Inqubo efanelekile ayiyona nje imfundiso yobuchwepheshe obungalawuleki; imfundiso eyisisekelo echaza ubuhlobo phakathi kwezwe nomthetho-sisekelo nomuntu ngamunye. Isebenza njengenqubo eyinhloko engokomthetho yokuqinisekisa ukuthi amandla kahulumeni amakhulu okuncisha izakhamuzi ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla isetshenziswa ngokuzilawula, nangokubikezela. Inqubekela phambili ezinzimeni zeSishaya-mthetho, inqubo efanelekile njengendlela yomthetho "incwadi yokulawula" yezwe, iphoqelela ukuba isebenze ngendlela elungile futhi inikeze ithuba elibalulekile lokuzwana ngaphambi kokuba kuthathe isinyathelo esinzima. Ngaphandle kwesivikelo somthetho, isimiso somthetho siyo siyobeka ingozi enqubeni yokubusa ngokungenangqondo, ukwenza inqubo ebaluleke kakhulu, ukwenza inqubo ehloniphekayo ehloniphekayo ehloniphekayo engokomthetho ephethe lemishini.

Izinsika Ezimbili Zenqubo Elindelekile: Isimiso Esivamile Nesingaphansi

Ukuqonda kwanamuhla kwenqubo efanele kufakwa eziqenjini ezimbili ezihlukene kodwa ezihlobene: inqubo efanelekile nenqubo eyisisekelo engaphansi. Nakuba inqubo efanelekile iphathelene nenqubo yenqubo kahulumeni , inqunu eyinqumo edingayo ibuza ukuthi yini [[FLT]]] kanye amandla kahulumeni okuthatha isinyathelo esisendizeni esithile. Zombili izimfundiso zibalulekile, kodwa zisebenza ngokuhlola okuhlukile okungokomthetho futhi zivikele izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezithakazelo.

Inqubo elindelekile: "Indlela" yobulungisa

Inqubo efanelekile inikeza imiyalo yokuba uhulumeni alandele izinqubo ezilungile nezivamile ngaphambi kokuba aphuce umuntu ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla. Akwanele ukuthi uhulumeni unesisekelo esingokomthetho esingokomthetho sesenzo sakhe; futhi kumelwe asebenzise leso senzo ngenqubo engcono kakhulu. Icala elinqumayo [[FLT]] [[1] [i-Elvet] [i-Eldridge] v.[[[FLT]] [7] isungule ukuvivinywa okuthambile okungahlulwayo okungaphambathiwe izikhothathu ezisetshenziswa izinkantolo ukuthola ukuthi inqubo ihlelwe ngokusemthethweni kunoma yisiphi isimo esinikezwa umthetho. Lokhu kuhlola: (1) isithakazelo esingasemthethwe ngezenzo zezikhulu; (2) izingozi zengozi yokuncintiswa inzuzo esetshenziswayo noma inzuzo esetshenziswa ngenani elikhulu, noma inzuzo yokwenezenezenyuswa uhulumeni; inzuzo, futhi inzuzo yeze ihlanganisa nenye izindleko zomthetho.

Izici eziyinhloko zekhono lokuzwa elifanele ngokuvamile zihlanganisa:

  • Imathikithi: Abantu ngabanye kumelwe bathole isaziso esicacile nesifike ngesikhathi sesenzo sikahulumeni esihlongozwayo kanye nesisekelo okusekelwe kuso.
  • I-Opportunit to Oniww: Ngaphambi kokuncishwa kokugcina, umuntu kumelwe abe nethuba elibalulekile lokunikeza ubufakazi, ukuphikisa icala lakhe, nokubhekana nofakazi abangezwani.
  • [ Umenzi wesinqumo esingathathi hlangothi: Umfuselisi makangabi nakhethe, angabi nabucwasi obeyo noma obungokwezimali, futhi ahlukaniswe nethonya elingafanele lezombangazwe.
  • [ Ilungelo elulekweni: Ezimweni eziningi, ikakhulukazi lapho imithetho eyinkimbinkimbi engokomthetho isebenza khona noma lapho isithakazelo esiphawulekayo sisengozini, ilungelo lokumelelwa ngokomthetho liyingxenye eyinhloko yecala elilungile.

