Table of Contents

Ukuqonda indlela uMongameli neKhabhinethi enza ngayo izinqumo kubalulekile kunoma ubani onesithakazelo kuhulumeni waseMelika nasenkambisweni yomphakathi. Igatsha eliphethe lisebenza ngesimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi kodwa esihleliwe sokuhlola, ukuhlaziya, nokucabangisisa okulawula isiqondiso sesizwe kuzo zonke izinto kusukela ekulondekeni kwesizwe kuya kumthetho wekhaya. Lo mqondisi obanzi uhlola izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi, izisekelo zomthetho-sisekelo, kanye namaqiniso asebenzayo okwenza izinqumo ezilawulayo e-United States.

Isisekelo somthetho-mthetho sokwenziwa kwesinqumo esiphethe

UMthetho-sisekelo we-United States awumiseli iKhabhinethi ngokuqondile, kodwa indima yeKhabhinethi ithathwe ku-Opinion Claus (Artle II, Ingxenye 2, u-Clause 1) yoMthetho-sisekelo ukuze izikhulu eziyinhloko zeminyango zinikeze iseluleko kumongameli. Lelisiko lisekelwe eSiphakamisweni II, Ingxenye 2, Clause 1 yoMthetho-sisekelo, ethi umongameli "angafuna uMyalo, ngokubhala, wesikhulu esiyinhloko eMnyango ngamunye, kunoma isiphi isihloko esiphathelene nehhovisi lezikhulu, kunoma isiphi iSiphakamiso se-Ofini yamahhovisi awo azimele.""

Abahleli boMthetho-sisekelo babenombono wesimiso lapho uMongameli ayezokwazi khona ukuthola iseluleko esingochwepheshe kuyilapho elondoloza igunya lokugcina lokwenza izinqumo. Loluhlelo luye lwavela esikhathini esingaphezu kwamakhulu amabili eminyaka, luzivumelanisa nobunzima obukhulayo bukahulumeni kuyilapho lulondoloza isimiso esiyisisekelo sokuthi amandla aphethe asemandleni akhona kuMongameli.

Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi akukho muntu noma iqembu eliyoba namandla amakhulu kakhulu. Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela sisho ukuthi nakuba uMongameli enegunya elibalulekile, amandla acindezelwa yiSishaya-mthetho nejaji, akha ingxube eshukumisayo phakathi kwamagatsha athonya indlela izinqumo ezenziwa ngayo futhi zisetshenziswe ngayo.

Indima kaMongameli njengomphathi oyinhloko

Umongameli uyinhloko kahulumeni, umholi wegatsha eliphethe, nomphathi wamabutho ahlomile e-United States. Lendima ehlukahlukene ibeka uMongameli esikhungweni sokwenza izinqumo, nomthwalo wemfanelo ohlanganisa isimiso sasekhaya, izindaba zakwamanye amazwe, imisebenzi yezempi, nokuphatha.

UMongameli unomthwalo wemfanelo wokusebenzisa nokumisa imithetho ebhalwe yiKhongolose futhi, ukuze enze lokho, umisa abaholi bezinhlangano zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise neKhabhinethi. Lokhu kusebenzisa igunya kunikeza uMongameli ukucubungula okuqinile endleleni imithetho ekhishwa ngayo, iminyango ethola ukunakekela okuphambili, nendlela izimali ezisetshenziswa ngayo egatsheni eliphethe.

Amandla Omongameli Ekwenzeni Kwesimiso

Igatsha eliphethe likahulumeni wethu noMongameli wase - United States banendima ekwenzeni isimiso, ngisho noma bengenawo amandla okumisa imithetho.

  • I-Veto Power: UMongameli angakhipha isikweleti esidluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho, avimbele ukuba isaziso sibe umthetho.
  • I-Exect Direct Directeds:[ UMongameli angadlula futhi uMkhandlu ngokuyala kwesikhulu, okungewona umthetho kodwa kuyisiqondiso eminyangweni nasezinhlanganweni egatsheni eliphethe ukuthi kufanele ifeze kanjani imithetho nezimiso.
  • Izivumelwano:[ Umongameli umisa izinhloko zezinhlangano zikahulumeni nabaphathi benkantolo ephezulu.
  • [ Iziphakamiso ezingokomthetho: UMongameli angamisa umthetho futhi asebenze neSishaya-mthetho ukuze kuqhutshekiswe izinqubo eziza kuqala.

Ukulinganiselwa Kwegunya Lomongameli

Nakuba uMongameli ephethe amandla amakhulu, imingcele ebalulekile ikhona. Umongameli akakho ukusebenzisa umyalo ophethe ukuze agweme lezo ziphetho nezilinganiso, futhi umongameli akakwazi ukuthatha amandla kwamanye amagatsha, njengamandla abekwe eSishaya-mthetho ukuba adlulisele imithetho emisha noma ezinkantolo ukuze aqede imithetho ethile njengengavumelani nemithetho.

