Ukubukeza Igatsha Eliphethe

Igatsha eliphethe uhulumeni wase-United States libekwe icala lokukhishwa kokwethembeka kwemithetho edluliswa yiKhongolose. Limiswe eSiphakamisweni II soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., liyigatsha elikhulu neliyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu likahulumeni, lisebenzisa izigidi zezisebenzi zesizwe nezisebenzi zezempi. Igatsha liqondiswa uMongameli wase-United States, okhonza kokubili njengenhloko kahulumeni nenhloko kahulumeni, futhi uhlanganisa uMongameli, iKhampten, nenhlangano enkulu yezinhlangano zikahulumeni, iminyango, amanxusa, amakomiti aphethe, namakomiti. Umsebenzi walo oyinhloko uwukuqondisa, ukuqondisa, nokuphoqesha umthetho kahulumeni, kanye nokuqhuba isimiso sakwamanye amazwe nebutho ehlomile.

Igatsha eliphethe lesimanje liye lakhula kakhulu kusukela enkathini yokusungulwa. Ekuqaleni, i-guvernement congress yayincane kakhulu, i-Province yokuqala yakhiwa iminyango emithathu: iZwe, iNdawo, neMpi. Phakathi namakhulu eminyaka, isigaba segunya likahulumeni sakhula ngokuphawulekayo ngomthetho wezwe (umz., iNew Deal, iGreat Society), iholela ekudalweni kwezinhlangano ezinamandla zokuziqondisa njenge-Epa) neSiciencial Office ne-Ex (SEC). Namuhla, amagatsha aphethe yonke into ephuma ekuvikeleni kwesizwe empilweni yomphakathi, imfundo, iNhlangano yezentengiselwano, nokuvikela indawo ezungezile. Ukuqonda izakhiwo zayo nemisebenzi yayo kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela iUnited States ezibusa ngayo.

Ukwengamela: Amandla Nemithwalo Yemfanelo

Umongameli wase-United States unamandla angavamile nomthwalo wemfanelo. ISiphakamiso II sifaka amandla aphethe kuMongameli, sinikeza igunya lokuphoqelela imithetho, simise izikhulu zikahulumeni, sixoxe ngezivumelwano (ngeseluleko nangemvume yeSigele), futhi sikhonze njengoMkhuzi wamabutho ahlomile. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, umongameli uye waqala ukuhlanganisa izindima eziningi ezihlanganisa isimiso sezwe nezindaba zembulunga yonke.

Isigungu Esiyinhloko

Njengesikhulu esiphethe, uMongameli wengamela yonke indikimba yezikhulu zikahulumeni, eqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho i- "efectant". Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukumisa amanhloko ezinhlangano zikahulumeni, ukukhipha iziyalezo zezikhulu, nokuqondisa umsebenzi wezigidi zezisebenzi zomphakathi. UMongameli futhi unamandla okususa izikhulu zegatsha eziningi eziphethe, nakuba ukususwa kwezikhulu zezinhlangano ezizimele kulinganiselwe ngomthetho. Nge-Office of Management and Druverse (OMB), uMongameli ulungiselela uhlelo lwemali nohlelo lwaminyaka yonke lwezinhlangano.

Umphathi

UMthetho-sisekelo ubiza uMongameli njengoMphathi weSikhulu seButho neNdlu yeMpi yempi yase-United States, kanye namabutho kahulumeni lapho ebizwa ukuba asebenze uhulumeni. Lendima inikeza uMongameli igunya lokugcina emikhankasweni yezempi, kuhlanganise nekhono lokuthumela amabutho, ukushaya imiyalelo, nokumisa izinhloso ezingokomthetho. Nokho, iKhongolo kuphela engamemezela impi, futhi iSigqi seMpi sango-1973 sifuna uMongameli ukuba azise uMkhandlu phakathi namahora angu-48 okufaka amabutho ahlomile futhi ahlehle amabutho ngemva kwezinsuku ezingu-60 ngaphandle kokuba iSishaya - mthetho sigunya sesiyaluyalu ngokomthetho. Omongameli banamuhla baye basebenzisa leli gunya ukuba bangene ezimpini zaseKorea, eVietnam, e-Iraqhid, e - Afghanistan, nakwezinye izindawo, besho impikiswano ngokuqondene nokulinganisela kwempi.