Izinga lalezizimfuneko liyavumelana. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo Ephakeme ebekwe ku . Goldberg v.Kelly [1970] [i-FLT] [i-FLT] [i-70]) ukuthi umsizi wezenhlalakahle wayenelungelo lokuzwa ngokugcwele ngaphambi kokususwa kwezinzuzo, wanikezwa ithonya elisheshayo elibhubhisayo lokusebenza komuntu ngamunye. Ngokuphambene, i-Maws ngokwayo], iNkanto enquma ukuthi ukuqedwa kwezinzuzo zokukhubazeka kwakungadingi ukuzwa ngaphambi kokuba kukhishwe ngenxa yobufakazi bezokwelapha kwakunenzuzo enkulu nenzalo yomthetho. I-FTCMnulton yayivumela ukusetshenziswa kahle kwenqubo eqonde kahle yesilinganiso sokusetshenziswa kwesilinganiso sokuvikelwa.

Inqubo Eyisihluthulelo: "Ini" Yenkululeko

Inqubo eyisisekelo eyisisekelo impikiswano enkulu nenamandla. Ithi amalungelo athile ayisisekelo asekelwe kakhulu emlandweni wesizwe nasesikweni kangangokuthi uhulumeni akanakuwaphazamisa, kungakhathaliseki izinqubo ezisetshenziswayo, ngaphandle kokuba inamandla akhethekile okulunga. Lemfundiso idinga ukukhomba umngcele phakathi kwemithetho kahulumeni evunyelweyo yenhlalakahle kawonke-wonke nengakholeki emongweni wenkululeko yomuntu siqu. Inqubo efanelekile evimbelayo ivikela amalungelo angenakubekwa emqondweni wenkululeko emisiwe, njengamalungelo okushada, ilungelo lokuthola imfundo nabantwana, ilungelo lokuqondisa imfundo nokukhuliswa kwezingane, nokulunga kokuziphatha komuntu siqu.

Inqubo engokomlando yenqubo edingayo engaphansi kwe-operation iphawulwe ngokushintshwa okukhulu. Phakathi nenkathi i-Lochner (cishe ngo-1897 kuya ku-1977), iNkantolo Ephakeme yasebenzisa inqubo engaphansi kwenqubo elindelekileyo yokuvikela inkululeko yezomnotho, ukushaya imithetho eyayilawula amahora, ukusebenza, nezivumelwano zemisebenzi ngaphansi kwemfundiso yesivumelwano. Inkantolo yazehlisa umthetho waseNew York obebhaka izinkwa isonto elingu-60 emahoreni [FLT:]. v. New York [FLT] [12:] [190].

Ngemva kwalokhu kuhoxa, iNkantolo yaqala ukusebenzisa inqubo edingayo ukuze ivikele umuntu siqu, kunokuba isekele izomnotho, inkululeko. Inkathi echithekile yafika Griswold v. Connecticut[[[[FLT]] [[65]], eyabulala umthetho ovimbela ukusetshenziswa kokuvimbela inzalo kwemibhangqwana eshadile, ukuthola ilungelo lokufihla imfihlo e "penbras" ku-Bill of Rights. Lendlela yokucabanga i-[FLT:]. [[FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF:] [ense], iyasebenza kakhulu, futhi iyasebenza iziphendulo ezikhona.[10] Inzuzo yeze-fullstions, "inkulu kakhulu] [[5] ikhona, lapho kuhlola khona impoqola ye-osethi ye-soli:[Fog.[10] Inguquase, inzuzo ye-og.[10] Inxa, inzuzo yomthetho ye

UGenesise Ongokomlando Nomthetho - sisekelo

Imisuka yenqubo efanelekile ibuyela emuva eMagna Carta ka-1215, eyamemezela ukuthi akukho muntu okhululekile ongabanjwa, agqunywe ejele, noma aphucwe "ngaphandle kwesahlulelo esingokomthetho sontanga yakhe noma umthetho wezwe." Lo mbhalo wawungukhokho ongokomlando wenqubo emisiwe yanamuhla eqinisekisa, ukumisa isimiso esiyisisekelo sokuthi umbusi uboshwe umthetho. Emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka, inkulumo ethi "ngomthetho wezwe" yayihunyushwa yizazi zemithetho engokomthetho njengoSir Edward Coke njengoba ifuna ukumiswa kwemithetho engokomthetho namasiko, ifaka amandla aphelele eSikhundleni. Imibhalo kaCoke yathonya kakhulu amakoloni aseMelika, ayebheka amazwi abekwe njengendawo yokukhosela imithetho yenkosi nemithetho engokomthetho.