Iziqondiso eziphethe zimane zisayinwe umongameli, ngokuyinhloko ukuze ziqondise izikhulu egatsheni eliphethe, kodwa azinawo amandla afanayo omthetho. Umongameli akanakuyala ukuchithwa kwemali engakafanelekela injongo ethile, futhi nakuba kungekho ngempela ukulinganiselwa okungokomthetho kulokho umongameli angakwenza ngomyalo wesikhulu, kumelwe ibekwe kwesinye sezinto ezimbili: uMthetho-sisekelo noma omunye umthetho owenziwe.

IKhabhinethi: Izakhiwo Nokuhlelwa Kwazo

IKhabhinethi engumongameli iyiqembu lezikhulu zikahulumeni eziphethe ezeluleka umongameli ngezindaba nangemisebenzi yezinhlangano zazo. Kunamalungu angu-23: isekela likamongameli, izinhloko zesifunda ezingu-15 nezikhulu zesigaba seKhabhinethi ezingu-7, zonke ngaphandle kwezimbili ezifuna ukuqinisekiswa kweSishayamthetho.

Izinhlangano Eziphethe Ezingu - 15

Nakuba ingachazwanga ngokucacile kuMthetho-sisekelo, onobhala beKhabhinethi bayizinhloko ezingu-15 zezinhlangano ezisemgqeni wobumongameli wokulandelana. Leminyango ihlanganisa:

  • Umnyango Wezwe
  • UMnyango Wezimali
  • Umnyango Wezokuvikela
  • UMnyango Wobulungisa
  • Umnyango Wengaphakathi
  • Umnyango Wezolimo
  • UMnyango Wezentengiselwano
  • UMnyango Wezisebenzi
  • UMnyango Wempilo Nezinkonzo Zabantu
  • UMnyango Wezindlu Nentuthuko Yasemadolobheni
  • Umnyango Wezokuhamba
  • Umnyango Wamandla
  • UMnyango Wemfundo
  • Umnyango Wezindaba Zezigelekeqe
  • UMnyango Wezokulondeka Kwasekhaya

Izikhulu Ezisezingeni Lekhabethe

Ngalé kwezinhloko zomnyango ezingu-15, abaphathi bamisa ezinye izikhundla njengesilinganiso seKhabhinethi. Phakathi negama lesibili likaTrump, amahhovisi alandelayo futhi yizindawo ze-kabhinethi: White House umphathi wezisebenzi, umphathi we-Evironmental Protection Agency, umqondisi weHofisi Yokuphatha noHlawulo, ummeleli we-U.S., umqondisi we-Central Intelligence Agency, umqondisi we-National Intelligence, umphathi we-Smastlementality, umphathi we-Smask Administration, kanye nenxusa le-United Nations Nations.

Inani lezikhulu zeKhabhinethi lingahlukahluka kwezeziphathi zikamongameli.

Indima Yomongameli Ongumongameli

Isekela likamongameli liyingxenye yeKhabhinethi. UMongameli ngamunye usondela ngezindlela ezingafani — abanye bathatha i-portfolio yenkambiso ethile, abanye basebenza njengomeluleki ophambili kuMongameli. Isikhundla esikhethekile sikaMongameli njengoba bobabili beyilungu legatsha eliphethe igatsha noMongameli weSigele benikeza ukuhlobana okubalulekile phakathi kwamagatsha amabili.

Inqubo Yokuqinisekisa Ikhabinethi

Konke ukumiswa kukamongameli okudinga ukuqinisekiswa kweSigele (PAS) kumelwe kulandele inqubo yokuqinisekisa ukumiswa ngaphambi kokuthatha isikhundla. Nakuba inani le-PAS lihluka ngokuqondisa, ngokuvamile lihlanganisa bonke onobhala bezikhulu, abangaphansi komnyango, nabahloli jikelele. Ezinye izindima ezimelelweni ezizimele nezikhomishana zidinga ukuqinisekiswa.

Izinyathelo Enqubweni Yokuqinisekisa

Le nqubo iqala lapho umongameli enikeza i-consitomet ebhalwe phansi eSigele, lapho ifundwa khona phansi futhi yabelwe inani. Lokhu kuqala inqubo yeSigele se-"Inkonzo neSivumelwano" ebekwe eSiphakamisweni II soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. sokumisa izikhulu eziphezulu.