I - Diplomat Eyinhloko

UMongameli uhlela inkambiso yamazwe angaphandle aseMelika, ukwamukela amanxusa, futhi axoxe ngezivumelwano (ezidinga ukuvunyelwa kwezigele ezimbili ezithathu). Izivumelwano eziphetheyo, ezingadingi ukuhlawuliswa kwemithetho, ziye zaba ithuluzi elivamile lokuqhuba izindaba zezizwe ngokushesha. UMongameli futhi unamandla okuqaphela ohulumeni bangaphandle nokuqeda ubuhlobo obungokwenhlalo. UMnyango wezwe, oholwa nguNobhala weZwe, usekela uMongameli ekusebenziseni imigomo yezimiso zakwamanye amazwe, kusukela ekulweni kwezokulawula izikhali.

Umholi Ongokomthetho

Nakuba uMongameli engeyena ilungu leSishaya-Mkhandlu, igatsha eliphethe linendima eyinhloko enqubweni yomthetho. UMongameli angamisa umthetho, anikeze ikheli lika-Hulumeni le-Union, futhi asebenzise isikhulu sezikhulu saminyaka yonke ukuze asekele umphakathi ngezimiso eziza kuqala. Umbuso weveto unikeza uMongameli i-cheke enamandla eMkhandlwini: isimemezelo kumelwe sidluliswe ngenani eliyisithathu labantu kuwo womagumbi ukuze kukhulu ukudlula umongameli we-veto. Ngokwesiko, abaphathi bavame ukusebenzisa izinkulumo zokusayinwa komphakathi ukuze baphawule imithetho yabo emisiwe, umkhuba oye wabangela ukuba kube nempikiswano yomthetho - ngokomthetho.

Ezinye Indima: UMholi Weqembu NoMkhulu Wombuso

UMongameli ubuye asebenze njengomholi weqembu labo lezombangazwe, asize ekuqoqeni imali, umkhankaso wababezothatha isigaba, futhi amise iqophelo leqembu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uMongameli usebenza njengenhloko yesifundazwe engokwesiko, emelela isizwe ezinsukwini ezinjengemingcwabo kahulumeni, amaholide esizwe, nezingqungquthela zomhlaba wonke. Lezi zindima zihlanganisa igunya elingokomfanekiso nethonya lezombangazwe, okwenza ukuba umongameli abe namandla ayingqayizivele futhi abonakale.

Amandla Omthetho - sisekelo Nokulinganiselwa

Amandla obuPresidenti awaphelele. UMthetho-sisekelo usakaza amandla emagatsheni amathathu, kanye nezinhlolo ezithile eziqondiswe egunyeni eliphethe. Imibuso eyinhloko yomthetho-sisekelo kaMongameli ihlanganisa:

  • Amandla okumisa: uMongameli umisa amajaji kahulumeni, onobhala beKhabhinethi, nezinye izikhulu eziphakamisayo, ezingaphansi kokuqinisekiswa kweSishaya-mthetho. Lamandla abumba igatsha lejaji nesikhulu iminyaka ezayo.
  • Iziqondiso ezisemthethweni: abameli banikeza iziyalo zomphathi ukuba baqondise ukusebenza kukahulumeni kahulumeni ngaphandle kokuhamba ngeKhongolo. Nakuba lemiyalo inamandla omthetho, ingagumbuqelwa ngomongameli olandelayo noma ishaywe izinkantolo uma idlula igunya lomthetho-sisekelo. Izibonelo zihlanganisa ukuhlukanisa kwempi (Umthetho owenziwe ngo-9981) kanye noMongameli uBiden ngezenzo zokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.
  • Amandla e-pardon: UMongameli anganikeza ukuxolelwa nokubuyiselwa kobugebengu obungohulumeni, ngaphandle kwalapho kungenziwa khona. Lamandla ahlanganisa ikhono lokuhambisa imisho kanye nokukhipha izintambo. Iye yasetshenziswa ngokuphikisana, njengoMongameli Ford's ukuthethelela kukaRichard Nixon noMongameli uTrump izintelo zezombangazwe.
  • Amandla: UMongameli angakhipha noma yimuphi umthetho odluliswa uMkhandlu. UKhongolo lungawudlulisa ngevoti yama-3 amabili, kodwa lokhu akuvamile. Usongo lweveto luphoqelela ukuhlehliswa kwemithetho.