E-United States, isimiso saqala ukumiswa eSichibiyelweni sesihlanu, sagunyazwa ngo-1791, esivimbela uhulumeni wezwe ukuba anciphe noma yimuphi umuntu iSichibiyelo sokuphila, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho. Nokho, iSichibiyelo sesihlanu ekuqaleni asizange sisebenze kuhulumeni. Ukwanda okukhulu kwenqubo efanelekile kwenqubo ngemva kweMpi Yombango nempi yokuvinjelwa kwezentethise [ iSichibiyelo senkululeko [[FLT] ngo1868]. Ingxenye 1 yeSichibiyelo seshumi nane seSichime seMithelo seMithelo yesine ivimbela izime zokuncishwa "kubulala ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, noma inqubo efanelekile yomthetho ongenakusetshenziswa ngokuvikelwayo. I-E. I-E. i-E. i-ctivementation ishod prose ngokumelene ne-octivession ofssworreal, ngokuving, ngokuving the orgt

Ukusebenza Kwenqubo Edingeka Ngezinga Eliqondile

Inqubo elindelekile ayiyona into ecatshangelwayo; iyinto engokoqobo nsuku zonke ezinkantolo, emacaleni abaphathi, ngisho nasezimweni zamanani.

Isigebengu Siyaqhubeka: Indinganiso Ephakeme Kakhulu Yokulunga

Ngenxa yokuthi ukuncishwa kwenkululeko ngokuboshwa kuyindlela enzima kakhulu yokuthatha isinyathelo sikahulumeni, umthetho wobugebengu ubangela izinga eliphakeme kakhulu lenqubo efanelekile yokuvikela. Ilungelo lokuqulwa ngokulunga liyisiqinisekiso se-lick rock procedal. Ilungelo lokunikeza usizo oluphumelelayo, olufakwe [[FLT:][FLT][1] [[FLT]] [12] i-v. [FLT][FLT] [[3] [1963]], lidinga ukunikeza isisekelo sokuvimbela ukuvikela, ukuvimbela ukunikeza abamangalelwa abangenakukwazi ukukhokhela imicimbi ezindaweni ezithile. Inqumo enkulu idinga ukukhokha insela insela imibandela edinga ukukhokhwazwa okungokomthetho ngaphansi kwendlela yokukhokhwazwa. [FLT] Inquinston enzima kakhulu, idinga ukukhomba inselelwa yi-custone ye-ose ngokunyelelwa yikhohlo, insela inse, futhi i-fuze inse i-fuse i-fuze insensense.[4]

Ukuqhubeka Kwezakhamuzi Nezokuphatha: Ukuvumelana Nezenzo

Emongweni wesizwe nowokuphatha, inqubo efanele ivumelana kakhulu, kodwa ayinzima kakhulu. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme . Goldberg v.Kelly imisiwe ukuthi uhulumeni kumelwe anikeze ukuzwa okusobala ngaphambi kokuqeda izinzuzo zenhlalakahle yomamkeli, aqaphele ukuthi isithakazelo somuntu siqu esisezinhlanganweni sidlula impumelelo kahulumeni. Lesi simiso sinyukela ezingenisweni ezibanzi zezenzo zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise nokuqedwa kwamalungelo abazali, ukususwa kwemicimbi, ukulahlekelwa kwempahla, nokulahlekelwa kwezimiso ezikhona, nokukhishwa kwezimiso ezikhona njalo. Inqubo enkulu yezezinkantolo zokufuduka kwezinkantolo zokufuduka ikhuphule inqunywe ngokungathi kukhulu kakhulu, njengoba kuvame ukuvinjwa nokungamele ukumiswa kwezimiso ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho (Activess) uma kunikezwa izinhlelo ezithile ezinqunyweni ezithile, futhi kuhlangana nanoma inqubo enqunyweni enkulu yezimiso ezingokomthetho. Izimiso ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho ezinikezwayo. Ilungayo

Umngcele Ongokwezinombolo: Inqubo Efaneleke Enkathini Yomthetho - sisekelo

Ubuchwepheshe buphakamisa imibuzo emisha neyinselele yenqubo efanele. Imfuneko yeSichibiyelo sesine, ephoqelelwa ngomthetho wokususa, iyinqubo efanelekile yokuvikela imfihlo. [FLT][FLT][3] [2018], iNkantolo Ephakeme yaqaphela ukuthi ukuxhashazwa kukahulumeni kwamasonto emisebenzi yendawo eyimfihlo kuhlanganisa inombolo yengqamuzana" isho ukuthi idinga isiqinisekiso, ifuna ukukhushulelwa okukhulu kwesivikelo sobuso besikhathi sonyaka. Nokho, ukunyuka kwemithetho esetshenziswa ngaphambi kokuhlola nokukhuphula inqubo eyisisekelo yemigomo. Inqumo engoko kungenza inqumo enkulu yenqubo engoko engokokuhlelekile. Izikhulu zikahulumeni zibone ukuthi inqubo ebaluleke kakhulu. Ize i-smovencestion ingenza inguquko engcono kakhulu enqubweni yobufakazini yomthetho oqinile.