Uma sekuqalwe ukumiswa futhi kuqalwa isimiso seSigele, isinyathelo esilandelayo enqubweni siwukuthi abanyunyana bathathe okunye ukuphenya, ukuhlola isizinda namaphepha phambi kwamakomiti afanele esimiso sokuhlola imvume engokomthetho. Ngokwesiko, i-Congress entsha ihlanganisa uJan. 3, futhi kuqalwe ukuqulwa kwezindlebe eziqinisekisiwe zamalungu aqala ngesonto noma amabili ngemva kokuqala kwesimiso esisha.

Isikhathi Nemikhuba Engokomlando

Isikhathi esithathayo ukuqinisekisa abameleli kuSigele sesikhule kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. AmaBiden' nama-Trump's alinda isilinganiso sezinsuku ezingu-21 kuya kwezingu - 27 phakathi kwezindlebe nokuqinisekiswa, ngokulandelana. Ingxenye yabangelwa yimingcele ephezulu yemifino ebekwe ku-mine.

Emazweni angu - 30 anezimiso zeGDP eziphakeme kakhulu nomongameli, amathathu kuphela athatha isikhathi eside kuneU.S. ukugcwalisa iKhabhinethi yawo ekushintsheleni kwesifundazwe esisha: iNigeria (izinsuku ezingu - 166), iLiberia (108) neNingizimu Korea (96). Lesisikhawu esinwebekile singadala izinselele zezinhlangano ezintsha ezizama ukwenza izinhlelo zazo ngokushesha.

Ukudelela ISigele Nokulahla

ISigele siye sanikeza amongameli udebe olukhulu ekukhetheni amalungu amakhabethe abo. Izikhulu eziningi zekhabethe ziye zaqinisekiswa ngokushesha ngaphandle kwempikiswano encane futhi ngokuvamile ngokuvota okulula. Noma kunjalo, izingxabano zezombangazwe nezinhlangothi ze-aces phakathi kukamongameli nezingosi ziye zabangela izimpi ezinkulu ekhabetheni futhi zaholela ekulahleni kwabo ngokuphelele.

Ezikhathini ezintathu ekhulwini lama-20 iSigele senqaba ngokomthetho izikhulu zekhabethe ezihlongozwayo. Lokhu kwenqatshwa okungavamile kugcizelela indima yomthetho-sisekelo weSigele ekuhloleni amandla kamongameli kuyilapho kuqokomisa futhi indlela okungavamile ngayo ukuba abakhohlisi bahluleke ukuqinisekisa.

Indlela Imihlangano Yekhathi Esebenza Ngayo

Ngokungafani nezimiso zephalamende lapho amakhabethe enza khona izinqumo ezihlangene, iKhabhinethi yase-U.S. ngokuyinhloko isebenza njengendikimba egunyaza uMongameli.

Phakathi nemihlangano yeKhabhinethi, amalungu ahlala ngokulandelana akha umnyango wawo, futhi owokuqala kakhulu usondelene nomongameli futhi uqhele kakhulu. Lelilungiselelo elingokwesiko lokuhlala libonisa intuthuko engokomlando yegatsha eliphethe kanye nokusebenzelana kobumongameli.

Igunya Lobumongameli Kumalungu Ekhabethe

Isekela likamongameli alinagunya ekhabetheni likamongameli nasezikhulwini zonke zobukhandlu zibika ngokuqondile kumongameli. Amalungu eKhabhinethi umongameli ammisayo ukuba akhonze ngokwentando kamongameli. Umongameli angawaxosha ehhovisi noma nini ngaphandle kwemvume yeSigele noma alulaze isikhundla sawo sokuba amalungu eKhabhinethi.

Lokhu kuvumelana ngentando yemisebenzi kuqinisekisa ukuthi amalungu eKhabhinethi ahlale ehambisana nezinto eziza kuqala kumongameli futhi kungathathelwa indawo uma elahlekelwa ukuqiniseka kukaMongameli noma ehluleka ukwenza izinqubo ngokuphumelelayo.

Inqubo Yesinqumo Esetshenziswayo

Nakuba inqubo engokomthetho yokwenza izinqumo eziphethe ichazwe kahle, lenqubo ewusizo ihilela izingqimba eziningi zokuhlola, ukuhlaziya, nokucabangisisa ngaphambi kokuba uMongameli enze izinqumo zokugcina ezindabeni ezinkulu zesimiso.

