Table of Contents

Inqubo ingenye yezinsika ezibucayi kakhulu zesimiso somthetho waseMelika, esebenza njengesivikelo esiyisisekelo esivikela abantu esenzweni sikahulumeni somthetho futhi iqinisekisa ukuthi ubulungisa buqondiswa ngokulunga nangokungaguquguquki. Lesimiso somthetho-sisekelo sivimbela ukuncishwa "ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla" nguhulumeni wezwe nombuso ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho. Ngaphezu nje kwenqubo engokomthetho, inqubo efanele imelela isibopho sokulunga, ukuba sobala, kanye nomthetho oye waguqula i-American Jurispraprunce kwamakhulu amabili eminyaka.

Ukuqonda inqubo efanele kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda indlela isimiso somthetho saseMelika esisebenza ngayo nendlela amalungelo omuntu ngamunye avikelwa ngayo ekuphathweni uhulumeni.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Senqubo Efanele

Inqubo ka-Claus itholakala eSigwegwegweni sesihlanu neseshumi nane soMthetho-sisekelo we-United States. Nakuba lezinguquko ezimbili ziqukethe ulimi olucishe lufane ngokuphathelene nenqubo efanele, zifeza izinjongo ezihlukene futhi zisebenza ezilinganisweni ezihlukahlukene zikahulumeni.

Isichibiyelo Sesihlanu Esasifanele Uhlelo LukaClaus

I-Gast Procession Claus yeSichibiyelo sesihlanu, esagunyazwa ngo-1791, igomela ngokuthi akekho umuntu ozothi "aphucwe ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho". Lokhu kulungisa kulinganisela amandla kahulumeni kahulumeni futhi kusebenza kuphela ezenzweni. Njengengxenye yeBill of Rights, iSichibiyelo sesihlanu sabonisa ukukhathalela okujulile koFata okuthola inkululeko ekuxhashazweni uhulumeni.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nane Esifanele Uhlelo LukaClaus

ISichibiyelo seSikhawulo se 14 seSinqumo sika-Stive Claus sinikeza ukuthi akukho mbuso ongancisha noma yimuphi umuntu ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho. Ngemva kweMpi Yombango, uMkhandlu wathatha izinyathelo eziningana zokuvikela amalungelo abantu ekuphazanyisweni yimibuso, kuhlanganise neSichibiyelo seshumi nane, esivimbela imibuso ukuba incishiswe "umuntu wokuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanele yomthetho".

ISichibiyelo seshumi nane, ikakhulukazi, esamukelwa njengesinye seziHlanziso zokwakha kabusha ngemva kweMpi Yombango, sivikela abantu ekuphazanyisweni yizenzo zikahulumeni. Lokhu kwanda kwenqubo yokuvikela ohulumeni bamazwe ukuze kuvikelwe uhulumeni kwasho inguquko eyisisekelo kuhulumeni waseMelika, iqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo abantu ngabanye ayeyovikelwa kuwo wonke amazinga kahulumeni.

Ukuchazwa Kwawo Womabili Ama - Claus Ngokuqand ’ ikhanda

INkantolo Ephakeme ithathe i-Gast Process Clauses njengeSichibiyelo sesihlanu neseshumi nane. INkantolo Ephakeme ithathe iSichibiyelo se-Gadi ye-14's Read Procesme Claus' ukuba ibeke imingcele efanayo enqubeni njengoba iSichibiyelo sesihlanu sisenza kuhulumeni kahulumeni. Le ncazelo engaguquguquki iqinisekisa ukuthi izindinganiso eziyisisekelo zokulunga zisebenza ngokulinganayo kuzo zonke izingalo zikahulumeni waseMelika.

Amagatsha Amabili Enqubo Elindelekile: Inqubo Engokwemvelo Neyibhungane

INkantolo Ephakeme yaseU.S. ichaza lamazwi ukuze iqinisekise izinhlobonhlobo zesivikelo: inqubo efanelekile (ekuqulweni kwezindaba zomphakathi nezecala); inqubo efanelekile (isiqinisekiso samalungelo athile ayisisekelo). Ukuqonda umehluko phakathi kwalamagatsha amabili kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi inqubo efanele isebenza kanjani emthethweni waseMelika.

