Ukuxoshwa kwesikole somphakathi kuphakathi kwezenzo ezinzima kakhulu zokuyala isikole esingazithatha, futhi zithwala imiphumela ehlala njalo embhalweni wemfundo, amathemba amakholiji, kanye nekusasa eliphelele. Ngenxa yokuthi izigxobo ziphakeme kakhulu, umthetho udinga ukuba izikole zilandele izixwayiso eziqinile ezifanele ngaphambi kokuba zisuse unomphetho wemfundo. Lezizikhungo azizona izithiyo ezikhubazeko zemfundo; ziyisivikelo somthetho esiklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi zilungile, zivimbela izinqumo eziwumthetho, futhi zisekele isimiso esiyisisekelo sokuthi akukho mfundi ofanele aphucwe ilungelo lakhe lokufunda ngaphandle kokulalela. Ukuqonda indlela inqubo efanelekile esebenzayo ekuxosheni ibaluleke ngayo kubafundisi, abaphathi, abaphathi, abafundi, nabafundi ngokufanayo.

Iyini Inqubo Efaneleyo Yemfundo?

Inqubo elindelekile inqubo engokomthetho esekelwe eMthethweni weSichibiyelo sesihlanu neseshumi nane eMthethweni we-U.S., eqinisekisa ukuthi akekho umuntu ozoncishwa “ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho.” Ngokomongo wemfundo yomphakathi, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela kudala ukuthi isithakazelo somfundi sokuya esikoleni siyindawo evikelekile ngoMthetho-sisekelo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngaphambi kokuba isikole sithathe ukuthi kungathathwa kwesokudla (hhhhhhhhhhh, ukuphuma noma ukuxoshwa) kumelwe kulandele izinqubo ezithile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi isikole silungile futhi kusekelwe ebufakazini obuthembekile.

Icala lenqubo emisiweyo elifanele kubafundi besikole somphakathi lingu Gos v. Lopez [19975]. Ngaleyondlela, iNkantolo Ephakeme yathi abafundi ababhekene nokukhishwa kwemithetho yesikhashana yezinsuku eziyishumi noma ngaphansi babenelungelo lokunikezwa isaziso esishiwo ngomlomo noma esibhaliwe samacala, incazelo yobufakazi, nethuba lokuveza uhlangothi lwabo lwendaba. Ukusuka ezindaweni ezinde noma ukuxoshwa, iNkantolo yabonisa ukuthi kungadingeka ngisho nezindlela eziningi ezingokomthetho. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, izinkantolo eziphansi nemithetho yandisa lezi sivikelo, kodwa izimiso eziyisisekelo zihlala zinjalo.

Icala LeNkantolo Ephakeme Ephakeme: Goss v. Lopez

Ku uGos v. Lopez, abafundi abangu-9 basesikoleni esiphakeme sase-Ohio balengiswa izinsuku ezifinyelela kweziyishumi ngaphandle kokuthethwa. INkantolo yanquma ukuthi izinhlohlo zaziphula amalungelo azo afunekayo enqubweni ngoba abafundi babenganikezwa isaziso samacala noma ithuba lokusabela. UMahluleli Byron White, ukubhala kweningi, kwagcizelela ukuthi abafundi banelungelo elingokomthetho lemfundo yomphakathi futhi ngisho nentebe efingqile ingabangela “umonakalo omkhulu” wedumela lomfundi nentuthuko yezemfundo. Isinqumo samisa isilinganiso somhlaba: akukho mfundi ongakwazi ukuhoxishelwa noma ukuxoshwa ngaphandle kwenqubo elinganiselwe.

Kusukela uGos, izinkantolo ziye zasebenzisa indlela yazo yokucabanga ekususeni nasekuxoshweni isikhathi eside, zidinga izinqubo ezicacile ngokwengeziwe lapho ukuncishwa kunakho. Ngokwesibonelo, izigodlo eziningi zigunyaza ukuqulwa kwamacala esikole okungokomthetho phambi kwebhodi yesikole engathathi hlangothi, ilungelo lokubiza ofakazi, nelungelo lokumelelwa ngokomthetho ezicaleni zokuxoshwa. Izimfuneko eziqondile ziyahluka, kodwa izisekelo zesisekelo zivumelana.