Lamagunya alinganiswa yimingcele yomthetho-sisekelo. IziKhomishane zilawula ukuxhaswa kwemisebenzi yokuphatha ngegunya lesikhwama, futhi iSigele kumelwe siqinisekise ukumiswa okuningi nezivumelwano. Ijaji lingabukeza izenzo zobuphathi zomthetho-mthetho ngaphansi kwesimiso sokwahlulela esisungulwe Marbury v. Madison [1803]. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uMongameli ungaphansi kokungavunyelwa yindlu nokususwa yiSigelethi seSigele so"Indlu, ukufumbathisa, noma okunye ubugebengu obuphakeme kanye nokungafanelekile."""

Umongameli Oyisekela Nekhabethe

Umongameli ongumsekeli umongameli wesibili ophakeme kakhulu, onomthwalo oyinhloko womthetho-sisekelo wokwengamela iSigele nokwephula amavoti okuvota. UMongameli ongummeli ubuye avele kuqala ohlwini lobumongameli, athathele umongameli uma efa, ashiyeka, noma asuswe. Ezikhathini zanamuhla, abaphathi besifunda bathathe izindima ezinkulu zesimiso, njengokuhola amabutho akhethekile noma ukumelela ukuthunywa kwezenhlalo. ISiphendulo se 25 se-1967) samisa izinqubo zokugcwalisa i-presidenti yesifunda sezwe kanye nomongameli wezokuthatha izikhundla zesikhashana.

IKhabhinethi iyiqembu leziholi zeminyango engu-15 ephethe. .Njengoba iSizwe, iSishayamthetho, iSivikelo, Ubulungisa, Izentengiselwano, Izentengiselwano, Izenhlalakahle, Izamandla, Imfundo, iVereterans Affaits, ne Homeland Security. Omabhalane bekhathenti bamiswa nguMongameli futhi baqinisekiswe iSigebeqe. Baluleka uMongameli ngezindaba ezisebusweni babo futhi bengamele amabhulukhwe amakhulu eminyango yabo. I-Cabinet ihlanganisa nezinye izikhulu ezikhulu, njengeNdlunkulu ye House yeSstaff, uMqondisi weSizwe, noMphathi we-National Intelligence, noMphathi we-U.

Izinhlangano Zokuhlola Nezezikhungo Zokuhlola

Igatsha eliphethe lihlelwe laba izinhlangano neminyango efeza umsebenzi wokubusa usuku nosuku. Ihhovisi ngalinye linomsebenzi okhethekile futhi lisebenza ngaphansi kwegunya lomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, uMnyango woMahlulelo (DOJ) umisa imithetho kahulumeni, ubeke imacala obugebengu, futhi umele i-United States ezindabeni ezingokomthetho. Umnyango wezempilo nezezinkonzo zobuntu uqondisa izinhlelo zezempilo zomphakathi, kuhlanganise neMedicare, Medicaid, Foo and Drug Administration (DA), kanye ne-CM Centers for Desicial (CDC), ne-Crecutting for Desection (DOD). Umnyango wezentevicence (CD) ulawula ibutho lezempi, usebenzisa abantu abacishe izigidi ezintathu, futhi umnyango omkhulu ngokuhlela izimali.

Ngaphezu kweminyango engu - 15 ephethe, kunamakhulu ezinhlangano, amakhomishane, nezinhlangano zikahulumeni ezizimele.