Iyini Inqubo Elindelekile?

Inqubo efanelekile engokomthetho-sisekelo ibhekisela kwimfuneko engokomthetho-sisekelo lapho uhulumeni enza ngendlela ephika umuntu wokuphila, inkululeko, noma isithakazelo sempahla, umuntu kumelwe aqashelwe, ithuba lokuzwiwa, nesinqumo somenzi wesinqumo ongathathi hlangothi. Inqubo efanelekile engokomthetho igxile endleleni abadlali bakahulumeni abenza ngayo izinto, isho ukuthi uhulumeni kumelwe alandele kanjani.

Inqubo efanelekile engokwenqubo iphathelene nezinqubo uhulumeni okumelwe azilandele ngaphambi kokuba aphuce umuntu "ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla". Leligatsha lenqubo efanele liqinisekisa ukuthi izenzo zikahulumeni zilandela izinqubo ezilungile nezimisiwe, zivimbele ukwenza izinqumo eziwubuwula noma eziguquguqukayo ezingalimaza abantu.

Iyini Inqubo Eyisisekelo?

Inqubo eyisisekelo eyisisekelo isimiso sokuthi iziMithetho zeSichibiyelo sesihlanu nesashumi nane zoMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. zivikela amalungelo ayisisekelo ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni. Inqubo efanelekile engaphansi kwe-Chule igxila ngokuyinhloko kulokho abadlali bakahulumeni abangakwenza, ukuvikela amalungelo ayisisekelo ngokulinganisela ukugxambukela kukahulumeni inkululeko ethile, njengelungelo lokushada.

Inqubo efanelekile eyisici ivikela abantu emithethweni esemthethweni edlula imikhawulo yegunya likahulumeni: izinkantolo zingathola ukuthi ukumiswa kweningi akuwona umthetho futhi akunakuphoqelelwa njengaleyo, ngisho noma izinqubo zokumisa nokuphoqelela zazilungile ngempela. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngisho noma uhulumeni elandela zonke izinqubo ezifanelekile, angeke aphule amalungelo athile ayisisekelo.

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yachaza iSichibiyelo sesihlanu neseshumi nane seSiphendulo sika - Access's Access Claus ukuze ivikele amalungelo athile ayisisekelo omthetho - sisekelo ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni, kungakhathaliseki izinqubo ezilandelwa uhulumeni; lamalungelo avikelekile, nakuba engadwetshwanga eMthethweni, abhekwa njengabaluleke kakhulu kangangokuthi izinkantolo kumelwe zibheke izinyathelo zikahulumeni eziwaphula ukuze zicubungule ngokuseduze.

Izici Eziyisisekelo Zenqubo Eyisisekelo

INkantolo inqume ukuthi inqubo efanele idinga, kancane: (1) isaziso; (2) ithuba lokuzwakala; (3) inkantolo engenacala. Lezizimfuneko ezintathu eziyinhloko zakha isisekelo sokulunga komthetho waseMelika.

Phawula: Ilungelo Lokwazi

Imfuneko yesaziso iqinisekisa ukuthi abantu bayazi ngokwanele ngokuqulwa komthetho okungase kuthinte amalungelo abo. Inqubo engokomthetho idinga uhulumeni ukuba anikeze umuntu isaziso nethuba lokumlalela ngaphambi kokuncishwa okunjalo. Qaphela kumelwe kucatshangelwe ngokunengqondo ukuze kwaziswe ukuthi isigaba esithintekile sesinyathelo esiseza futhi kumelwe sinikeze imininingwane eyanele mayelana nendlela okwenzeka ngayo lokhu kugadiwe.

Uma kungenziwa isaziso esiwusizo esinezinjongo eziningi, sivumela abantu ukuba balungiselele isivikelo, baqoqe ubufakazi futhi bavikeleke uma kudingeka. Ngaphandle kwesaziso esifanelekile, abantu abanakuhlanganyela ngokunenjongo enqubweni engase ithinte ukuphila kwabo ngokuphawulekayo, benze noma isiphi isinqumo esilandelayo ngokuyisisekelo singabafaneleki.

