Imvelaphi Engokomlando Yenqubo Efanele

Umqondo wenqubo efanele awuzange uvele ngokugcwele e-United States Constitution; wavela emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka empikiswano engokomthetho nezombangazwe. Inkulumo yayo yokuqala eyaziwayo ivela . UMgna Carta [1215], lapho iNkosi uJohn yavuma khona ukuthi akukho muntu okhululekile ongase agqunywe ejele noma aphulwe impahla yakhe “ngaphandle kokwahlulela okungokomthetho kontanga yakhe noma umthetho wezwe." Lomusho owaziwayo uveza imbewu okumelwe iboshwe ngemithetho engokomthetho. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, umthetho ovamile waseNgilani wasungula izinqubo ezinjengelungelo lokuba inkantolo, ilungelo lokunikeza ubufakazi manje, futhi ilungelo lokuthola ukuvikelwa kwesinqumo. Kodwa lapho amakoloni ehlulwa ukubusa kweBrithani, aveza ukulahlwa kwalalelwa kwalalelwa kwala malungelo angokwesiko. Inqubo yomthetho omthetho owenziwe ngokuqondile, ukunciphisa lomthetho owenziwe ngokusetshenziswayo futhi ukulinganisa ukuvikela komthetho ogciniwe, ukunciphisa futhi ukunciphisa. Kodwa ukubheka ukuvikela esiqinile, ukunciphisa kusiza abafundi abaphila ngokubusa.

Ukuchaza Inqubo Efanele: Izinhlayiya Ezimbili Ezihlukile

Inqubo efanele ngokuvamile ihlukaniswa yaba izigaba ezimbili ezihlanganisanayo, ngayinye ifeza umsebenzi ohlukile ekuvikeleni amalungelo abantu ngabanye.

Inqubo ejwayelekile

Inqubo efanelekile ibuza indlela uhulumeni asebenza ngayo lapho encisha othile ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla. Kudinga izinqubo ezilungile: isaziso esanele, ithuba lokuzwakala phambi komenzi wesinqumo ongenachotho, nesinqumo esicatshangelweyo. Isibonelo, ngaphambi kokuba uhulumeni anqamule amalungelo abazali, kumelwe anikeze ukuzwa lapho umzali anganikeza khona ubufakazi futhi aphikise iziphakamiso zikahulumeni. Inkantolo ephakeme isungule uvivinyo olulinganiselwe Mathes v. [FLT] ukunquma ukuthi inqubo ifanele: linganisela isithakazelo somuntu esiphakatheni, izingozi zengozi ephazathwini, futhi ingenza inguquko engcono, inqubo edinga ukulawulwa nokulawulwa kohulumeni.

Inqubo Engeyona Inkinga

Inqumbi eyisisekelo ivikela amalungelo athile ayisisekelo ekungeneleni kukahulumeni kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ziyini izinqubo ezisetshenziswayo. Ibuza ukuthi yikuphi uhulumeni angakwenza, hhayi nje ukuthi wenza kanjani. Inqubo eyisisekelo isho ukuthi ilungelo lokushada, ilungelo lokuphakamisa abantwana, nelungelo lokuzimela ngokwamandla omzimba libaluleke kakhulu kangangokuba akukho nqubo engathethelela ukuphikiswa kwabo okuzenzekelayo. Lomcuba uye waba yimpikiswano kakhulu, ngokuvamile uhlukanisa amahlulelo ngokuthi uqukethe yini amalungelo enkululeko. Izinhlelo eziyinhloko ezimbili zingu-[FLT] v. [199].[0] [5] Inqubo eyaziwa kakhulu, leyo esetshenziswayo inqubo engokomthetho engokokwehlelayo, futhi kamuva, njengezimiso zezezezezezomnotho.[3][3][5]