  • [ Environral Protection Agency (EPA): Imisa futhi iphoqelele imithetho yokuvikela umoya, amanzi, nezindawo.
  • Ukuziphatha kwesizwe i-Aeronautics kunye ne-Space Administration (NASA): Kuhlola umkhathi, ukucwaninga kwezesayensi, kanye nentuthuko ye-aeronautics.
  • Ikhomishane yokuxhumana e-FCC]: ihlanganisa ukuxhumana kwezwe lonke nezindawo ngemisakazo, ithelevishini, ucingo, isiphuphutheki, nentambo.
  • [ Izindawo ne-Exchange Commission (SEC): i-Erticements wirectory ye-octivess ne-oral process.
  • Uhlelo lwe-Federal Reserve : Ibhange eliphakathi le-U.S., liphethe uhlelo lwemali futhi lengamele isimiso sebhange.
  • United States Postal Service (USPS): Isikhungo esizimele esinikeza izinkonzo zeposi kulo lonke izwe.

Indima Yezimo Eziphuthumayo Ekugcwaliseni Umthetho

Izinhlangano ezizimele ziyindlela eyinhloko imithetho ekhishwa ngayo uMkhandlu ehunyushelwa esenzweni esiqinile.

  • Ukwenza: Izimiso zezikhulu zikhipha imithetho echaza futhi isebenzise imithetho. I-Administrative Procedure Act (APA) ifuna izinhlangano ukuze zishicilele imithetho ehlongozwayo, zimukele izinkulumo zomphakathi, futhi zikhiphe imithetho yokugcina ephethe amandla omthetho.
  • [ I-application: I-APP umqondisi ohambisana nezimiso zikahulumeni, ukuhlola, ukuhlola ukwephulwa, futhi ubeke izijeziso noma izijeziso.
  • I-Adjudication:[ Izinhlangano eziningi zinejaji lomthetho olawulayo ezizwa izimpikiswano futhi zenze izinqumo ezibophayo] ngokwesibonelo, i-Social Security Administration izinqubo zokukhubazeka kwe-National Labor Relations Board inquma amacala ezisebenzi angafanele.
  • [ Ukuhanjiswa kwenkonzo: Izinkonzo zinikeza umphakathi izinkonzo eziqondile, njengokukhipha amapasi okungena enqanaweni, ukusakaza izinzuzo zenhlala- kahle, nokuphatha amapaki esizwe.

Imishini futhi iqhuba ukucwaninga nokuhlola ukuze yazise isimiso. Ngokwesibonelo, uMnyango Wezindawo zokucwaninga zamazwe weze-Energy uthuthukisa ulwazi lwesayensi, kuyilapho i-Census Bureau iqoqa ukwaziswa okuveza inani labantu okuhlela izimali ezizabiwe kahulumeni.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwemithetho: Ukubusa Nokuphoqelelwa

Inqubo yokusebenzisa umthetho iqala ngemva kokuba i-Congress iwudlulise futhi uMongameli awudlulisele. Inhlangano ephethe kumelwe ichaze lo mthetho, bese iveza imithetho echaza indlela umthetho ozosebenza ngayo. Le nqubo yokubusa ilawulwa yi-APA futhi ngokuvamile ihilela ukufakwa okukhulu emphakathini. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Ceac Air Act idinga i-EPA ukumisa izindinganiso zobuhle bomoya obusezweni lonke (inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi ehilela ukuhlaziya kwezesayensi, ukuhlaziya kwezomnotho, nezinselele zomthetho.

Uma imithetho ikhona, izinhlangano ziwaphoqelela ngokuhlola, ukuhlola, nokuhlola. Umnyango we-Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) uhlola izindawo zemisebenzi ukuqinisekisa izindinganiso zokuphepha; i-Food and Drug Administration iqondisa imilaliso nokuphepha kokudla; futhi i-Internst Revenue Service ye-Monitor iphoqelela imithetho yentela. I-Ofekistry ingakhipha izintela, amalayisense, noma iphishekele isinyathelo esingokomthetho ngokumelene nabaphuli bemithetho. Kwezinye izimo, i-galelo ligunyaziswa ezindaweni ezingaphansi kwezimiso zomthetho ezisebenzela ukubambisana, njengakusetshenziswa kwezinhlelo zendawo.

