Isimiso somthetho sisekelwe esisekelweni senqubo yokulwa kwecala, lapho izinhlangothi ezimbili eziphikisanayo , ukushushisa nokuvikela kusempini ehleliwe ukuze kufike yiqiniso nobulungisa. Lolu hlelo, olufakwe kakhulu emasikweni omthetho afanayo, luqinisekisa ukuthi akukho mbono owodwa olawulayo futhi ukuthi wonke umuntu omangalelwa ngobugebengu uthola ukuzwa okuhle. Enhliziyweni yalesi simiso zinezindima ezimbili ezibucayi: abashushisi nabameli. Ngamunye udlala ingxenye ebalulekile ekuqondiseni kobulungisa, ngokuvamile emelela izinhlangothini eziphikisanayo. Ukuqonda imisebenzi yabo, imithwalo yemfanelo, nokuxhumana kubaluleke kakhulu ekuqondeni indlela isimiso somthetho esisebenza ngayo, ngaphandle kwemisebenzi kanye namadramagele.

Lezizindima ezimbili akuzona nje izitha emdlalweni we-zero-sum; zingabavikeli bemisebenzi ehlukile kodwa ehlobene. Umshushisi, njengommeleli kazwelo, kumelwe afune ubulungisa, hhayi nje isiqinisekiso. Ummeli, njengommeli wabamangalelwa, kumelwe aqiniseke ukuthi uhulumeni uhlangabezana nomthwalo wakhe wobufakazi nokuthi amalungelo omthetho womthetho womthetho owe-0 agciniwe. Bonke, bakha injini yesimiso esiklanyelwe ukulinganisela amandla, bavikele inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, futhi balondoloze ukwethenjwa umphakathi. Lesi sihloko sihlola indima ngayinye ngokujula, izibopho zabo zezimiso zokuziphatha, ukuthi basebenzelana kanjani, nokuthi kungani ukusebenza kwabo okufanelekile kubaluleke kakhulu ekusekeleni isimiso esilungile nesisebenzayo. Ukucacingce kakhulu kwesimiso somthetho, abafundi bangathinta [FLC] Umthetho: [Flectner]

Indima Yabashushisi: Abagadi Besithakazelo Somphakathi

Abashushisi bangabameleli abangokomthetho bakahulumeni, abanomthwalo wokumangalela abantu abamangalelwa ngobugebengu. Ngokungafani nabameli abavikelayo, abathembeke ngokuyinhloko kubathengi babo, abashushisi banomthwalo wemfanelo emphakathini, ezisulwini, nakumbono ofiphele wobulungisa ngokwawo. Lokhu kwethembeka okubili okuvelayo, ukumelela umbuso nokungakhethi, − ukuveza indawo ekhethekile nefuna imibandela esemthethweni. Umsebenzi wabo oyinhloko ukufuna ubulungisa, hhayi ukuvikela izinkolelo. Lesi simiso esiyisisekelo, esibekwe ngokwezikhonziswa yi-American Bar Association futhi siphoqelelwe yinkantolo, sisho ukuthi abashicileli kumelwe basebenzise ukuqapha okukhulu, bahlole ubufakazi ngokungakhethi, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngisho nokunqaba ukuqulisa lapho ubufakazi bubuthakathaka noma icala liphumela ekungabi nabulungisa.

Lendima ihilela imithwalo yemfanelo eminingana eyinhloko, ngayinye edinga ubuchwepheshe obungokomthetho, ukwahlulela nobuqotho:

  • Ukuhlola: Abashushisi bahlola ubufakazi obunikezwa ngokuqiniswa komthetho ukuze banqume ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuba kube nobufakazi obungabangela nokungaguquguquki kokufaka amacala. Lokhu kuhlola umsebenzi wokuqala wokugcina amasango, ukuvimbela amacashaza abuthakathaka noma angenasisekelo ukuba aqhubeke. Akumelwe bacabangele amandla obufakazi kuphela kodwa futhi nokuthembeka kofakazi, ukuphenywa okusemthethweni nokuquleka, kanye nethuba lokubonisa umuzwa wecala ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo.
  • Izinqumo zokukhomba: Isinqumo esinegunya lokumangalela sifika nomthwalo wemfanelo wokumangalela ngokufanele. Abashushisi banganquma ukuthi yiziphi izenzo zobugebengu ezifanele ukubekwa icala − kusukela kumaphutha ukuya kumafensi angathi sína . Futhi uma kufanele uphishekele ukuthuthukisa. Lesisinqumo sithonywa ubuqatha bobugebengu, umlando wobugebengu wommangalelwa, kanye nezithakazelo zobulungisa. Ukuphathwa ngonya kungaholela ekucindezeleni okungafanele kwabamangalelwa ukuba bamangalelwe ukuba bamangalelwe; ukugaxele ngokungenasizo esivulekile.
  • Ukulungiselela okungaguquguqukiyo: Uma icala liqhubekela ekuqulweni kwecala, abashushisi kumelwe balungiselele kahle. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuqoqa ubufakazi obungokoqobo, ukuxoxa nofakazi, ukusebenza nabaphoqeleli bomthetho, nokulungiselela izindlela zokuvikela. Kumelwe futhi baqinisekise ukuthi bonke ubufakazi bokuvikela bungakhipha ummangalelwa noma ukunciphisa ukuvikela kwabo, njengoba kufunwa yikhonkolo ye-U.S. Icala leNkanto ePhakathi yeNkakhulu Brady. Mary v.
  • Inqubo idinga ukwahlulela okucophelelayo: Icala elikhulu lobugebengu eUnited States lixazululwa ngezivumelwano zokunxusa, hhayi ukuqulwa kwecala. Abashushisi baxoxa nabameli abavikelayo ukuze badlulise isicelo esinecala samacala ancishisiwe noma isigwebo esituswayo. Lenqubo idinga ukwahlulela okucophelelayo: nakuba ukunxusa kulondoloza izimali futhi kuvala izisulu, bangacindezela futhi abamangalelwa abangenacala ukuba bamangalelwe ukuba bagweme izigwebo ezilukhuni ekuqulweni. Abashushisi kumelwe baqinisekise ukuthi noma isiphi isicelo silungile nokuthi ummangalelwa ungena ekuceleni ngokuzithandela.
  • Isibonakaliso sobugqizimbela: phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala, abashushisi banikeza ubufakazi nezimpikiswano ukuze bafakazele icala lommangalelwa ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo. Bahlola ofakazi, baveze imiboniso, futhi banikeze izinkulumo zokuvula nokuphetha. Indima yabo iwukuba ummeli, kodwa phakathi nemingcele yobuqotho.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukungagunyazi: Umkhuba wanamuhla wokushumayeza ugcizelela ngokuqhubekayo amalungelo nezidingo zezisulu. Abashushisi bagcina izisulu zitshelwe ngezenzakalo zecala, bathintane nazo ngaphambi kwezivumelwano zezicelo, futhi basekele izithakazelo zabo phakathi nesigwebo. Izifunda eziningi zinemithetho efuna abashushisi ukuba bacabangele ithonya esisulwini lapho senza izinqumo.