Ukubona Izinkinga Nokuhlela Izinto Eziza Kuqala

Inqubo yokwenza izinqumo iqala lapho uMongameli noma iziphathi-madereji ezinkulu zithola inkinga edinga ukunakwa noma ithuba lokuthuthukisa imigomo yenqubo. Impikiswano zingavela ku:

  • Umkhankaso uthembisa nokugunyazwa kwabavoti
  • Izinhlekelele ezibhebhethekayo noma ukusongelwa kwezokulondeka kwesizwe
  • Umthetho weKhongolose odinga isinyathelo somongameli
  • Ukutuswa kweminyango yeKhabhinethi
  • Ukucindezela komphakathi noma ukunakwa imithombo yezindaba
  • Intuthuko yomhlaba wonke ethinta izithakazelo zase - United States

UMongameli ubeka izinto eziza kuqala kubaphathi, eziqondisa indlela amalungu eKhabhinethi anakekela ngayo izinto zawo. Lezizinto eziza kuqala zivame ukuchazwa eSifundeni samakheli e-Union, iziphakamiso zokuhlela izimali, nezinkulumo ezinkulu zezimiso.

Ukuqoqa Ukwaziswa Nokuhlaziya

Uma sekutholakale indaba, amalungu eKhabhinethi afanelekayo neminyango yawo enza ucwaningo oluningiliziwe.

Le ngxenye yokuhlaziya ihlanganisa:

  • Ukuqoqa ukwaziswa nokuhlakanipha emithonjeni ehlukahlukene
  • Ukuxhumana nochwepheshe bezindaba eminyangweni
  • Ukubukeza iziphathimandla ezingokomthetho nemingcele
  • Ukuhlaziya imiphumela yokuhlelwa kwemali
  • Ukususa imiphumela nezingozi ezingase zivele
  • Ukucabangela ukungalingani kwezombangazwe nombono womphakathi

Izinhlangano zikahulumeni ezizimele zinomthwalo wokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwemithetho yekhomu usuku nosuku. Lokhu okuhlangenwe nakho kokusebenza kunikeza amalungu eKhabhinethi ukuqonda okuwusizo okunikeza izimemezelo zawo kuMongameli.

Ukuhlola Nesinqumo

Amalungu eKhabhinethi anikeza uMongameli lokho akutholayo futhi atusa ukuba athathe iziteshi ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nemihlangano yeKhabhinethi engokomthetho, izikhawu ezincane zeqembu, kanye nokuhlola okukodwa okukodwa. Nakuba, ngokwenkolelo-lwazi, zonke izinqumo zekhabethe zithathwa ngeqembu ngalinye, eqinisweni izinqumo eziningi ziphathiswa izibopho zekhabethe ezihlukene ezingaphansi, ezibika kuyikhabethe eligcwele ekutholeni kwazo nasekutuseni.

Le nqubo yokucabanga ivumela uMongameli ukuba:

  • Ukuzwa imibono ehlukahlukene eminyangweni ehlukahlukene
  • Thola izingxabano noma izingqinamba ezingase zivele phakathi kwezinqumo ezinqunywayo
  • Ukucabangela nokutusa
  • Cabangela izinselele zokusetshenziswa kwamandla
  • Ukuhlola ukuhlobana kwezombangazwe nomphakathi

Isinqumo Somongameli Nokukhulumisana

Ngemva kokucabangela ukufakwa amalungu eKhabhinethi kanye nabanye abaqondisi, uMongameli wenza isinqumo sokugcina. Lesi sinqumo singathatha izindlela ezihlukahlukene kuye ngokuthi:

  • Ukusayina noma ukumisa umthetho
  • Ukukhipha izikhungo zezikhulu noma umongameli we - Istranda
  • Izenzo zokuqondisa ezithathwa iminyango
  • Ukwenza izibopho eziyinhloko
  • Ukugunyaza izenzo zezempi noma zezokuxhumana
  • Hlela izinto eziza kuqala

Uma sekuyisinqumo, kumelwe kuxhunyanwe nabaxhasi abafanele nomphakathi. Lendlela yokuxhumana ivame ukuhlanganisa ukufingqa, ukusho kwasobala, nokubambisana nezinhlangano ezihlangene ukuze kwakhe ukusekela isikhundla sikaMongameli.

Ukugcwalisa Nokulandelela

Ngemva kokuba uMongameli esenzile isinqumo, amalungu eKhabhinethi neminyango yayo anomthwalo wokusetshenziswa. Izimo eziphuthumayo zisungula imithetho yokusebenzisa izinqubo ezimiswe uMkhandlu ngaphansi kokuqondisa kukamongameli.

Imishini imisa imithetho yokusebenzisa izinqubo ezimiswe yiKhongolosi ngaphansi kwesiqondiso sikamongameli. Lemithetho isetshenziswa ngenqubo yokushaya umthetho ehlanganisa isaziso esiphambili sokuqoqa ukunikeza impendulo kwangokokuqala, umthetho ohlongozwayo wokuqoqa ezinye izimpendulo emphakathini, nomthetho wokugcina ohlanganisa ukukhulumela komphakathi futhi wenezelwe eMthethweni we-Federal Regional Regial.

