Izingxabano zezisebenzi bezilokhu ziyisici esiqhubekayo semisebenzi, ngokuvamile esihilela izigxobo eziphakeme zezisebenzi, abaqashi, kanye nomnotho obanzi. Uma ukungavumelani kwanda ngeholo, izimo zokusebenza, ukulaya, noma ukuqedwa, indlela lezozingxabano ezixazululwa ngayo kungaba nemiphumela ehlala njalo. Isici esiphakathi sokulungisa inqubo efanelekile ukugcinwa kwezinhlelo ezifanele zenqubo (jealgal) kanye nesivikelo esiqinisekisa ukuthi wonke amaqembu athola ukwelashwa okulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho. Lezi zigono aziyona imicabango engaqondakali; ziyizindlela eziqinile ezifakwa ezimisweni, ezimisiwe, nezindlela zokuhlela imisebenzi. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlolwa okuqinile kwenqubo efanelekile yemicimbiso enqunyweni yemisebenzi, izigwebo, izinyathelo ezingokomthetho, iziteshi, izitebhi eziqinile, iziteshi ezingokomthetho, nezinganga eziqhubekayo.

Ukuqonda Inqubo Efaneleyo Ezimpikiswaneni Zezisebenzi

Inqubo efanelekile, eyisisekelo, imfuneko engokomthetho yokuba izindikimba zihloniphe wonke amalungelo angokomthetho akwelethwa umuntu. Ngokomongo wezingxabano zezisebenzi, inqubo efanele isebenza kuzo zombili izisebenzi nabaqashi lapho bebhekene nezenzo ezingezinhle njengokuthatha izinyathelo zokujezisa, ukunqanda, noma ukuphika izinzuzo. Lomqondo usekelwe kwiSichibiyelo sesihlanu neseshumi nane nesine esisekelwe eMthethweni womthetho we-U.S., esiqinisekisa ukuthi akekho umuntu oyophucwa ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho. Emsebenzi, impahla ingavela esivumelwaneni somsebenzi, ukuvumelana kwesivumelwano sesivumelwano sesivumelwano sezesivumelwano, noma ngisho nemithetho emisiwe edala ukulindela okungokomthetho kokusebenza okuqhubekayo.

Inqubo elindelekile

Inqubo elindelekile emthethweni wezisebenzi ihlanganisa izilinganiso ezimbili: abenzi-zinqumo nabangaphansi. iProfecture enqubweni eyiyo yenqubo efaneleyo [ igxila ekuqondeni ngokulunga kwezinqubo ezisetshenziswa empikiswaneni(ukunikeza isaziso esanele, amathuba okuzwakalayo, abenzi-sinqumo abangakhethiyo, nelungelo lokukhanga. ] inqubo efanelekile edingayo [[, nakuba kungavamile ukufakwa ezimpikiswaneni zemisebenzi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umthetho owe phansi noma isenzo ngokwaso ngokwaso unengqondo futhi awuboli. Izindlela eziningi zokuphikisana ngezenzo zomlutha zigcizelela izivikelo ezicacile ngenxa yokulunga.

Umlando

Isimiso sanamuhla senqubo efanelekile yenqubo yokuxabana kwezisebenzi silandela izimpande zayo zenkathi entsha ye-New Deal, ikakhulukazi i- National Labor Relations (NLRA) ka-1935]. I-NLRA imise ilungelo lezisebenzi lokuhlela, ukuhlela, ukuhlelwa, nokuhlanganyela emisebenzini ehlangeneyo, futhi ibangele i-National Laborboration Board (NLRB)[FLY:] ukuqinisa lawomalungelo. I-andrend nencazelo yokwahlulela yaqinisa isivikelo se-proccodetic. Isibonelo, [[FLLT:4] i-Laborreaumeral Active [irlations-ft-Hvey Actal [FFFFoct:] [FLY] i-Foct: [1245] ukuvikela abaqashi kanye nezimiso ezingaphezulu, ukuhlanganisa izigwebo zezelele, ukuva izivumelwano zezezelelwe, futhi izivumelwano ezingaphezulu zemvume, ezingaphezulu, ezingaphezulu, ezingaphezulu kakhulu, ezihlanganisa i

Ukubaluleka kwenqubo efanele akunakuchazwa ngokungaphezulu. Imiphumela egunyaziwe, inciphisa amathuba ezenzo zobushiqela, futhi ikhuthaza ukwethembela esimisweni sempikiswano sokuxazulula impikiswano. Ngaphandle kokuvikela okuqinile, izingxabano zingaphenduka ukungalingani kwamandla, ukuphindisela, nokulwa okuqhubekayo.