Izakhi Zomjikelezo Ofanele

Nakuba izinqubo eziqondile zingase zihluke kuye ngokwesifundazwe, zonke izikole zomphakathi ezixoshwayo kumelwe zihlanganise izici ezithile eziyisisekelo ukuze kwaneliswe inqubo efanelekile yomthetho - sisekelo:

  • Amanothi amacala. Abafundi nabazali babo kumelwe bathole inkulumo ebhaliwe echaza ukwephulwa komthetho okuqondile, isisekelo esiyiqiniso samacala, nomphumela ongase ukhishwe (umz., ukuxoshwa). Isaziso kumelwe sinikezwe kusasele isikhathi esanele ukuze kulungiselelwe isikhathi somkhaya sokulungiselela impendulo.
  • Ithuba lokuqulwa kwecala. Ngaphambi kokuba kuqedwe noma yiliphi ithuba, umfundi kumelwe abe nethuba lokuvela phambi komenzi wesinqumo ongakhethi (ngokuvamile uthishanhloko wesikole, isikhulu sezindlebe, noma ibhodi yesikole) ukuze atshele uhlangothi lwabo lwendaba, unikeze ubufakazi, nofakazi bombuzo.
  • Umenzi wesinqumo ongakhethi. Umuntu noma indawo enqumayo icala akumelwe ahileleke ngokuqondile kusenzeko noma abe nobandlululo lomuntu siqu kumfundi. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi isinqumo sisekelwe kuphela ebufakazini obunikezwayo.
  • Ilungelo lokudlulisa. Uma isinqumo sokuqala singesihle, umfundi nabazali kumelwe babe nendlela yokubekela inselele umphumela, ngokuvamile ngokudlulisela isikhalo endikimbeni yokuphatha ephezulu noma enkantolo.

Lezi zici azizona izinto ezingenziwa ngokuzithandela; ziwumthetho - sisekelo ophansi.

Indlela Inqubo Efanele Esetshenziswa Ngayo Ezicabangweni Ezixoshwayo

Lenqubo iqala lapho umphathi wesikole ezwa ukuthi kunesenzo esithile sokwephula esingabangela ukuxoshwa (hhayi ukulwa okungathi sína), ukuba nesikhali, amacala ezidakamizwa, noma ukuziphatha okuphazamisayo okuphindaphindiwe. Kusukela kuleloqophelo, kuvela uchungechunge lwezinyathelo zokukhuluma ukuze kuqinisekwe ngokulunga.

Izinyathelo Zokuphoqelela Ngaphambi Kokuba Uphoqelelwe: Ukucwaninga Nokuqaphela

Ngaphambi kwanoma ikuphi ukumangalelwa okungokomthetho, izikhulu zesikole kumelwe zikwenze ukuhlola okunengqondo. Lokhu kungahlanganisa ukuxoxa nofakazi, ukubheka imingcele yokulondeka, ukuqoqa ubufakazi, nokukhuluma nomfundi omangalelwe. Injongo iwukuqoqa amaqiniso nokuthola ukuthi sikhona yini isisekelo esanele sokuxoshwa. Uma iziphathimandla zinquma ukuxosha, kumelwe zinikeze umfundi nabazali isaziso esisemthethweni. Lesi saziso kumelwe sihlanganise:

  • Amazwi acacile aphathelene nokuziphatha okubi ayeshiwo, kuhlanganise nezinsuku ezithile, izikhathi nezindawo.
  • Umthetho oqondile wesikole noma inkambiso okuthiwa yaphulwa.
  • Incazelo yobufakazi obusekela la manga.
  • Imiphumela eyayingase ibe khona, kuhlanganise nokuba nokwenzeka kokuxoshwa.
  • Usuku, isikhathi nendawo okuhlelwe kuyo ukuqulwa kwecala (uma kuhlelwe).
  • Isaziso samalungelo omfundi phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala (isib., ukukhuluma, ukufakaza, ukubiza ofakazi, nokumelelwa ummeli).

Lesaziso kumelwe sinikezwe ngesikhathi esifanelekile ngaphambi kokuba kucaciwe, cishe amahora angu - 48 kuya kwangu - 72, nakuba izifundazwe eziningi zidinga isikhathi eside ukuze zixoshwe.