Ukukhuthazelela Izinselele Nemingcele Yesikhathi Esizayo

Naphezu kokubekwa kwayo ezisekelweni, inqubo efanelekile ibhekene nezinsongo eziphikelelayo nezingalawulekiyo. Ukunqwabelana kwesimiso sobulungisa sobugebengu kudala ukucindezela okukhulu kokwenza ukuzidela okuqinile. Ukusetshenziswa kakhulu kokuvalelwa kwejele ngaphambi komthetho, lapho abantu beboshelwa khona izinyanga eziningi belindele ukulingwa ngenxa nje yokuthi abanakho ukukhokhela ibheyili, ukusebenza njengesijeziso esiqinile, ukwenza isikhuthazo esinamandla sokumangalela icala kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umsulwa. Lokhu "kunxusa" ukufakwa kwemibhobho emohweni yecala nesokudla kokuvinjelwa, okuyinqubo eyisisekelo edinga inqubo efanelekile engokomthetho. Endimeni yesizwe, ngokuvamile imfundiso yezikhulu ezifanelekayo zezokuvikela uhulumeni ekubekeni icala ngenxa yokuphula umthetho, yenza kube nzima ukulwela amalungelo azo wonke umthetho wesizwe. I-movement i-modural isho i-mone, lapho i-guverse ifuna ukuvikelwa kwemithetho engokomthetho yempi engcono kakhulu, i-Guan, ewusekeni yesivikelo esiwugunyazwe elivamile, ngokuvamile, ngokuvamile, ngokuvamile izikhulu ezisoliwe ngenxa yesivikelo sezikhulu.

Ukufinyelela ekwahluleleni kuseyinselele ebaluleke kakhulu. Izindleko eziphakeme zokumelelwa ngokomthetho zisho ukuthi abantu abaningi ababhekene nokulahlekelwa ngokwezimo zomphakathi, ukuxoshwa, noma ukudingiswa baphoqelelwa ukuba baqondise izimiso zomthetho eziyinkimbinkimbi ngaphandle kommeli. Nakuba Gideon[ iqinisekisa ukuthi iseluleko esisezimweni zobugebengu, akukho lungelo elilinganayo lokunikeza iseluleko ezicaleni zomphakathi, ngisho noma inzuzo ebhekene nesekwehlonipho, ngisho noma inzuzo ekhona ibhekene nesibopho somntwana sokuhlala, indlu, noma imfuyo, noma i-amfa yenkani" isho ukuthi amalungelo enqubweni enqunyweni enqubweni, isetshenziswa ngokusheka kobuchwepheshe, ngokuvamile ithandwa yilabo abakwazi ukukhokhela.

Isiphetho

Inqubo efanelekile inqubo yomthetho-sisekelo ehlanganisa indwangu yobulungisa baseMelika. Kusukela ekusungulweni kwayo ezigabeni zeMagna Carta kuya ekusebenzeni kwayo kwanamuhla esifundeni esikhulu sokuphatha nasemasimini amanani, iye yahlala iyisivikelo esiyinhloko ekusebenziseni amandla kahulumeni ngokungenangqondo. Umehluko phakathi kwenqubo efanelekile neyokungalinganiyo uqinisekisa ukuthi isimiso somthetho silungile futhi sihloniphe izici eziyisisekelo zenkululeko yomuntu. Nakuba imfundiso ibhekene nezinselele ezingapheli − kusukela ezikhungweni eziminyeneyo kanye nasezintweni zokuvikela izimpawu zemithetho kanye nezinsongosi ezingokomthetho ezikhona. Izimiso zomthetho zihlala zikhona: akukho muntu onegunya lokulalela umthetho. Ukuhlela inqubo engoko kudinga ukuqashelwa njalo, ukuqaphela isibopho nokulingana nokulingana nokugcinwa kobulungisa, ukulingana nokulingana nokulingana nokubekwa kwezimiso nokusongela kwezimiso zesizwe nokusongela kwesimiso somthetho wonke.