Izivikelo Eziyinhloko Eziphoqelelwe Ekuxazululeni

Izindlela eziningana eziyisisekelo zokuvikela ezidingekayo zigcinwa njalo ezimisweni zokuxazulula izimpikiswano zezisebenzi.

  • Amanothi e Processings: Wonke amaqembu kumelwe amukele ukwaziswa okufike ngesikhathi nokucacile mayelana nohlobo lwempikiswano, izimpikiswano okumelwe kuxoxwe, kanye nokuqulwa kwezindaba okuhleliwe. Ukuhluleka ukunikeza isaziso esanele kungaqeda izenzo ezilandelayo.
  • Kusuka ku-Amear: Zombili izinhlangothi kumelwe zibe nethuba elibalulekile lokunikeza ubufakazi, ukubiza ofakazi, futhi wenze izimpikiswano. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ilungelo lokumelelwa ngeseluleko noma ummeleli wenhlangano.
  • Impikiswano engakhethi-iManzi-Isinqumo: Kumelwe ixazululwe u-applicator ongasoleki] noma umahluleli womthetho ophethe, umbambi, noma indawo engaphandle ("engenazimpikiswano zesithakazelo noma ukucindezela kwangaphandle."
  • [ IPhambili elifanele ekunikezeni ubufakazi nokuhlolwa kwesiphambano: Izinsuku zingafaka amabhukwana abalulekile nobufakazi, futhi ziphikise ubufakazi obuphikisayo ngokuhlola okuphambanayo.
  • [ Isinqumo esinezizathu: abenzi besinqumo ngokuvamile kuyadingeka ukuba banikeze umbono obhaliwe ochaza isisekelo esiyiqiniso nesingokomthetho sesinqumo sabo, esisiza ukubukeza nokudlulisa.
  • [ Imishini esetshenziswayo: Izinqumo ezingathandeki zingabekelwa inselele ngokubukeza ngaphakathi noma ngokudlulisa isikhalo sokwahlulela, ukunikeza i-exake ngamaphutha noma ubandlululo.

Isivikelo Esengeziwe Ekuqoqweni Kwemali Nokuhlanganiswa Kwayo

Ezindaweni zemisebenzi ezihlangene, izivumelwano ezihlangene ngokuvamile zihlanganisa izigaba eziqondile zenqubo. Lokhu kungadinga abaqashi ukuba balandele “izindinganiso” ngaphambi kokuyala noma ukwephula izisebenzi, kanye nezinqubo zokuzijezisa eziqhubekayo. Uku-Arbitration, okuvamile ukuthatha i-ligigation, kuhlanganisa nezimiso ezifunekayo: Uniformation Act Protocom [[FLT]] ne-FLT] Arbit Act [[FLT: 3] ibeka izindinganiso ze-averbit, ukuthatha icala, ukuthatha ubuthathi-buthengi, nokulalela izinqubo. Abaqashi abaningi nezinhlangano futhi bamukela i-protocodecrationstion for Mediactive and Arbtion of Armation:[Foctal"[5]

Imisebenzi Yesakhelo Engokomthetho Neyasezinhlanganweni Ebangela Inqubo Efanele

Izinga lokuvikela elifanele alikho endaweni engenalutho; ligxile ohlwini lwezimiso, izimiso, nemikhuba yokuhlela.Ukuqonda izinhlelo eziyinhloko kuyasiza ekuboniseni indlela ukugcinwa kwamandla empi okwenzeka ngayo ngempela.

I - National Labor Relations Act Ne - NLRB

[[NTLT:0] I-National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) iyisisekelo somthetho wezisebenzi wangasese e-United States. Ngaphansi kwe-NLRA, izisebenzi zinelungelo lokusungula, joyina, noma zisize izinhlangano zezisebenzi; hlelani; futhi uhileleke emisebenzini evikelweyo. I-Act futhi inqabela abaqashi nezinyunyana ukuba bangene emikhubeni engafanele yemisebenzi yezisebenzi (ULPs). I-National National Revolation (NLB)[FLB] ifaka lemisebenzi esemthethweni ehleliwe ngenqubo ehlelekile. Inqumo engokomthetho, i-FFFFN, futhi ibone inqumo engokomthetho engokomthetho engokomthetho, engokomthetho nangokwezinhlanu. [ngendlela engathi kumele, futhi i-RFF]