Icala: Amalungelo Nezinqubo

Izwi liyindawo ephakathi yenqubo efanelekile yokuvikela. Linikeza indawo ehlelekile lapho isikole nomfundi bangaveza khona icala labo. Ukuqulwa kwecala kungase kuqhutshwe umphathi wesikole, isikhulu sokuzwa esiqashwe yisikole, noma iqembu lamalungu ebhodi lesikole. Nakuba uhlelo lungahlukahluka, ezinye izivikelo ziyaqashelwa ezindaweni zonke:

  • [ Ilungelo lokuba khona. Umfundi nabazali babo (noma abaqaphi) banelungelo lokuya ezindlebeni zonke.
  • Ilungelo lokunikeza ubufakazi. Umfundi angangenisa amabhukwana, izithombe, amarekhodi, noma ezinye izinto ezisekela ukuzivikela kwabo.
  • Ilungelo lokubiza nombuzo. Umfundi angabuza abantu ngokwaziswa okuhlobene nobufakazi, futhi bona (noma ummeleli wabo) bangaphulula i-examine ebizwa yisikole.
  • Ilungelo lesinqumo esibhaliwe. Ngemva kokuqulwa kwecala, umenzi wesinqumo kumele anikeze isinqumo esibhaliwe esichaza okutholakele kweqiniso nezizathu zokuxoshwa (noma isijeziso esincane). Isinqumo futhi kufanele siphawule noma yimiphi imibono ephikisanayo uma indawo yohlu ihilelekile.
  • Ilungelo lokudlulisa icala. Isinqumo sokuxoshwa singadluliswa kumphathi wesikole wendawo noma kumnyango wezemfundo kahulumeni, futhi ekugcineni enkantolo.

Ezifundeni eziningi, icala liqoshwa noma libhalwe ngomshini ukuze kube nomlando onembile wokukhanga okulandelayo.

Indima Yokumelela Ngokomthetho

Ngokungafani nenkantolo yezigebengu, abafundi ababhekene nokuxoshwa abanalo ilungelo elingokomthetho lokukhulula iziluleko zomthetho (umzekelo, umvikeli womphakathi). Nokho, ngokuvamile banelungelo lokuqasha ummeli wabo siqu noma ukuba nomzali, umnakekeli, noma omunye umsekeli okhona. Izikole zivame ukuvumela [1] futhi ngezinye izikhathi zikhuthaze abaphathi bezemthetho, ikakhulukazi lapho umfundi engase abhekane khona nethuba elide noma lapho ubufakazi buyinkimbinkimbi. Amanye amazwe, njengaseNew York, anikeza abafundi ilungelo lokumelela ngokusemthethweni lapho kukhishwa izindaba. Ngisho namazwi athi ukwenza kanjalo, ukusekela komfundi kungathuthukisa ngokuphawulekayo ikhono lakhe lokuqondisa inqubo, ubufakazi obuyiphutha, nokuxoxa ngomphumela wobulungisa.

Izinyathelo Ezingasetshenziswa Ezingasetshenziswa

Izikole eziningi zinezimiso ezikhuthaza ukucatshangelwa kwezinye izindlela zokuqondisa ngaphambi kokuxosha.

  • Izintethe zasesikoleni [ ngokusekela kwezemfundo nokweluleka.
  • Izinhlelo zobulungisa ezi-' ezihilela umfundi ukulungisa umonakalo ngengxoxo nangenkonzo yomphakathi.
  • [ amasu okungenela ayimfihlo [ avumelana nokuxazulula izinkinga ezicashile.
  • [ I-transfer kwesinye isikole [ noma uhlelo lokufundisa olunikeza indawo ehleleke kakhulu.

Izikole azidingekile ukuba zinikeze ezinye izindlela ezihlukile kuzo zonke izimo, kodwa lapho zikhona, inqubo efanele iqinisekisa ukuthi umfundi unethuba lokusikisela ukukhetha okunjalo futhi acabangele umenzi wesinqumo.