UMongameli nezisebenzi eziphethe zeWhite House basebenzisa imishini ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izinqumo zinqunywa yini futhi baxazulule noma yiziphi izinkinga eziphakamayo phakathi nokuqedwa kwezimiso ezintsha.

Indima Yehhovisi Lomongameli Eliphethe

Ngaphandle kweKhaya, uMongameli uncike eHhovisi Eliphethe Lomongameli (EOP), elinezindikimba ezihlukahlukene eziqondisayo nezisebenzi ezisekelayo ezifeza izindima ezibalulekile ekwenzeni izinqumo.

Izingxenye ze-EOP eziyisihluthulelo

Ihlanganisa izindikimba ezihlukahlukene ze-odoli, njenge-National Security Council ne-Office of Management and Bactage. I-EOP inendima ebalulekile ekusunguleni kwezimiso nasekuqondiseni imisebenzi. Isiza ekuqondiseni nokusebenza kahle kwesinqumo.

I-National Security Council iluleka uMongameli ngenqubo yakwamanye amazwe, ukuhlakanipha, nokulondeka kwezwe. Le ndikimba ihlanganisa onobhala boMbuso nolwesizwe, isikhuthazo sokhuseleko lwezwe, nezinye izikhulu eziyinhloko ukuba ziqondise iqhinga lokulondeka lesizwe.

Kusukela ekuqondiseni kukaFranklin D. Roosevelt, uMongameli we-United States uye wathatha isinyathelo kaningi kakhulu ngehhovisi lakhe siqu eliphethe noma ngeSishaya-mthetho seSizwe kunokuba athathe ikhabethe njengendlela eyayinjalo kubaphathi bangaphambili. Lokhu kushintsha kubonisa ukuyinkimbinkimbi okukhulayo kukahulumeni nesidingo sobuchwepheshe obukhethekile eduze noMongameli.

Ihhovisi Lokuphatha Nelokusetshenziswa Kwemali

I-Office of Management and Baccount (OMB) inendima eyinhloko ekuqondiseni imisebenzi yegatsha eliphetheyo nokuqinisekisa ukuthi izinto eziza kuqala kumongameli zibonakala ezinhlelweni zezimali zezinhlangano nasezimisweni. I-Office of Information & Regatoriation Affairs (OIRA), iqembu le-Office of Management & Department, inomthwalo wokubukeza imithetho yezinhlangano, futhi ukumisa ukumiswa kwemithetho kugcwele uhulumeni kazwelonke.

Ngemisebenzi yayo yokuhlela nokubukeza, u - OMB usiza uMongameli ukuba ahlale elawula igatsha eliphethe ihhovisi elikhulu futhi aqinisekise ukuthi izenzo zomnyango zivumelana nezinto eziza kuqala ekuqondiseni.

Ukuyala kwabaqondisi njengethuluzi lokwenza isinqumo

Isiyalo esiphethe simele elinye lamathuluzi kaMongameli abonakalayo kakhulu nanamandla okwenza izinqumo, avumele ukuthatha isinyathelo esiqondile ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa kwenhlangano ezimweni ezithile.

Lokho Okungenziwa Izimiso Eziqondisayo Nangenakukwenza

ISiphakamiso II soMthetho-sisekelo sifaka umongameli onegunya phezu kukahulumeni, kuhlanganise nesibopho sokuba "iqaphele ukuba imithetho ifezwe ngokwethembeka." Isiyalo sokubusa siyisiqondiso esibhaliwe, esisayinwe ngumongameli, esiyala uhulumeni ukuba enze izenzo eziqondile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi “imithetho igcwaliswe ngokwethembeka.”

Nokho, imithetho ephetheyo ayinakudlula imithetho kahulumeni nezimiso. Imithetho kumele idluliswe yiSishaya-mthetho futhi isayinwe ngumongameli. Noma, uma igadliwe, iSishaya-mthetho kumelwe sithathe indinganiso ukuze umthetho ube umthetho. Iziqondiso eziphethe akumelwe ziyiqede le nqubo.

Umongameli akakwazi ukwenza noma yini ayifunayo futhi ayimemezele ngomyalo wesikhulu. Lokhu kuzonqunywa ezinkantolo ngoba kuyisifunda soMkhandlu ukudala umnyango. Umongameli angamisa inhlangano, kodwa akanakukwazi ukusungula umnyango ngokwakhe ngohlelo lwesikhulu futhi akanakuqeda umnyango.