Izibopho Zabashushisi

Abashushisi bagcinwa ezindinganisweni eziphakeme kakhulu zokuziphatha ngoba amandla abo makhulu futhi amaphutha abo angathumela abantu abangenacala ejele. Imisebenzi yabo yokuziphatha ifakwa emithethweni yokuziphatha kochwepheshe, njenge-ABA Modeal Registration of Professional Alence Arme 3.8. Izibopho eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • Isiqinisekiso sobufakazi: Ngalé komthetho-sisekelo [[FLT:]] imfuneko, abashushisi futhi kumelwe baveze noma ibuphi ubufakazi obunganciphisa isijeziso noma bungakwenzi ukwethembeka kofakazi bakahulumeni. Ukwehluleka ukudalula kuye kwaholela ekugumbuqeleni izinkolelo, izijeziso zokwahlulela, nokulahla umphakathi.
  • Ukuzimela ekumangaleleni: Abashushisi kumelwe bagweme ukukhipha izinqumo ezisekelwe ohlangeni, enkolweni, ebulilini, noma ekuzinyatheleni. Kufanele bamelane nokucindezela komphakathi, kwezokuxhumana, noma kwezombangazwe ukuze baphishekele amacala ngenxa yezizathu ezingafanele. Umshushisi ongakhethi uyisisekelo somthetho.
  • Isivumelwano sobukhomanisi: Amahhovisi amaningi athuthukayo abashushisi manje agcizelela ukubophana komphakathi, ukwakha ukwethembana phakathi kwesimiso somthetho nezindawo akhonza kuzo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuhlanganyela ezimisweni zokuzilibazisa, ukuthuthukisa izinyathelo zobulungisa, nemfundo yomphakathi ngokuphathelene nezinqubo ezingokomthetho. Ukuthembisa okunjalo kubalulekile ukuze kube ngokomthetho nokuphumelela.

Ukuze uthole iziqondiso eziningiliziwe zezimiso zomthetho zabashushisi, U.S. Department of Model’s Ethics ye-Presers inikeza ukukhomba okuwusizo.

Indima Yezihlaseli Zokuzivikela: Abavikeli Bamalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo

Abameli bamabutho bamelela abantu abamangalelwa ngobugebengu, baqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo abo avikelekile kuyo yonke inqubo engokomthetho. Indima yabo ayikona nje ukukhulula abathengi, kodwa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni ufakazela icala lakhe ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo nokuthi ummangalelwa ngamunye uphathwa ngenhlonipho. Esimisweni lapho uhulumeni ekhipha imithombo emikhulu yemali (‘applice, alabolice, abacwaningi, nofakazi abangochwepheshe) usebenza njengesilinganiso esibalulekile. Ngaphandle kweseluleko esifanelekile, isimiso sokuzivikela siba yindaba eyodwa esekelayo, isithiyo esibonisa ukungabi nacala.

Imithwalo yemfanelo eyinhloko yabameli ihlanganisa:

  • Umfuziselo ongathiwayo: Kusukela lapho umuntu eboshwa, ummeli ovikelayo uyabeluleka ngamalungelo abo, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokuthula nelungelo lokuya kummeli. Bahamba namakhasimende ukuya engxoxweni yamaphoyisa, babekela inselele yokuhlola okungekho mthethweni nokuquleka, futhi bafuna ukukhululwa ngebheyili noma ngokukhululwa ngokuqaphela.
  • [[QUT: 0] Iseluleko somthetho: Inqubo yomthetho iyasabisa futhi iyinkimbinkimbi. Abameli bavikela bachaza izikhalo, izijeziso, kanye nokukhetha okungasetshenziswa ngolimi olucacile. Basiza amakhasimende ukuba enze izinqumo ezicacisweyo ukuthi angasamukela yini isicelo, afakazele ekuqulweni, noma asebenzise amanye amalungelo.
  • Isivikelo esiphumelelayo sixhomeke ekutholeni amaqiniso. Abameli basebenza nabacwaningi basemahlombe, ochwepheshe bezentengiselwano, nabanye ochwepheshe bokuvumbulula ubufakazi bokuthi amaphoyisa kungenzeka aphumile noma awanakwa. Lokhu kuhlanganisa nokuxoxa nofakazi, ukuhlola ukuhlola, nokuhlaziya ubufakazi obuphathekayo. Emacalani okujeziswa ngokufa kanye nasezintweni ezingathi sína, ukusekela ukuphenywa kwesivikelo kuyagxeka futhi ngokuvamile kunikezwa yizwe.
  • Iziphakamiso zezelaphayo: Abameli bavikela icala lomshushisi bahlola amandla akhe futhi bafuna umphumela ongcono kakhulu kukhasimende wabo. Lokhu kungahilela ukuxoxa ngecala elilahliwe, imisho encishisiwe, noma ezinye izimo ezinjengezinhlelo zokwelapha ngemilaliso. Nakuba umgomo uwukufinyelela umphumela omuhle, ummeli akumelwe acindezele ikhasi ukuba lamukele isicelo esimelene nentando yabo.
  • Ukhuselo lwezenkolo: Uma icala liqulwa, ummeli ovikelayo unikeza umbono wecala eliklanyelwe ukudala ukungabaza okunengqondo. Banqamule ofakazi bokumangalela ukuze balulaze ukwethembana, banikeze ofakazi babo siqu nobufakazi, futhi baphikisa umthetho ngemithetho yezenzwe nangeziqondiso zejaji. Isivikelo singabuye siphikise ukubekwa kwemithetho ebekwe ngaphansi kwekhasigeqe.