Ukwakhiwa Komthetho - sisekelo

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu sithi: “Akekho umuntu oyothiya ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho.” Lolu limi ekuqaleni lusebenza kuhulumeni wezwe. Ngemva kweMpi Yombango, iSichibiyelo seshumi Nane seSichibiyelo sanwetshwa kuhulumeni:“ Kungeke kube nanoma imuphi uMbuso ozincisha noma yimuphi umuntu ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho. [FLT:] Isigwebo sesibili seSimemezelo seNguqulo seGajini 1 siqinisekisa futhi “isivikelo semithetho,” ngokuvamile esisebenza ngenqubo efanayo yokuvimbela ukucwaswa kwecala. Ngaphezu kwekhulu lama-20, iNkakhulu lama-20%, iNkanto esetshenziswa yilungelo eliyi-Genearcedroult [FLDicet] kumele ukuvikela i-Evicencerdentine, ukuvikela i-empempempekeleleze kumthetho, futhi i-ucrencerrust produceds. produced produced produce

Isichibiyelo Sesihlanu Emininingwaneni

Ngaphandle kwenqubo yenqubo yeSichibiyelo sesihlanu ngokwaso, siqukethe izivikelo eziningana ezisekela ukulunga kwenkantolo. Umkhulu uJury Clause ufuna ukumangalelwa okungokomthetho yijaji elikhulu lobugebengu obungathi sína bukahulumeni, linikeza isheke lokuqala phambi komuntu ukuba aphoqelelwe ukuquliswa icala. [[FLT:] [FLT]] uLeally Claus [ uvimbela uhulumeni ukuba umangalele umuntu kabili icala elifanayo, uvikela abamangalelwa ekuhlushweni ngokuphindaphindiwe. [[FLT:] [FLT] UClaviko .[FULT] [FULD] [F] [FULT]] [FOLD] uvumela umuntu ukuba alahle ukuzinikeza ubufakazi ngokumelene nalo, ukucindezela ukuboshelwa kwawo wonke lomthetho ukuba asebenze ngokuzimele.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nane Nokungavumelani

Lapho iSichibiyelo seshumi nane seSichibiyelo sagunyazwa ngo-1868, injongo yaso eyinhloko kwakuwukuvikela izigqila ezazisanda kukhululeka emithethweni kahulumeni engekho emthethweni. Kodwa inqubo yazo efanelekile yaba imoto yokusebenzisa amanye amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo kuhulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, ku- Gideon v. Wainright (1963),[FLT] [iNkantolo], iNkantolo ikholelwa ukuthi iSimendo seSixth somthetho sibaluleke kakhulu kangangokuba sisebenza ekuqulweni kwecala ngenqubo ye-145th Isimende se-Remigration. Ngokufanayo, ilungele ukuqulwa kwecala elisheshayo, nesokudla kofakazi kuye kwafakwa isivikelo esisezingeni eliphezulu. Inkantolo ishoshoshosho ukuthi ukuvikelwa kwemithetho evimbela ukuvinjelweyo, noma ukuvikelwa kwemithetho ebusayo ebusayo.

Inqubo Efanele Enyathelweni: Inkantolo

Ecaleni lobugebengu, inqubo efanele iqinisekisa ukuthi ummangalelwa uphathwa njengengxenye ephelele, hhayi into engenamsebenzi yamandla kahulumeni.

Ilungelo Leseluleko

Mhlawumbe inqubo efanelekile efanelekile isiqinisekiso sommeli. Gideon v. Wainwright, iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi kumelwe inikeze ummeli kunoma isiphi isigebengu esingakwazi ukukhokhela esinye. Lelilungelo lidlulela kuwo wonke amazinga abucayi okumangalelwa, kusukela ekudluliseni ngokudluliswa. Ukuba khona kweseluleko kuyasiza ekulinganiseni umncintiswano phakathi komuntu nombuso, kuqinisekisa ukuthi izimpikiswano zomthetho zinikezwa ngokufanelekile nokuthi amalungelo ommangalelwa avikelekile.

Ukufaneleka KobuJuda Obungakhethi

ISichibiyelo seSithandathu siqinisekisa “ijaji elingakhethi,” nenqubo efanele iqinisa leyomfuneko. Phakathi nokukhethwa kwabahluleli, zombili izinhlangothi zingabekela inselele abahluleli abangase bahlulele ubandlululo. Umahluleli kumelwe aqinisekise ukuthi iqumu labahluleli libonisa isigaba esicwathile somphakathi nokuthi akukho jaji eliye lacwaswa ukusakazwa kwangaphambi kwenkantolo. Uma ijaji lingcoliswe, inqubo efanele ifuna ukuba icala liqale ngeqembu elihlukile.