Ukusebenzisa Isikhathi

Ezinye iziyalezo zezikhulu ziqala ukusebenza ngokushesha nje lapho umongameli esayina umthetho. Kodwa iziqondiso eziningi azinalo ithonya kuze kube yilapho inkampani kahulumeni ithatha izinyathelo ezengeziwe. Ngokuvamile, izikhulu zidinga inxusa likahulumeni ukuba libhale umbiko, lithathe uphenyo, noma likhiphe umthetho omusha. Lezi zinyathelo zingathatha izinyanga, futhi ngezinye izikhathi iminyaka.

Ukusetshenziswa Okungokomlando Kwezimiso Ezilawulayo

Ngekhulu le-19, abaphathi babenesilinganiso sezikhulu eziyishumi-20 phakathi nokuphathwa kwabo; uAbraham Lincoln wayenesilinganiso esikhulu kakhulu sa 48. Kusukela kuMongameli Nixon, omongameli baye bathatha isilinganiso esingama 200-300. Umongameli uFranklin D. Roosevelt wayenamakhulu amathathu.

Izibonelo eziphawulekayo ze-oda yezikhulu eziphethe zihlanganisa ukuzimisela kukaHarry Truman ngokukhipha amabutho ahlomile ngomyalo wokuwakhipha ngo-* babesuswe ngokwehlukana kuze kube ngu-1948,(8) kuhlanganise nayo yonke iMpi Yezwe Yesibili. Kunokuba afune umthetho, wafeza ukuhlelwa kwebutho lamabutho ahlomile ngokuphumelelayo ngokusebenzisa uhlelo lwezikhulu.

Amasethi nokulinganisela ekwenzeni isinqumo esiphethe

Ikhono legatsha ngalinye lokusabela ezenzweni zamagatsha elinye yisimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela. Lo hlelo lomthetho-sisekelo luqinisekisa ukuthi ukwenza izinqumo eziphethe akuzenzeki endaweni engenalutho kodwa kungelangela ukuqondisa futhi kungavuselelwa amanye amagatsha.

Ukuqondisa Okuyingqungquthela

Igatsha ngalinye likahulumeni lingashintsha izenzo zamagatsha: Umongameli angakhipha umthetho owenziwe yiSishaya-mthetho. Ubuye amise izinhloko zezinhlangano zikahulumeni nabaphathi benkantolo ephezulu. UKhongolo-kahulumeni uqinisekisa noma ulahle abameleli bakamongameli.

Indikimba yebandla iqondisa:

  • Izicelo zokuqinisekisa abamiswe umongameli
  • Ukuhlelwa kwezinhlelo zokusebenzisa imali ezikhokhelwayo noma ezithathwe ezikhungweni zokusetshenziswa kwemali
  • Ukuhlolwa kwezindlebe eziphethe igatsha
  • Isenzo sokushaya umthetho sokugumbuqela noma ukulungisa izimiso zezikhulu
  • Ukujezisa ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela

Igatsha eliphethe lingamemezela iMiyalo Ephethe, efana nezimemezelo ezinamandla omthetho, kodwa igatsha lokwahlulela lingamemezela lezozenzo ngokungemthetho. AmaJaji eNkantolo Ephakeme angagumbuqela imithetho engavumelani nemithetho.

Le komiti yokwahlulela inikeza ikhambi elibalulekile mayelana namandla kamongameli futhi iqinisekisa ukuthi izinqumo eziphethe zihlonipha umthetho.

Izinselele Ekwenzeni Isinqumo Sanamuhla Esiqondisiwe

Omongameli besikhathi esizayo babhekana nezinselele eziningi ezenza kube nzima ukwenza izinqumo futhi kudinga ukubambisana okuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kukaMongameli noKhabhinethi.

Ukuyinkimbinkimbi Nobukhulu Bohulumeni

Ubukhulu obuningi begatsha eliphethe, elinezigidi zezisebenzi eminyangweni eminingi nezikhungo, benza kube nzima ukusebenzelana nokulawula izikhundla.

NgokukaDavid Lewis, isazi sesayensi yezombangazwe eVanderbilt University, i-U.S. inabaphathi bezombangazwe abaningi kunanoma yisiphi esinye isigaba sentando yeningi esithuthukisiwe. Nakuba isimiso sokuqinisekisa i-U.S. siqinisa isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela, ukubambezela ekuqinisekiseni onobhala beKhabhinethi kungathonya ukusebenza kwezisebenzi kanye nekhono lezisebenzi elizayo lokubusa.

I - partisan Polaryation

Ukwanda kokuhlaliswa kwezindawo kwenza kwaba nzima kakhulu ngomongameli ukwakha ukusekela kwe-bipartisan ezinqumweni zabo futhi kuye kwanciphisa inqubo yokuqinisekisa abamisiwe abayinhloko. Ngokungafani nabaqali babo, abaningi bamaBiden' namaTrump kwadingeka badlule enqubeni yokuhlinza futhi wonke umnyunyana wafuna ukuvota kokugcina okubhaliwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe.