Amasheke Nokulinganisela Okusetshenziswayo

Igatsha eliphethe lisebenza phakathi kwesimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela okuvimbela noma iliphi igatsha ekulawuleni. ISishaya-mthetho siqondisa ngokuzwa, ukuhlola, namandla okuqinisekisa noma ukwenqaba ukumiswa nezivumelwano. I-Hulumeni Authority Accounting (GAO) ne-Congregational Baccountal Baccount Office (CBO) inikeza izinqubo zokuhlola ezizimele zezenzo zobuphathi bezwe. I-Congress ingabuye inqabele ukuxhaswa kwezinhlelo ezingathandi [1] Amandla agunyaza umongameli ngokomlando, ekuxhaseni i-Vietnam War ukuze kwakhiwe udonga.

Igatsha lokwahlulela lihlola izenzo zokuphathwa kweziphathimandla ukuze liqiniseke ukuthi livumelana nomthetho woMthetho-sisekelo nombuso. Izinkantolo ziye zaqeda iziyalo zabaqondisi, njengoMongameli Truman's Defense Action for Childen Applications (] Intsha eshibhe i-Tube Co. v. Sawyer, 1952, futhi ziye zasekela ezinye, njengoMongameli Oba's Defererrand Action for Childhooar Applity (DACA) uhlelo lokubukeza kamuva lwaveza imiphumela exubile). Ukubukeza kobuphiciso kuhlola kuhlola okugxekayo.

Ukuzihlolela kuseyisekhosha elinamandla kakhulu − iNdlu yabameleli ingamgxeka uMongameli ngenxa "yobugebengu obuphakeme kanye namaphutha," futhi iSigele singazisusa ngokuvota okuphindwe kabili. Omongameli abathathu baye baphenywa yiNdlu (Andrew Johnson, uBill Clinton, Donald Trump kabili), futhi ababili bakhululwa igebe; uRichard Nixon wasula ngaphambi kokuba izivumelwano ziphethwe. Usongo lokungathonyelwa kwethonya lobumongameli lungapheli, nakuba isimo sezombangazwe senqubo singavamile ukusetshenziswa.

Izivivinyo ezengeziwe zihlanganisa imfuneko yeseluleko seSigele nokuvuma ekumiseni okukhulu nezivumelwano, i - War Powers Desortion inqabela ukuthatha isinyathelo sezempi, ne - Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) ivumela umphakathi ukuba ungene emarekhodini egatsha aphethe.

Isiphetho

Igatsha eliphethe injini enkulu yezokubusa kwaseMelika, elisebenza ngokufeza imithetho elawula ukuphila kwansuku zonke kwezakhamuzi. Kusukela emandleni omthetho-sisekelo kaMongameli kuya emsebenzini oyinkimbinkimbi wezinhlangano zikahulumeni, igatsha lisebenzisa isimiso, livikela isizwe, futhi liqondisa izinhlelo eziningi. Ukusebenza kwalo ngokuncikeka ekulinganiseni kwegunya nokulinganisela okucophelelayo, nokulandisa okuye kwahlolwa emlandweni ngempi, inhlekelele, noshintsho lwezombangazwe. Njengoba i-United States ibhekana nezinselele zesikhathi esizayo ezinjengokuphazamiseka kwezobuchwepheshe, ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, nokuntengantengi kwembulunga yonke, igatsha lembulunga liyo liyoqhubeka liguqula. Ukuqonda isakhiwo sayo, amandla ayo, nokulinganiselwa nokulandisa kudingekile kunoma isiphi isakhamuzi esinolwazi esifuna ukungenela ukubusa kwentando yentando yentando yeningi.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola ukucubungula kwesikhulu iHouse emhlophe yegatsha eliphethe i, i-Cuntatition Accontion ephawulwe eSiqeshini II[, kanye [[FLT:]USA.gov's iziqondiso emagatsheni kahulumeni .