Ilungelo Lokubhekana NoFakazi

Abameleli banelungelo lokubhekana nabamangaleli babo kanye nokuphikiswana kofakazi. Lelilungelo, elisekelwe [ku-] Inqaba u-Clause, livimbela ubufakazi obuyimfihlo futhi linikeza isivikelo ithuba lokuveza ukungavumelani, ukungavumelani, noma amanga asobala. INkantolo Ephakeme ibambelele ukuthi ngisho nalapho ofakazi bengekho, amazwi abo awanakusetshenziswa ngaphandle kokuba ummangalelwa abe nethuba langaphambili lokuwahlukanisa.

Ilungelo Lokunikeza Ubufakazi Nokubuhlola

Nakuba umshushisi kumelwe abonise icala ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo, ukuzivikela kumelwe kube nethuba elinengqondo lokuphikisa icala likahulumeni. Izinkantolo azinakubulahla ngokuthanda kwazo ubufakazi bokuvikela noma zivimbele ummangalelwa ukuba athathe ukuma.

Ilungelo Lokukhanga

Uma icala lingqubuzana nenqubo efanele, ummangalelwa angadlulisa icala enkantolo ephakeme. Nakuba kungekho lungelo lomthetho-mthetho lokudlulisa icala kuwo wonke amacala, wonke umbuso nohulumeni unikeza isilinganiso esisodwa sokudlulisa icala ngokuqondile. Phakathi nokudlulisa isikhalo, inkantolo ebukezayo ihlola ukuthi amaphutha asekelwe emthethweni yini. Okufana nokuvuma okungafanele kobufakazi noma ukukhethwa kwabahluleli abakhethayo.

Icala Lenkantolo Eliphakeme Elathonya Inqubo Efanele

Izinqumo eziningi eziphoqelelwe ziye zachaza indlela inqubo efanele esebenza ngayo ezinkantolo zaseMelika.

Miranda v. e - Arizona (1966)

Ukuphenywa kwamaphoyisa kwase kuyisikhathi eside kuyindawo yokuphoqelelwa. Miranda, iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela ukuthi iSichibiyelo Sesihlanu sidinga ukuqashelwa komthetho ukuze sazise amalungelo abo ngaphambi kokuphenywa kwesigwebo. [``Izixwayiso ze-morla'''] Ilungelo lokuthula, ilungelo lommeli, nesixwayiso sokuthi noma yini engashiwo ingasetshenziswa kuwe-"manje. Ngaphandle kwalezi zixwayiso, noma yiziphi izinkulumo ezitholakalayo ngokuvamile azinakali ekuqulweni. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi “Isixwayiso esivamile singaphatha kanjani amaphoyisa ngaphambi kokuba inkantolo ivuleke.

UGideon (1963)

UClarence Earl Gideon wayeyindoda empofu ebekwe icala lokugqekeza egumbini laseFlorida. Wacela inkantolo ukuba imise ummeli; uhulumeni wenqaba ngoba ngalesosikhathi ilungelo leseluleko sasebenza emacaleni kahulumeni kuphela. UGideyoni wazimela futhi walahlwa icala. INkantolo Ephakeme yavumelana ngokuvumelana ekuvumeni kwakhe, inquma ukuthi ilungelo leSithathu seSichibiyelo sokululeka liyilungelo eliyisisekelo elisebenza ezindaweni ngeSiphendulo Sezinyushi seshumi nane. Kuleyo komiti, uGideyoni wakhululwa. Lelicala liqinisekisa ukuthi isikhundla sezomnotho asilona izinga lobulungisa.

Rochin v. California (1952)

Izikhulu zomthetho zangena endlini kaRochin, zambona egwinya amaphilisi amabili, zabe sezimyisa esibhedlela lapho isisu sakhe sasimpontshelwa khona ngokumelene nentando yakhe. Amaphilisi aphenduka i-morphine. INkantolo Ephakeme yaphikisa ukuthi lesenzo “sishayisa unembeza” futhi siphula inqubo efanele, ngisho noma kungekho komiti ethile yelungiselelo lamaLungelo eyaphulwa ngokuqondile. Icala lamisa leyo nqubo efanele ivimbela uhulumeni ukuba asebenzise izindlela zobuphengulube eziwunya kakhulu noma ezicasulayo ukuba zithathe isigwebo esiyisisekelo.