Ukwaziswa Okuningi Kakhulu Noshintsho Olusheshayo

Omongameli banamuhla kumelwe benze izinqumo endaweni enolwazi oluningi kakhulu, imijikelezo yezindaba enamahora angu-24, futhi baxazulule izinselele zembulunga yonke ngokushesha. Lokhu kudinga izinqubo eziphumelelayo zokulungisa ukwaziswa, ukuhlukanisa izinto eziza kuqala, nokuthatha isinyathelo ngokushesha ekuqukumbeleni izinkinga kuyilapho kugcinwa izinhlelo eziwusizo emigomweni emide yesikhathi eside.

Ukulinganisela Ubuciko Nokucabangela Kwezombangazwe

Ukwenza izinqumo okuphumelelayo kudinga ukulinganisela ubuchwepheshe bezisebenzi zobuzwe namalungu eKhabhinethi nokucabangela kwezombangazwe ngombono womphakathi, ukusekela komphakathi, nemiphumela yokukhetha. Omongameli kumelwe bahlole ukutusa kochwepheshe ngokumelene nokungaguquguquki kwezombangazwe kanye nezimiso zabo ezibanzi.

Imikhuba Engcono Kakhulu Yokwenza Isinqumo Esinethonya Eliphumelelayo

Ukucwaninga nokuhlangenwe nakho komlando kusikisela imikhuba eminingana engcono kakhulu enengxenye ekwenzeni izinqumo eziphumelelayo okwenziwa uMongameli noKhabhinethi.

Ukukhethwa Kwezisebenzi Kwangaphambili Nokuhlelekile

Imisebenzi yeqembu lezisebenzi kufanele iqale ngasekupheleni kwentwasahlobo yokhetho ngokukhethwa komqondisi wezisebenzi, okufanele aqale ukuqasha izisebenzi ukuba ziqale ukuthuthukisa izintambo zezisebenzi futhi zibhale uhlu. Ngasekupheleni kwehlobo noma ekuqaleni konyaka wokukhetha, iqembu lezisebenzi kufanele lisungule uhlu lwabangase bafune izikhundla eziphezulu zobuholi futhi liqale inqubo yokuqala yokuziphindiselela ngokusebenzisa imithombo yomphakathi.

Ngenxa yokuthi ukumiswa kufeza indima ebalulekile ekuchazeni ukuphatha nokuthuthukisa uhlelo lukamongameli omusha, iqembu lezisebenzi kufanele limise ama-deslari e-oyile nemigomo enzima yokugcwalisa i-White House, iKhabhinethi nezindawo eziphezulu zeCabinet. Ukuhlela umgomo kufanele kuqale ekuqaleni kuka-April noma ngo-May ngonyaka wokukhetha.

Izinhlelo Zezinqumo Ezihlelwe Kahle

Omongameli abaphumelelayo bamisa izinqubo ezicacile zokuthi izinqumo ziyokwenziwa kanjani, ukuthi ubani ozohlolwa, nokuthi ulwazi luyogeleza kanjani eHhovisi leOval. Lokhu kuhlanganisa:

  • Imihlangano yeKhabhinethi yasikhathi sonke ukuze kuxoxwe ngezindaba ezinqamulelayo
  • Amaqembu amancane asebenza ezindaweni ezithile ezimisiwe
  • Susa amaketanga okuyala nokubika ubuhlobo
  • Izindlela zokufinyelela uMongameli zemibono ephikisayo
  • Ukubukeza kwesimiso sentuthuko yokusetshenziswa

Ukulinganisela Ijubane Nenkululeko

Nakuba ezinye izinqumo zidinga isinyathelo esisheshayo, eziningi zizuza ekucabangiseni ngokucophelela. Omongameli abaphumelelayo bazi ukuthi kufanele bahambe ngokushesha nini futhi nini ukuba nesikhathi sokuhlaziya nokuhlola. Bakha izinqubo ezivumela kokubili ukusabela okusheshayo ezinkingeni nasekucabangeleni izinselele eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Ukukhulumisana Ngokucacile Ngezinqumo

Uma nje kwenziwa izinqumo, ukuxhumana okucacile kubo bonke abaphethe izimali, ($kuhlanganise amalungu eKhabhinethi, i-Congress, imithombo yezindaba, kanye nomphakathi) kubalulekile ukuze kufezwe ngokuphumelelayo. Lokhu kudinga ukuxhumana okuhlangene phakathi kwegatsha elikhulu nokusetshenziswa kwezindlela zokuxhumana ezihlukahlukene.