Enye Impikiswano Engaxazululwayo (ADR) Imishini

Ngalé kwe-NLRB, izimpikiswano eziningi zezisebenzi zixazululwa ngenye indlela yokuxazulula impikiswano (ADR) izindlela zokuxazulula izingxabano. I-Féderal Mediation ne Conciliation Service (FMCS), [[[FLT:]], i-metation ezimeleyo ye-metation, inikeza izinkonzo zokuvimbela nokuxazulula izingxabano zemisebenzi. [[FLT] Iqembu lesithathu linikeza isinqumo esibophekayo. ADR ingabiza ngokushesha futhi ingabizi kakhulu kune-ligcona, kodwa inqubo efanele idinga ukuba ababambene ngokuzithandela inqubo, bathole ukumelelwa okulungile, futhi banikeze ukukhululeka kokungahlangani. [ngendlela engcono] i-FFF] i-Mostionstion i-octive.[A][5] Inqubo egunyaziwe ye-octivectiveations tractiveation trainss tractived travotion: "f]

Imibuso Nemithetho Yasendaweni

Izifunda eziningi zinezindawo zazo zokusebenzela izisebenzi zomphakathi (isinye, i-Fource Relations Board yase-California, i-New York Public Accounting Relations Board). Lezi zindikimba ziphoqelela inqubo efanelekile esebenzisa izinqubo ezifanayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iholo lesizwe nezimiso zehora, izimiso zezisebenzi zokukhokha izinxephelo, nemithetho emelene nokudluliswa kwemisebenzi ngokuvamile ihlanganisa amalungelo okuzwa nokudluliswa. Ukuhlangana kwe-ohulumeni, umbuso, kanye nohlelo lwangasese kungakha izingqimba zesivikelo. kodwa futhi ukuyinkimbinkimbi.

Indima Yezinkantolo

Izinkantolo zifeza indima ebalulekile ekuqinisekiseni inqubo edingekayo ngokubukeza izinqumo zokuphatha, ama-arbitral amadirds, nezinselele zomthetho-sisekelo. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. iphethe ukuthi izisebenzi zomphakathi ezifuna impahla emisebenzini yazo zinelungelo lokwazisa ngaphambi kwesikhathi sesikhathi nemvume yokuqulwa (umz., ] i-Clevateancer [i-Loudermill v.[FL:1]], 470 U.S. 532). (1985). Engxenyeni eyimfihlo ye-Inqubwe, izivumelwano zokulungisa inqubo eyisisekelo yezenqubo eyisisekelo (isibonelo), ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umenzi wemfundo wezemfundo ayikhethile futhi unethuba lokulunga. [Flectalnameoctal Informationstion:[2]

Izindlela Zokwenza Inqubo Efanele Isetshenziselwe Ukusetshenziswa

Ukuqonda izinyathelo ezihilelekile empikiswaneni yezisebenzi kungacacisa indlela inqubo efanelekile esebenza ngayo ezimweni ezingokoqobo zezwe. Umfanekiso olandelayo usebenzisa ukukhokhwa okungafanele kwezisebenzi ezibekwe i-NLRB, kodwa izinyathelo ezifanayo zisebenza ezimisweni eziningi zokushintsha kanye nasezimisweni ze-oves.

