahulumeni ezimele ukuphakama.

Amasheke Nokulinganisela: Ukulinganisela Amandla Okubusa

Abahleli boMthetho-sisekelo babesaba ubushiqela, ngakho bakha isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela phakathi kwegatsha eliphethe kanye naphakathi kwamagatsha. Izinqubo ezintathu eziyinhloko zilinganisela amandla kaMongameli: ukuqondisa kobukhomanisi, ukubukezwa kokwahlulela, nenqubo yokukhetha.

Ukuqondisa Okuyingqungquthela

UKhomishane unegunya elikhulu lokuhlola igatsha eliphethe. AmaKomiti aphethe ukuqulwa kwecala, amaphepha namaphepha nafakazi, futhi asebenzise i-Hulumeni Authority Accounting Office (GAO) ukuze ahlole ukusebenza kwezezimali. ISishaya-mthetho futhi silawula ukuhlelwa kwemali; ngaphandle kokushaya igatsha, igatsha elikhulu alikwazi ukusebenza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amandla eSigeqe awelulekwayo nawasezivumelwaneni zokumiswa kwezivumelwano ayenza ihlole ngokuqondile izisebenzi zikamongameli nenqubo yangaphandle. Indlu ingaqala ukunqanda ukumangalelwa koMongameli, uMongameli, uMongameli, noma isikhulu somphakathi se "isihambeli, ukufumbathisa, noma okunye ukuphatha okuphakeme kanye nokungalungi." Nakuba ukuhlasela kungandile, usongo lungalawula umongameli. Ngokwesibonelo, emphumeleni wezenzo zehlazo, uMongameli Nixoki, uPrentelliach, uPriyern, uPrienthe noMonga woMongameli wezo oMpul.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela

Izinkantolo zezikhulu zingamemezela izenzo ezingekho emthethweni ngokuhlola kokwahlulela, ezimiswe icala eliphawulayo Marbury v. Madison [1803]. Uma uMongameli enikeza umthetho wezikhulu odlula igunya noma ophula amalungelo omthetho, amaqembu angase athinteke ekubekeni umthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo Ephakeme ishaya uMongameli Truman's abambe izinsimbi phakathi nempi yaseKorea [FLTY:2] i-ondrown Commentary & Tube. v. [FLTLT:3] I-'ult. [195] [i-'umthetho osemthethweni].[192] Inkantolo imuva nje ithene iziyalezo zokuthutha ngenxa yenqubo yegunya noma ukugxazulu. I-guephathi ye-Prencerdensidentimesss, nakuba isebenza kakhulu kulezo ngokomthetho ze-mthetho.

Ukulandisa Komphakathi Nokuxhumana Okunamandla

Ekugcineni, ukuhlolwa okunamandla kakhulu kukaMongameli yinqubo yokukhetha. Ngayo yonke iminyaka emine, abavoti banquma ukuthi bangayigcina yini imvume yokukhokha noma bakhethe umholi omusha. Omongameli abaphamba noma abahluleka ukuveza imiphumela ngokuvamile babhekana nokunqotshwa ekuhlolweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, phakathi nenkathi yokukhetha bangashintsha izinga lokulingana kwamandla eSishaya-mthetho, okwenza kube nzima kakhulu kuMongameli ukuthuthukisa amacebo abo. ISimemezelo sama-24 sikhiphe intela yokukhokha intela yokukhokha, futhi i-Voling Rights Act iqinisekisa ukufinyelela kokwabanzi, kodwa izimpikiswano ngemithetho ye-ID ne-gerrydermantings. Umbono womphakathi uyaqhubeka uhlela imiphumela evotav. Izindaba zomphakathi: ababhekene nezinquisi ezihambisana nokuvunyelwa okuphansi.

Isiphetho: Indima kaMongameli kuBumemezeli bentando yeningi

Igatsha eliphethe, eliholwa nguMongameli, liyingxenye ebonakala kakhulu nenamandla kahulumeni wase-U.S. Imithwalo yalo yemfanelo − ukuqondisa imithetho yemithetho yangaphandle, ukuphatha imithetho yakwamanye amazwe, ukumisa izikhulu, ukumisa, ukusingatha izikhulu, nokushaya umthetho. .ukuthinta cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwaseMelika. Kodwa uMongameli akabusi yedwa. Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela, kuhlanganise nokuqondisa ukuhlanganisa imithetho, ukubukeza, nokukhetha kwamacala omthetho, kuqinisekisa ukuthi amandla empathonyeni ahlala enecala kubantu. Ukuqonda indlela igatsha elikhulu elisebenza ngayo akuzona nje izifundo ezifundwe nje; kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlole izenzo zomongameli, zihlanganyele ezimpikiswaneni zezombangazwe, futhi zihlanganyele ngokunenjongo. Abafundi nabafundisi, bahlola lezi zindlela kanye nezindlela zokwahlulela izivumelwano zezimiso zomthetho womthetho womthetho womphakathi.

Ukuze ufunde okwengeziwe, ukucwaninga imithombo yemisebenzi ekhona enyinyiselwe incazelo engokomthetho yegatsha eliphethe i, iSikhungo soMthetho-sisekelo sesizwe esibonisa ukuqondisa kweSiqeshi II[, ne .gov ukucubungula kwamagatsha amathathu . Ukunyukela kakhulu emagunyeni omongameli naseminyangweni yempilweni, [[FLT]] i-FLT [FLT]] Inkonzo yokucwaninga [[FLT]] ikhipha imibiko egunyazayo emiyalweni yomphakathi, ezindaweni zombuso, ezindaweni ze-tooces, naseMnyango.