Ithuba Lokuzwiwa: Ukuveza Isimo Sakho

Ithuba lokuzwiwa mhlawumbe isici esibaluleke kakhulu senqubo edinga iprocedtura. Lezisivikelo zivame ukuhlanganisa isaziso nethuba lokuzwiwa, kanye nomenzi wesinqumo ongaziqondi, futhi ngezinye izikhathi inqubo efanelekile yokuveza inqubo ingahlanganisa ilungelo lokunikeza ubufakazi, ilungelo lokuphambanisa ofakazi abaphikisayo, nethuba lokumelelwa ngeseluleko, phakathi kwezinye izivikelo.

Izinqubo eziqondile ezidingekayo zingahluka kuye ngezimo. Emacalani obugebengu, ithuba lokuzwakala lihlanganisa ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala eliphelele nekhono lokunikeza ofakazi abakhona, ofakazi abaphikisanayo, futhi benze izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho. Ezimisweni zomphakathi noma zokuphatha, izimfuneko zingase zingabi ngokomthetho kodwa kumelwe zinikeze ithuba elibalulekile lokuba iqembu elithintekile linikeze isikhundla salo.

Inkantolo Engakhethi: Ikhuthaza Ukungathathi - hlangothi

Umenzi wesinqumo ongakhethi ubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuqulwa kobulungisa. INkantolo Ephakeme inqume ukuthi ezimweni ezithile, i-Accomment Proces Clause yeSichibiyelo se-14th Inqunciseko ifuna ukuba ijaji lizibeke icala ngenxa yempi engenzeka noma engokoqobo yesithakazelo. Ngokwesibonelo, eCaperton v. A. T. Masseyal Co. (2009), iNkantolo yanquma ukuthi umahluleli weNkantolo Ephakeme ye-West Virginia ngeke ahlanganyele ecaleni elihilela umninindlu enkulu enkantolo yakhe.

Imfuneko yokungathathi hlangothi ihlanganisa okungaphezu kwezimpi ezisobala zesithakazelo. Abenzi besinqumo kumelwe bangene ngecala ngalinye bekhululekile, bengenakho ubandlululo noma ukwahlulela kusengaphambili. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi izinqumo zisekelwe ebufakazini nasebuthethweni obunikezwayo, hhayi ezithakazelweni zomuntu siqu noma eziphethweni ezinqunyiwe kusengaphambili.

Inqubo Eyisisekelo Eqhubekayo Esigebengwini

Izenzo zobugebengu zihilela izivikelo ezifanele kakhulu zenqubo ngoba zingaphumela ekuncishweni kwenkululeko noma ngisho nokuphila. Ezimisweni zobugebengu, inkantolo ibheka ukuthi inqubo uhulumeni aye wayithatha iyawucasula yini umqondo wokulunga okuyisisekelo ukuze kuhlolwe inqubo efanele; kanjalo ukuhlaziywa kwenqubo efanele kudinga ukuncishiselwa okuncane kakhulu kwezinqubo zobugebengu.

Ilungelo Lokuqulwa Kwecala Okungenagwegwesi

Isimiso somthetho sihlanganisa izikhuselo eziningi zezemthetho eziklanyelwe ukuvikela ummangalelwa. Lezi zihlanganisa ilungelo lokutshelwa ngamacala, ilungelo lomthetho, ilungelo lokukhuluma nofakazi, ilungelo lokunikeza isivikelo, nelungelo lokuqulwa icala yijaji emacaleni angathi sína. Ngasinye salezi zivikelo siqinisekisa ukuthi izinkolelo zobugebengu zisekelwe ebufakazini obunokwethenjelwa nasezindleleni ezilungile.

Ezimweni zobugebengu, eziningi zalezi zivikelo ezifanele zihambisana nesivikelo semiklamo esinikezwa iSichibiyelo Sezigebengu Sesishiyagalombili soMthetho - sisekelo Wase - United States, esiqinisekisa izinqubo ezinokwethenjelwa ezivikela abantu abangenacala ekubulaweni, okuyoba isibonelo esisobala sesijeziso esinonya nesingavamile.

Isivikelo Ekukholelweni Okungamanga

Ummangalelwa unelungelo lokuqulwa kwecala elisha lapho umshushisi ehluleka ukulungisa ubufakazi bamanga, futhi leli phutha lalingaba nengxenye esinqumweni.