Ikusasa Lokwenziwa Kwesinqumo Esiphethe

Njengoba uhulumeni eqhubeka eguquka, izinqubo uMongameli neKhabhinethi abenza ngazo izinqumo cishe ziyozivumelanisa nezinselele namathuba amasha.

Ubuchwepheshe nokwenza isinqumo sedata-Driven

Intuthuko ekwazini ukudayiswa kwe-analytics, ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa, nobuchwepheshe bokwaziswa kunikeza amathuluzi amasha okuqoqa nokuhlaziya ukwaziswa ukuze kwaziswe izinqumo zabaqondisi. Izinhlelo zesikhathi esizayo zingasebenzisa le mishini ukuze zithuthukise ijubane nohlobo lokwenza izinqumo kuyilapho zilawula izingozi zokuncika ngokweqile ezimisweni ezizihambelayo.

Usongo Nezinselele Ezixazululayo

Izinselele ezintsha ezinjengokusongela kwesimiso sokusebenza nge - Internet, ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukugadla kobhadane nokuvela kwezobuchwepheshe ziyodinga izinqubo ezilawulayo ezikwazi ukusingatha izinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi nezihlangene ezidlula imingcele engokwesiko. Lokhu kungaholela ezimisweni ezintsha zenhlangano nasekwenzeni izinqumo egatsheni eliphethe.

Izinguquko Eziya Enqubweni Yokunqunywa

Congress neWhite House kufanele bacabangele izindlela zokwenza inqubo yokuqinisekisa iphumelele kakhulu. Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo wasungula isimiso sobumongameli kanye neseluleko seSigele nendima yemvume, futhi nakuba ukuqondisa umongameli weminey kuyisimiso esibucayi sentando yeningi, inqubo yanamuhla ingaphezulu cishe kunanoma kuyiphi enye indawo emhlabeni. Izinyathelo kufanele zithathwe ukuze kusheshiswe inqubo ukuze amongameli abazayo babe nabaholi abayinhloko endaweni noma ngokushesha ngemva kosuku lokulungisa imibuso ukuze baxoxe ngezinselele zesizwe.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Kokuqonda Ukwenziwa Kwesinqumo Sokuqondisa

Inqubo uMongameli neKhabhinethi enza ngayo izinqumo ithonya cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwaseMelika, kusukela ekulondekeni kwesizwe nakwezangaphandle kuya ekunakekeleni impilo, imfundo, nesivikelo sendawo ezungezile. Ukuqonda lenqubo kubalulekile ukuze umuntu abe isakhamuzi esinolwazi futhi ahlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo ekubuseni kwentando yeningi.

Lesimiso silinganisela isidingo sokuthatha isinyathelo esiwujuqu sokulawula nokuhlola komthetho - sisekelo, ukusekela okuwuchwepheshe kokulandisa okuphathelene nezombangazwe, nokusabela ngokushesha ngokucabangisisa. Nakuba singaphelele, loluhlelo luye lwabonakala luqinile kakhulu emakhulwini amabili eminyaka, luzivumelanisa nezimo ezishintshayo kuyilapho lulondoloza izimiso eziyisisekelo zomthetho - sisekelo.

Kulabo abafuna ukuthonya isimiso, ukuqonda indlela uMongameli neKhabhinethi azenza ngayo izinqumo kunikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile mayelana nokuthi bangalisebenzisa kanjani igatsha eliphethe. Kubafundi bakahulumeni, lolulwazi lukhanyisa amaqiniso angokoqobo okubusa komthetho-sisekelo.

Njengoba izinselele isizwe esibhekene nazo ziqhubeka ziguquka, izinqubo zoMongameli neKhabhinethi zokwakha izinqumo ziyohlala zibalulekile ekubuseni okuphumelelayo. Ngokuqonda lezi zinqubo, singaba nesibopho esingcono sokulandisa kubaholi bethu, sihlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo enkulumweni yentando yeningi, futhi sibe nengxenye ekwakheni isibopho esiphelele ngokwengeziwe.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngohulumeni wase-U.S. kanye nendlela esebenza ngayo, vakashela USUSA.gov, isiqondiso esingokomthetho sokuthola ulwazi nosizo lukahulumeni. Ukufunda okwengeziwe ngegatsha elikhulu ngokuqondile, i-website [[[FLT:] yeNdlu yeNdlu yendlu [[FLT:]] inikeza ukwaziswa okuningi mayelana noMongameli, i-Complicit, nemisebenzi yegatsha. Kulabo abanesithakazelo enqunyweni kanye nakwemiyakheliyo, [[FLT] i-octivectivesting projectivesting transties, [Foctive],[5] nomthetho wokwenyuso mayelana nomthetho wezenyuzime.[Fod]