Izinhlobo Zokuzivikela Ezintanjeni

Abameli bamasosha bavela ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, ngayinye inezinzuzo nezinselele zayo:

  • [[FLT: 0] Abalweli bezemthetho abaphezulu: Laba abameli abasebenza ngohulumeni abamele abamangalelwa abangakwazi ukunikeza iseluleko sangabo siqu. Ngokuvamile banolwazi oluphezulu emthethweni wobugebengu kodwa bangathwala izigijimi ezinkulu, okuholela ekukhathaleleni okungokokuziphatha mayelana nokubaluleka komfanekiso. Ilungelo lokuthola usizo oluphumelelayo lweseluleko, olusungulwe Gideon v. Wainwright[, ifuna ukuba abalweli bomphakathi baxhaswe futhi baxhaswe kahle.
  • [ I-Private Attorney: Ithunyelelwe abantu abakwazi ukukhokha, abameli abangabodwa bavame ukuphatha amacala ambalwa futhi banganikela isikhathi esengeziwe kumthengisi ngamunye. Bangase basebenzise ezinye izinhlobo zokuzivikela kobugebengu, njengobugebengu obumhlophe, i-DUIS, noma amacala ombuso.
  • Iseluleko se-Courte-Appoced: Kwezinye izifunda, uma umvikeli womphakathi enesici sesithakazelo noma engekho, inkantolo imisa ummeli wasese ukuba asingathe icala ngezindleko zikahulumeni. Laba bameli bakhokhelwa ngesimiso senkokhelo esingase sibakhokhele ngokugcwele isikhathi esidingekayo.

Imithwalo Yemfanelo Engokwesayensi Yezokuvikela Izindiza Ezine - Attroney

Abameli bezokhuselo basebenza ngaphansi kwesimiso esiqinile sokuziphatha esilinganisela ukushisekela ukuthembeka neqiniso. Imisebenzi ebalulekile ihlanganisa:

  • Ukuzithethelela: Ilungelo le-Attorney eliphambili lingelinye lesivikelo esidala nesiyigugu kakhulu esimisweni somthetho. Amakhasimende kumelwe akwazi ukukhuluma ngokukhululekile nommeli wawo ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuthi amathemba awo ayokwambulwa. Ngisho nangemva kokuba icala seliphelile, ummeli akakwazi ukuveza izimfihlo zekhasimende ngaphandle kwangaphansi kwezimo ezilinganiselwe, njengokuvimbela ukufa okuseduze noma ukulimala okukhulu komzimba.
  • Umfuziselo oshisekayo: Ummeli ovikelayo kumelwe asekele izithakazelo zekhasimende ngamandla, ngisho noma ikhasimende lingathandwa noma amaqiniso angathandeki. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuphakamisa zonke iziphetho ezingokomthetho ezikhona, izinselele ezingafanele, nokuqinisa umthwalo walo wobufakazi. Nokho, ukushiseka akuvumeli ukuziphatha kokungathembeki noma okungekho emthethweni.
  • I-header: abameli bavikelayo bangase banganikezi ubufakazi bamanga ngamabomu noma bavumele ikhasimende ukuba lifakazele amanga. Uma ikhasimende liphikelela ekuzisoleni ngokwalo, ummeli kumelwe athathe izinyathelo zokulungisa, kuhlanganise nokufuna ukuhoxa enkantolo noma ukuthulula imingcele yezimiso zokuziphatha kungaholela ekutholeni isiyalo sochwepheshe noma ekumangalelweni kobugebengu.