Izinhlobonhlobo Ezinqamula Amazwe Nezifunda

INkantolo Ephakeme yamisa isisekelo senqubo Gos v. Lopez, kodwa izifundakazi ngazinye zinegunya lokunikeza isivikelo esikhulu. Ngenxa yalokho, ukusebenza okukhethekile kwenqubo efunekayo emacalani okuxoshwa kungahluka kakhulu kuye ngokuthi umfundi uhlalaphi. Ngokwesibonelo:

  • [ ICalifornia ifuna ukuba ukuxoshwa kuvunyelwe ukuzwa okungokomthetho phambi kwebhodi lesikole, enezikhombo eziqinile nemfuneko okucatshangelwa isifunda ukuthi ingenye indlela yokufakwa ngaphambi kokuxoshwa. Abazali banelungelo lokuhlola bonke ubufakazi ngaphambi kokuzwa futhi bamelelwe ngeseluleko.
  • [ Igunya lokuxosha amacala athile angathi sína (njengokuletha isibhamu esikoleni) kodwa futhi lidinga ukulalelwa phakathi nezinsuku ezithile. Abafundi bangabekwa esimisweni semfundo ehlukile (DAEP) njengenye indlela.
  • INew York [[FLT: 0] inikeza abafundi ilungelo lokwelulekwa futhi ifuna ukuba isikhulu sezindlebe sibe umuntu ongakhethi ongasebenzi esifundeni lapho umfundi eya khona. Isifunda futhi kumelwe sinikeze umfundi uhlu lofakazi abangase bavele kanye nokufushaniswa kobufakazi babo obulindelekile.

Ezinye izigodlo zinezinqubo eziningi zobungane babafundi, njengokufuna ukuba isikole sikhokhele intatheli yenkantolo noma ukuvumela ummeli womfundi ukuba abuze izisebenzi zesikole. Ezinye zingase zingaqasheki kakhulu, zinikeze amabhodi esikole ukwahlulela okubanzi. Kunzima ngabazali nabafundisi ukuba bazijwayelanise nemithetho nezimiso eziqondile zikahulumeni. (Ngokwesibonelo, New York State Education Department yezemfundo yezemfundo [[]] noma [FLT:][FLT]][FLT][FLT]][FLD]][FLT][F:2][Alinian Modentium)

Izinkinga Nezinselele Zangempela Zezwe

Ngisho noma izikole zilandela izinqubo ezifanele, inqubo efanele iyodwa ayinakuqinisekisa imiphumela ephelele.

  • [ Ukungaqapheli. Abazali abaningi nabafundi abawazi amalungelo abo. Bangase bangaceli ukulalelwa, bangafaki ubufakazi obukhona bokudlulisa izicelo, noma baphuthelwe isikhathi esimisiwe ngenxa nje yokuthi abajwayelene nenqubo.
  • ukungalingani kwamandla. izifunda zivame ukufinyelela iseluleko somthetho nemithombo umkhaya ovamile ontulayo. Ngisho noma umfundi enelungelo lokuletha ummeli, abaningi abakwazi ukuthenga eyodwa. Lokhu kungaholela ekumeleni okungalingani.
  • Ukucwaninga okuhlukanisayo ekuqeqesheni. njalo kubonisa ukuthi abafundi abamnyama, abaSpanishi, nabakhethekile babizwa ngokungaguquguquki ngokubhekiselwa ekuxoshweni. Izinqubo zenqubo zingafihla ubandlululo olufihlekile uma abenzi besinqumo bengaqeqeshelwanga ukuzibona. Amaqembu e-activacy anjenge ACLU[ zibizwa ukuze ziqinisekise ukuthi inqubo efanelekile ayibalulekanga ukuvikela amakhono ezinto ezingokomthetho angazinaki ezisebenza ngokwezimiso zemvelo.
  • [ Izikole zokuxoshwa. zingasusa umfundi ngokushesha uma enikeza usongo ekulondekeni. Nakuba lezi “zici zivunyelwe ukuxoshwa”, zisadinga ukulalelwa phakathi kwe-syframe yesikhathi esifushane (ngokuvamile izinsuku eziyishumi) ukuze kuqinisekiswe isenzo. Nokho, ukusetshenziswa, umugqa phakathi kwezinkathazo zokuphepha nokuzilungisa kungafiphaza.