  1. Ukukhomba ikhambi: Isisebenzi, inyunyana, noma umqashi ufaka icala elibonisa ukwephulwa kwe-NLRA. Icala kumelwe libekwe ngokuqondile futhi ligcinwe phakathi kwesilinganiso sesikhathi (ngokuvamile izinyanga eziyisithupha). Iqembu eliphendulayo lithola ikhophi nethuba lokunikeza impendulo.
  2. I-Investigation: i-NLRB’S Office ihlola, iqoqa ubufakazi nokubuza ofakazi. Bobabili abafaka ufakazi banganikeza amabhukwana nezitatimende zobufakazi. Uma uphengululo lungatholi nzuzo, ukukhokhwa kuyaxoshwa (namalungelo okudlulisa).
  3. Complist and Heather Sclidgeng: Uma iSiluleko esivamile sithola inzuzo, kukhishwa isikhalo esingokomthetho. U-Present kumelwe afake impendulo. Umahluleli wezomthetho (ALJ) uhlela ukuqulwa, ngezaziso ezanele kuwo wonke amaqembu.
  4. Imicimbi yokuzwa: Ingase ihileleke ekutholeni (ukuguqula amadokhumende, uphenyo, iziphetho) njengemvume. Izihambi zingagcinwa. I-ALJ ingagcina izingqungquthela ezibukelwe ngaphambi kokuzwa ezindabeni ezimngcingo.
  5. Ukuzwa: Ukuzwa kuphathwa njengecala. Iseluleko esivamile sinikeza ubufakazi kuqala, kulandelwe yimpendulo. OFakazi bafungela, babhekisekile futhi bahlola isiphambano, futhi kubekwa izimpikiswano. Wonke amaqembu anelungelo lokumelelwa ngeseluleko. Ukuzwa kuqoshwe noma kubhalwe.
  6. Izindlebe ezimfushane nesinqumo: Ngemva kokuthethwa kwecala, iziphathi zingabhala izifushaniso ezibhaliwe. I-ALJ ikhipha isinqumo esiqukethe okutholakele, iziphetho zomthetho, nomyalo otuswayo. Isinqumo kumelwe sicatshange futhi sidlulise ubufakazi obusekelayo.
  7. Appeal ku Board:[ Iqembu lingase lithathe uhele ohlukile esinqumweni se-ALJ e Washington, D.C. Ibhodi ibukeza umbhalo de novo noma ngaphansi kwendinganiso ebanzi. Isinqumo sebhodi siyisenzo sokugcina senhlangano.
  8. Jodicial Review: Iqembu eliphakanyiswe umyalo wokugcina weBhodi lingase licele iNkantolo Yokudlulisa Amacala yase-U.S. ukuze libukeze. Inkantolo ibukeza okutholakayo okungamanga kweBhodi ngenxa yobufakazi obuqalile neziphetho zalo ezingokomthetho zokungahambisani nomthetho wenkantolo. Ukungavumelani nomthetho kungaholela ekudeleleni inkantolo.

Kuzo zonke lezi zigaba, inqubo efanele idinga ukuba abahilelekile bangabandlululi ngokungadingekile ngokulibala, ukungaqapheli, noma ukwenza izinqumo ezinobandlululo. I-NLRB inezinyathelo zokulawula izinga lezinga eliphezulu, kuhlanganise nokuqeqeshelwa i-ALJs kanye nokubukezwa njalo kwezinqumo.

Ukubambisana Nezindlela Zokwelapha

Uma kutholakala ukwephulwa kwenqubo okufanele, umyalo wokulungisa ungahlanganisa ukubuyiselwa, ukukhokhelwa, ukuthumela izimemezelo, nokuyeka ukuphatha iziyalezo. Abaqashi abephula amalungelo afanele enqubo, i-NLRB ingafuna futhi ukukhululeka okusenkantolo kahulumeni. E-arbitration, izinkantolo zingakhipha amasu uma isigebengu sidlulele egunyeni noma sibonakala sihlukile, okuyinqubo eqondile yokuvikela.

Izinselele Nokubonisa Ubuqotho Enqubweni Efanele

Naphezu kwesimiso esiqinile, ukugcinwa kwenqubo ezimpikiswaneni zezisebenzi kubhekene nezinselele ezinkulu.

Amazinga Okubala Amandla

Enye yezinselele eziphikelelayo ukuhleleka okungokwemvelo phakathi kwezisebenzi ngabanye nabaqashi. Abaqashi ngokuvamile abanayo izimali, ulwazi olungokomthetho, kanye namandla angokomzwelo okulawula izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ukumelelwa kwe-Union kunganciphisa lokhu, kodwa izisebenzi eziningi azikwazi ukumelana nezimiso. Kumthetho ophoqelelwe, abaqashi bangabeka imithetho evimbelayo elinganiselayo elinganisela ukutholakala noma ukuvimbela inqubo yekilasi, ilulaza ngokuphumelela inqubo efanele. Izinkantolo ziye zahlola izivumelwano ezinjalo, kodwa umthwalo ngokuvamile uwela ezigqitsheni ukuba ziwabeke inselele inselele. [ Imisebenzi yemisebenzi yezisebenzi inikeza izimali ezinkonzweni yezisebenzi, kuhlanganise nendlela yokukhahlela amafayela nosizo olungokomthetho.

Ukulibala Nezindleko

Ngisho noma kunezinqubo ezifanele, ukulibala kungaqeda ukuphumelela kwenqubo efanele. Izenzakalo ze-NLRB zingathatha izinyanga noma iminyaka kusukela ekuthatheni isigwebo sokugcina, ikakhulukazi uma kufakwa izikhalo. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, izisebenzi zingalahlekelwa iholo, zibhekane nokuphindisela, noma zivele ziphele. Ukunqandeka kungashesha kodwa kungabiza kakhulu ngenxa yemali ekhokhwayo nezindleko zabameli. Izinqubo zokulandelana, njengokusebenzisa izitebhisi zezindlebe ezikhucululwayo noma ama-electronic, kuyaqhubeka. Nokho, ijubane akumelwe lifike ngezindleko zokulinganisela okuphelele.