UKelly (1970)

Ngaphambi kokuba isifundazwe saseNew York siqede izinzuzo zomamukeli wezenhlalakahle, kwadingeka ukuba kubekwe icala elisobala. INkantolo yanquma ukuthi izinzuzo zenhlalakahle ziwuhlobo lwempahla ngaphansi kwe-Curreate Proces Claus, futhi abamukelayo banelungelo lokuzwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi okuhlanganisa ilungelo lokunikeza ubufakazi, ukubhekana nofakazi, futhi baqulwe phambi komenzi wesinqumo ongakhethi. Goldberg[ inqubo efanelekile yokunikezwa inzuzo kuhulumeni, ibeka izinga lamacala ahilela ukulondeka komphakathi, izindlu zomphakathi, nomsebenzi.

Mathews v. Eldiridge (1976)

Ukuthola izinqubo eziqondile ezidingekayo ngaphambi kokuba uhulumeni uthathe inzuzo, iNkantolo Ephakeme yamemezela ukuhlolwa kwezingxenye ezintathu: isithakazelo somuntu siqu esithintekile, ingozi yokuncishwa, nesithakazelo sikahulumeni. Amathew [ manje isiyindinganiso senqubo efanelekile yokulawula nokulinganisela, ngokwenzuzo yokukhubazeka kwe-athom.

Izinselele Zanamuhla Zenqubo Efanele

Nakuba izimiso eziyisisekelo zihlala ziqinile, intuthuko yamanje engokomthetho ihlola ukufinyelela kwenqubo efanele. Enye inselele enkulu ukuphakama kwecala lokuphikisana . Amaphesenti angu-95 ecala liphela ngokunxusa, hhayi ngecala. Abalweli kumelwe bazi ukuthi bawathathe ngokuzithandela amalungelo abo afanele enqubo. Izinkantolo ziye zazama ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukunxusa kokuzithandela kudinga ukuqulwa kwejaji, ilungelo lokubhekana nofakazi, nelungelo lokuhlala buthule. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukucindezela okukhulu kokwamukela isicelo (ngokuvamile ngesigwebo esifushane kunesiqinisekiso) kungenza ngisho nabantu abangenacala bavume icala. Izinkantolo ziye zazama ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukunxusa kokuzithandela ngezindlela ezicinene zokukhokhwaza, kodwa ukunxusa kwekhono ezifanele zonke ukuthi inqubo enqunywe ngokugcwele noma inqunywe ngokuphelele.

Omunye umngcele ngumthetho wokukhipha isigwebo . Nakuba ukudingiswa kuyicala lomphakathi kunokuba kube ubugebengu, kungaphumela ekudingisweni kwezwe. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yawaqaphela amalungelo athile afaneleyo abantu abangaboni, njengamalungelo okuqaphela nokuqulwa kwecala, kodwa izinga lesivikelo ngokuvamile liyahluleka ukubhekana nezilingo zobugebengu. Ama-imimrigrant angavalelwa ngaphandle kwesibopho isikhathi eside, futhi kwezinye izimo awamukeli seluleko esimisiwe. Abameli baphikisa ngokuthi uma izikhungo zihlanganisa ukuhlukana nomkhaya nomphakathi, uhulumeni kufanele unikeze izinga eliphakeme lokuvikela.

Izimiso zezokuphepha zesizwe nazo ziyahlangana nenqubo efanele. Ngemva kokuhlasela okungu-9/11, uhulumeni wasungula izimemezelo zezempi zamasosha alwa nezitha eGuantánamo Bay. INkantolo Ephakeme [ku-] HAmdi v. Rumsteld (2004) wakholelwa ukuthi ngisho nesakhamuzi sase-U.S. kumelwe siboshwe njengesitha esine isisekelo esiyiqiniso sejele sakhe nethuba elibalulekile lokuncintisana ngaso phambi komenzi wesinqumo esingathathi hlangothi. Lendaba ibonisa ukuthi inqubo efanelekile ivumelanisa ngisho nezikhathi zenhlekelele, nakuba izinqubo eziqondileyo zisekhona.