Ukwehluka Ekuyaleni

Inqubo elindelekile ayikuqedi ngokuzenzekelayo ubandlululo. Ukuhlola okuvela eMnyangweni wezemfundo we-Ofisi ye-Civil Rights yase-U.S. kuye kwathola ukuthi abafundi abaNsundu baxoshwa ngamazinga aphindwe kathathu kunabafundi abamhlophe ngenxa yezenzo ezifanayo noma ezifanayo. Ngokufanayo, abafundi abakhubazekile babhekana ngokungenakulinganiswa nokususwa isikhathi eside. Nakuba inqubo eyenzekayo inikeza i-athom ukuze bavimbele lezi zimo ezihlukene, umthwalo ngokuvamile uwela emikhayeni encikeneyo ukuze ubonise ukuthi ubandlululo, kodwa umsebenzi onzima ngaphandle kwemininingwane yezimiso zesimiso somthetho noma ukusekela okungokomthetho.

Imikhuba Emihle Kakhulu Ezikoleni

Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi inqubo yokuvikela efanelekile isetshenziswa ngokuphumelelayo nangokungakhethi, izikole kufanele zamukele lemikhuba elandelayo:

  • [ qeqesha bonke abaphathi ezimfunekweni zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo ukuze baqaphele, bazwe, futhi benze izinqumo ngokungakhethi. Lokhu kuqeqeshwa kufanele kuhlanganise imithetho eqondene nombuso kanye nomthetho wendaba wamuva.
  • Iproject ecacile, efinyelelwe emikhayeni mayelana nenqubo, kuhlanganise nezinto ezihunyushwe kanye nezinkonzo zokuchaza zabazali abangesisiNgisi.
  • [ Sebenzisa isikhulu sokuzwa esingathathi hlangothi esingaqeshwa isikole somfundi noma esihilelekile ngokuqondile kulesenzakalo. Izigodi eziningi ziqasha amajaji athathe umhlalaphansi noma abalamuleli abaqeqeshiwe.
  • Ikhasi ngalinye lenqubo, kuhlanganise nesaziso esinikeziwe, ubufakazi obubukeziwe, kanye nokucabanga okungemva kwesinqumo sokugcina. Umlando ophelele uvikela isinqumo sesikole enselelweni engokomthetho futhi uqinisekisa ukuthi sizolandisa.
  • Cwangcisa izindlela zokuvuselela [[[FLT: 1] ngaphambi kokuxosha. Inqubo elindelekile ayidingi isikole ukuba sixoshe; idinga ukuzwana okulungile kuphela uma ukuxoshwa kusesetafuleni. Izifunda eziningi zithola ukuthi ukubuyisela ubulungisa kunciphisa ukubuyiselwa komthetho futhi kugcina abafundi esikoleni.
  • Bheka njalo ukwaziswa[ ukukhomba nokubheka izimpawu zobuhlanga, ubuzwe, noma ukukhubazeka ezisekelwe ekuxoshweni kanye nemiphumelo.

Isiphetho

Inqubo efanelekile yokuvikela ekuxoshweni kwesikole somphakathi ikhona ukuze kugcinwe ubulungisa obuyisisekelo esimisweni esinamandla okuphazamisa unomphela uhambo lwesikole. Kusukela ekwazini kokuqala kwamacala okudluliswa komthetho omhlaba kuze kube yisikhalo sokugcina, isinyathelo ngasinye semfundo siklanyelwe ukuvimbela izinqumo ezizimele, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izwi lomfundi liyazwakala, futhi kuqinisekiswe ukuthi isijeziso sihambisana nokulahlwa kuyilapho sisalokhu sivikela ukuphepha komphakathi wesikole. Nakuba inqubo engokomthetho iye yabekwa amashumi amaningi eminyaka, ukufezeka kwayo kudinga ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kubafundisi, ukuqeqeshwa kwezikhulu zesikole, ukuqeqeshwa kwezikhulu zesikole, nokufundiswa ukuba abazali baqaphele. Ngokuqonda nangahlonipha lokhu, izikole zingalondoloza ukuvikela kokuhlala ngaphandle kokwethulwa amalungelo abantu ngabanye. Kubafundi kanye nemikhaya efanayo, inqubo edinga ukunakekelwa komthetho wokuqala.