Ukuze uthole umthombo onegunya ngemisebenzi yezimiso zokuvikela, bheka i- American Bar Association’s Criminal Justice siqephu.

I - interation interation phakathi Kwama - Prosert Nezi - Attorney Zokuzivikela

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwabashushisi nabameli bamacala buhlukahlukene, buhlanganisa ukuncintisana nokubambisana. Uma kufinyelelwa, zombili izinhlangothi ziveza izindaba zazo ngamandla, futhi iqiniso livele ekuxabaneni kwazo. Ngokwesiko, amacala amaningi axazululwa ngokuxoxisana, adinga ubuhlobo obusebenzayo obakhelwe ekuhlonipheni nasekulaleleni inhlonipho.

Izici eziyinhloko zokusebenzelana kwazo zihlanganisa:

  • Ukuqulwa kwecala: Izingxoxo zezenkantolo zigcwele amacala amaningi obugebengu. Abashushisi nabameli bamacala baxoxa ngezicelo ezinikezwayo, ukutuswa kwemilandu, nokushintshwa kwezikhalo. Ukuxoxisana okuphumelelayo kudinga uhlangothi ngalunye ukuhlaziya amandla nobuthakathaka bendaba yalo ngokweqiniso. Ukugxambukela noma ukwenqaba ukuxoxa kungalimaza kokubili isimiso kanye namaqembu ahilelekile.
  • Ukuphikiswana kobufakazi ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala kulawulwa yimithetho yokuthola. Abashushisi kumelwe badalule izinto ezidluliswayo nohlu lofakazi, kuyilapho abameli bangadingeka ukuze baveze ubufakazi obuthile, obunjengofakazi be-alibi noma iziphetho zokuhlanya. Ukudabuka ngokuthola izinto eziye zatholakala ngokuvamile kudinga ukungenela kwenkantolo. Zombili izinhlangothi zinomthwalo oqotho wokugwema ukuphambanisa izinto ezingase zicatshangelwe ngokungezwa kwecala.
  • Igumbi lokulwa elinamandla: Ekulingweni, ubuhlobo buba yisikhala nomphakathi. Uhlangothi ngalunye lunikeza izinkulumo zokuvula, ofakazi abahlolayo, futhi luphikisa. Inhlonipho yochwepheshe ilindeleke, kodwa izimpi ezinzima ezicatshangelwe ngokumelene nokuphikisa okusobala, iziyalezo zabahluleli, kanye nezenzo zokuthatha izintambo zokuhlola zivamile. Abahluleli basebenza njengabathathi-hlangothi, baqinisekisa ukuthi ukuqulwa kwecala kuqhubeka kahle.

Ukudla Okuncane Okungalawuleki

Ngoba amacala obugebengu angaphezu kuka-90% axazululwa ngokucela icala, ukuxhumana okukhulu phakathi kwabashushisi nabameli abavikelayo kuvame ukuvela kude kakhulu enkantolo. Lenqubo iphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokungalingani kwamandla: ummeli ovikelayo othwele icala elinzima angase azizwe ecindezelwa ukuba acebise ikhasimende ukuba livume ibhizinisi kunokuba lilungiselele ukuqulwa. Abashushisi-mthetho kumelwe baqinisekise ukuthi ukunxusa akunakuvumelana futhi abamangalelwa baqonde ngokugcwele imiphumela yokuwaphula amalungelo abo okuqulwa. I-National Center yeSigorimes zeNkantolo yezwe ikhiphe iziqondiso zezenzo zokunxusa okusemthethweni.