Ubuchwepheshe buqala imibuzo emisha. Ukusetshenziswa kwe ubufakazi, [[FTL:2] ukuqashelwa kobuzwe , nokunqunyelwa kusengaphambili kwemithetho-mithetho yezibalo [[[ ekugwebeni inyusa ukukhathazeka ngokubona bhadile nelungelo lokungaqiniseki ubufakazi. Uma ummangalelwa engakwazi ukunqamleza i-testamento ye-alim noma ukuqonda indlela esebenza ngayo, inqubo efaneleyo ingaqala ukululazwa. Izinkantolo ziqala ukudingida indlela amathuluzi enziwe ngayo imithetho yemithetho-alkhodio kanye nokuvumela abashishiwe ukuba banikeze ubufakazi bakhona manje bekhono zabo.

Ukufundisa Ngenqubo Efaneleyo Ekilasini

Kubafundisi, inqubo efanele inikeza isihloko esicebile sokuhlanganisa umthetho, umlando, nezenzakalo zamuva. Othisha bangasebenzisa amacala aphawulayo angenhla njengezifundo zecala, benze abafundi bafanekise izimpikiswano phambi kweNkantolo Ephakeme noma badlale izigaba ezihlukahlukene zokuqulwa kwecala. Ukuxoxa ngomehluko phakathi kwenqubo efanelekile yokuhlanganisa neyokuhlela inqubo efanelekile kusiza abafundi ukuba baqonde kokubili ukulinganisela nokujula kwezindinganiso ezingemva kwayo. Imisebenzi ingahlanganisa:

  • Icala le-Mock:[ Abafundi benza izindima zomahluleli, umshushisi, ummeli, nojaji abavikelayo ekwaphuleni okulindelekile okucatshangelwayo.
  • Ukuhlaziya i-Case: Amaqembu acwaninga icala elilodwa eliyingqophamlando futhi anikeze amaqiniso alo, abambelele, futhi acabangele ikilasi.
  • [[FLT: 0] Izehlo: Izindlela ezifanele zokuvikela kufanele zisebenze kubantu abavela kwamanye amazwe? Kuthiwani ezikoleni ukuze abafundi bathole isiyalo? Icala leNkantolo Ephakeme Gos v. Lopez (1972) lathi abafundi ababhekene ne-stemp kumelwe bamukele isaziso necala, iphuzu elihle lokuqalisa.
  • C izenzakalo zamanje:[ Izindaba zezindaba ezihlanganisa ukuphulwa kwenqubo okuthiwa kufanele (umzk., ukuvalelwa kwangaphambi kwecala isikhathi eside, izinkolelo ezingalungile, noma izinhlelo zokuhlola) bese uxoxa ukuthi izinqubo ezisetshenziswayo zihlangabezana yini nezindinganiso zomthetho-sisekelo.

Kusetshenziswa imithombo eyinhloko − njengombhalo weSichibiyelo sesihlanu neseshumi nane, imibono eminingi ku imanda kanye Gideon[, noma ngisho neMagna Carta] enikeza abafundi abathembisene ngqo nolimi lwenkululeko. Imithombo eminingi ikhona eMnyango wolwazi [[FLT:] [[FLT:]] naseMkhiqizweni wezeze-[FLT].

Isiphetho

Inqubo ifana nenye yezindlela ezihlala njalo nezibalulekile kakhulu esimisweni somthetho waseMelika. Kusukela ekusungulweni kwayo kwenkathi ephakathi eMagna Carta kuya ekuhlolweni kwayo kwanamuhla ekucelweni ukucela, izinkantolo zokuthutha, nobufakazi bemishini, lesi simiso sigcizelela ukuthi uhulumeni akanakwenza ngokuthanda. Enkantolo, inqubo efanelekile iqinisekisa ukuthi wonke ummangalelwa uthola ukuzwakala ngokungakhethi, umenzi wesinqumo, nethuba elinenjongo lokuzwakala. Nakuba izinselele nemibandela entsha ikhona, isibopho esiyinhloko sisasele: akekho umuntu oyophucwa ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla ngaphandle kwesivikelo somthetho. Ngokufundisa nangokuqonda lezizimiso, abafundi nezakhamuzi ngokufanayo bangasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi inqubo efanelekile ihlala iyinto engokoqobo ephilayo ukuze isizukulwane sifike.