Ukukhishwa kobufakazi obuthola ubufakazi obungafanele kufeza nezindinganiso ezifanele zenqubo ngokuvimbela ukuziphatha okungekho emthethweni kukahulumeni nokuqinisekisa ukuthi izinkolelo zisekelwe ebufakazini obutholakele ngokomthetho. Lapho kuqoqwa ubufakazi obuphula amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo, izinkantolo zingase zingabufaki ecaleni, ngisho noma kungenjalo bekungabangela icala.

Inqubo Efanele Ezindabeni Zomphakathi

Nakuba ukuqulwa kwezindaba zomphakathi kungase kungahileli usongo lokuboshwa, kusengathinta ngokuphawulekayo amalungelo abantu empahla, umsebenzi, izinzuzo, nezinye izinto ezibalulekile. Ezimweni zomphakathi, izinkantolo zisebenzisa ukuhlolwa okulinganiselwe phakathi kwezithakazelo zomuntu siqu, isithakazelo somphakathi sikahulumeni, kanye nokungahlolwa okunganembile kwenqubo kahulumeni yokuncishwa kwesithakazelo somuntu siqu ekuhloleni ukuziphatha kukahulumeni.

Ama - mathew Alinganiselayo

INkantolo Ephakeme isungule uhlelo lokunquma ukuthi iyiphi inqubo edinga inqubo emacaleni omphakathi. Lokhu kuhlola okulinganiselayo kucabangela izici ezintathu: isithakazelo somuntu siqu esithintekayo ngesenzo sikahulumeni, isithakazelo sikahulumeni ekusebenziseni izinqubo ezithile, kanye nengozi yokuncishwa okunganembile ngezinqubo ezisetshenziswayo.

Lendlela evumelanayo iyaqaphela ukuthi izimo ezihlukene zingadinga amazinga ahlukene esivikelo sezenhlalakahle. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuqeda izinzuzo zenhlala- kahle kungadinga izinqubo ezinkulu kunokunqaba uhlelo lokuqala, ngoba umamukela unesithakazelo esikhulu sokuqhubeka ethola izinzuzo ancike kuzo kakade.

Isithakazelo Esivikelekile: Ukuphila, Inkululeko Nempahla

Uma sikhuluma kabanzi, inqubo efanelekile idinga abadlali bezwe ukuba banikeze izivikelo ezithile zesimiso ngaphambi kokuba baphuce umuntu noma yikuphi ukuphila okuvikelekile, inkululeko, noma isithakazelo sempahla. Ngaphandle kokuba enye yalezozithakazelo ezivikelekile isengozini, i-Creed Proce Claus ayisebenzi.

Ilayisense, imisebenzi kahulumeni evikelwe ngenkonzo kahulumeni, noma izindawo ezisohlwini lwezenhlalakahle zazichazwa ngemithetho kahulumeni ukuthi umuntu wayenelungelo lokuhlala nobudlelwane kuze kube nesizathu esithile sokubususa, futhi ngenxa yalokho inqubo yayizokwenzeka ngaphambi kokuba bususwe. Lokhu kwanda kwezithakazelo zezinto ezivikelekile kuphawula iqiniso lanamuhla lokuthi abantu abaningi bancike ezinzuzoni zikahulumeni nasemsebenzini ukuze baziphilise.

Inqubo Eyinqaba Namalungelo Ayisisekelo

Inqubo eyisisekelo eyisisekelo iye yaba enye yezici eziphikisana kakhulu nezihlaziya umthetho womthetho-mthetho. Ukulandela i-Carolina Products, i-U.S. 144 (1938), iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yanquma ukuthi amalungelo ayisisekelo avikelwe ngenqubo eyisisekelo eyisisekelo yilawo agxile kakhulu emlandweni nasemasikweni ase-U.S., abhekwa ngokusekelwe emikhubeni engokwenhlalo ehlukahlukene.

Ukubona Amalungelo Ayisisekelo

Izinkantolo ziye zabheka i - I 'Curreate Process Claus' futhi ngezinye izikhathi nezinye izigaba zoMthetho - sisekelo njengezivumelana namalungelo ayisisekelo ashiwo "emqoka ekhululekileni yokulawula". Lamalungelo awabalwa ngokuqondile eMthethweni kodwa noma kunjalo abhekwa njengabalulekile enkululekweni nasesithunzini somuntu siqu.