Ngenekile kummelelo

Inqubo elindelekile ayiqiniseki uma abahlanganyeli behluleka ukuthatha igalelo ngokuphumelelayo. Izisebenzi eziningi ezithola imali ephansi azikwazi ukukhokhela abameli abazimele. Izinhlangano zosizo olungokomthetho nabameli bezinhlangano zezinhlangano zigcwalisa izikhala ezithile, kodwa imfuno ingaphezu kakhulu kokutholakala kwezinhlelo ze-probo noma izinqubo ezenziwe lula zezinhlangano eziziveza zona ngokwazo. I-website ye-NLRB inikeza amafomu nesiqondiso, kodwa ukuqondisa isimiso ngaphandle kosizo lochwepheshe kuyinselele. Ukwandisa ukufinyelela iseluleko nemisebenzi yokuhumusha kuqinisa inqubo efanele.

Intuthuko Yamuva: Izindlebe Ezinomswakama Nezindlebe Ezikude

Ukuphakama kwezentengiselwano zezentengiselwano kuye kwadala imibuzo emisha edingayo. Izisebenzi ezihlukaniswa njengezikhishi ezizimele ngokuvamile azikwazi ukufinyelela izivikelo zomthetho wezemisebenzi. I-NLRB'S zenza ukuhlolwa kwezemisebenzi (umz., Suplet Thtle DFW [[FFF:1]], 367 NLB]. 75 (209) inemiphumela ephawulekayo yenqubo efanelekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umqedazwela we-CHOVID usheshisa ukusetshenziswa kokuzwa okukude, uphakamisa imibuzo ngokuphathelene nobungako bobufakazi, ukuhlola okuthembekile, nokufinyelela kobuchwepheshe obukhombayo kuzo zonke izigaba. Nakuba ukuhlolozobuchwepheshe zingenyuka nokuhamba kahle, kumelwe zihlanganiswe ngokuvikela inqubo ethembekile, futhi ziqiniseke ngokulingana nezincwadi ze-intanethi ezikhona.

Imikhuba Engokwesiko Neyokubona Ngokukhanyayo

Ukubonisa ubulungisa akudingi nje kuphela imithetho engokomthetho kodwa futhi kudinga isiko lobuqotho phakathi kwabenzi besinqumo nabasekeli. Abameli no-ALJ kumele badalule izingxabano ezingase zibe khona. Izinhlangano eziningi zikhipha izibhexo ezingathathi hlangothi ezinezimfanelo eziningi. Ukuqeqesha izimiso nekhono lomphakathi kunciphisa ukungaboni kahle. Ukubona kude. Okufana nokunyathelisa nokugcina amarekhodi acacile ." Kuvumela umphakathi ukuba uqaphele ukungaguquguquki nokugcina izinhlangano zinesibopho. [[FLT: 0] Federal Mediation ne Concialiation Service (FMCS) inezindinganiso zomlamulithi ongekho mcaze nako]

Isiphetho

Inqubo ifanelekile i-licky yesinqumo sokuvikela impikiswano engakhethi. Baqinisekisa ukuthi akukho mkhandlu olawulwa izinqumo eziwumthetho, ukuthi ubufakazi buzwiwe, futhi izahlulelo zokungakhethi zikhishwe. Kusukela kwi-NLRA ne-NLRB kuya kwimithetho elawulayo ne-NLRB, isimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi kodwa esivumelanayo siye sashintsha ukuze sivikele amalungelo ezisebenzi nabaqashi ngokufanayo. Nokho, ukuphoqelelwa akuzenzakaleli; kuxhomeke ekuqapheni kokuqapha ukuqapha, imithombo eyanele, futhi kuqhubeke ukuthuthukiswa kwezimiso. Ukungalinganiswa, ukubambezekela, nokuvimbela ukufinyelela imingcele okumelwe kukhulunywe ukuze kwenziwe inqubo efanelekile yazo zonke izinto. Njengoba izimakethengi zemisebenzi zishintsha ngendlela entsha kanye namalungiselelo, ukuzibophezela ukujwa inqubo yayo eyisisekelo. Kunoma yimuphi umqashi, njengoba i-omgomo, noma ummeli, i-snernernernerner.