Ukubaluleka Kokulinganisela Esimisweni Esingokomthetho

Izindima zabashushisi nabameli abavikelayo zibalulekile ekulondolozeni isimiso somthetho esilinganiselayo. Izingxenye zohlangothi ngalunye zinengxenye ebalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi ukwahlulela ngokulunga kuyanikezwa, ukuvikela amalungelo abantu kuyilapho kusekela umthetho. Inqubo elungile engokomthetho idinga:

  • Ukukhetha: Zombili izinhlangothi kumelwe zisebenze ngaphandle kobandlululo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ubulungisa. Abashushisi kumelwe bamelane nokubona umhubhe futhi bavuleke ubufakazi bokungabi nacala. Abameli-mmeli kumelwe bagweme ukubeka amakhasimende amasuntswana kusengaphambili futhi bamele ngisho nalezo abazitholele ngokwabo benganozwela.
  • I-access to Legional medication: ISichibiyelo sesithupha siqinisekisa ilungelo lokunikeza iseluleko. Ngaphandle kokuma kwe-profession efanelekayo, isimiso sommeli owehlulekayo sehluleka. Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abamangalelwa bathola usizo oluphumelelayo inselele eqhubekayo, ikakhulukazi emahhovisi omphakathi avikela angaphansi kwemvume. ACLUYU umsebenzi welungelo lokunikeza iseluleko [[ uqokomisa ukushiyeka kwezimiso zomthetho nemizamo yokulungisa.
  • Imvume yamalungelo: Amalungelo ommangalelwa kumelwe ahlonishwe kuyo yonke inqubo engokomthetho] kusukela ekuxwayisweni ngaphambi kokuphenya kuya elungelweni lokubhekana nofakazi. Bobabili abashushisi nabameli bangabavikeli balamalungelo, nakuba benza izindima ezihlukene. Uma uhlangothi lungawanaki amalungelo ommangalelwa, isimiso siba esingenakulinganiswa futhi singabi nabulungisa.

Amasheke Nokulinganisela

Ukusebenzelana phakathi kwabashushisi nabameli abavikelayo akuyona kuphela i-existes kulolu hlelo. Abahluleli, izinkantolo zezehlulelo, namajaji konke kunikeza ukuqondisa. Abashushisi nabo bayalandisa kumavoti ezikhundleni eziningi, badala ukulandisa. Abameli bangase babhekane nesudi noma isijeziso esingafanele sokungaqondi kahle. Lezi zingqimba eziningi ze-sesho zigcina ubuqotho, kodwa zincike ekuthembekeni nasekuqeqesheni kwabo bonke abahilelekile esimisweni sobulungisa.

Isiphetho

Ekuphetheni, indima yabashushisi nabameli abavikelayo ibalulekile ekusebenzeni kwesimiso somthetho. Ukusebenzelana kwabo, imithwalo yemfanelo, nezibopho zabo zezimiso kuqinisekisa ukuthi ubulungisa buphishekelwa ngokungakhethi nangokulinganayo. Umshushisi kumelwe afune iqiniso nobulungisa, hhayi nje izinkolelo; ummeli kumelwe abeke inselele icala likahulumeni futhi avikele amalungelo omangalelwe. Lokhu kulinganisela okubucayi akuzenzakaleli cebo. Ukusebenza okuzenzekelayo, ukuqeqeshwa okuqinile, kanye nokuzinikela okujulile ekubutheni umthetho ubekwe. Ukuqonda lezi zindima kusiza ukuqinisa inqubo engokomthetho futhi kuqokomisa ukubaluleka kokusingatha okulinganiselwe ebulungisa. Njengoba umphakathi uzenza kube khona, ngakho futhi kumelwe ukuba amathemba abekwe kubekwe kulezi zingcweti ezingokomthetho, kuqinisekwe ukuthi isimiso esihlala silungile, sokusabela, nokuthemba umphakathi.