Inqubo eyisisekelo eyisisekelo iye yachazwa njengehlanganisa izinto ezinjengelungelo lokusebenza emsebenzini ovamile, ukushada, nokukhulisa izingane zakho njengomzali. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela amalungelo ahlukahlukene ayisisekelo eminyakeni edlule, kuhlanganise namalungelo ahlobene nobuhlobo bomkhaya, ukuzimela komuntu siqu nobuqotho bomzimba.

Ilungelo Lokufuna Ukuba Wedwa Nokuziqambela Uwedwa

Enye yentuthuko ebaluleke kakhulu enqubweni eyisisekelo yenqubo yokwahlulela eye yabekwa yilungelo lokuqaphela amalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yachaza inqubo efanelekile ehlanganisa ilungelo lokungena yimfihlo, ikakhulukazi ilungelo lokuvimbela inzalo, nelungelo lokushada nomuntu wohlanga oluhlukile.

La malungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu adluliselwa ezicini ezihlukahlukene zokuzenzela izinqumo. INkantolo iye yaqaphela ukuthi abantu banezithakazelo eziyisisekelo ekwenzeni izinqumo ezithinta inhliziyo ngokuphathelene nomshado, ubuhlobo bomkhaya nezinye izindaba ezijulile ngaphandle kokuphazamisa kukahulumeni okungadingekile.

Ukulingana Komshado Nenqubo Efanele

Ku-Obergefell v. Hodges (2015), iNkantolo yaqaphela ilungelo lokushada njengelungelo eliyisisekelo, ithola ukuthi iSichibiyelo seshumi nane sivikele ilungelo labo lokushada. Lesi sinqumo esiyingqophamlando sandisa amalungelo omshado kubantu abashadile abangongqingili, siqaphela ukuthi ilungelo eliyisisekelo lokushada lingokwabo bonke abantu kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bathambekele ebuhlotsheni bobulili.

Isinqumo seObergefell esakhelwe emacaleni okuqala eqaphela umshado njengelungelo eliyisisekelo. Ilungelo lokushada nomuntu wohlanga oluhlukile labhekiswa kuLouver v. Virginia, lapho iNkantolo yathi khona, ngo1967, isinqumo sayo sokubulala imithetho emelene nokungavumelani nemithetho singathethelelwa ngenqubo efanelekile, noma nge-Excial Protection Claus.

Ukuziphendukela Kwemvelo Nempikiswano Yenqubo Engaqondakali

Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi imvume yabahluleli yokuphoqelela izindinganiso zabo siqu ngesiqu sencazelo engokomthetho - sisekelo, kuyilapho abasekeli besekela ukuthi inikeza isivikelo esibalulekile samalungelo ayisisekelo angachazwanga ngokuqondile eMthethweni.

Nokho, kusukela ngawo-1980, iNkantolo (h_a ngaphandle kwamacala amabili ahilela ilungelo lemibhangqwana efanayo engokobulili) iye yenqaba ukuqeda izenzo zikahulumeni ngezindlela ezifanele zenqubo elandelanayo; ngo-2022, iNkantolo yabonisa futhi ukuhoxa kwenqubo efanelekile engekho kwezomnotho lapho ishintsha isikhundla eyayinaso cishe iminyaka engamashumi amahlanu ukubambelela ekutheni ilungelo lokukhipha isisu alilona ilungelo eliyisisekelo elivikelwe ngokwemithetho.

Imfundiso Yokuvumelana: Ukusebenzisa Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Kahulumeni

Enye yentuthuko ebaluleke kakhulu enqubweni yezehlulelo ezifanele ukufakwa kweBill of Rights ekuvikelweni kohulumeni bombuso. ISigqi Samalungelo amalungelo − esihlanganisiwe kweziyishumi zokuqala ukuguqulwa koMthetho-sisekelo − ekuqaleni sasetshenziswa kuhulumeni kahulumeni kuphela, futhi labo ababefuna ukuvikela amalungelo abo kohulumeni kwadingeka ukuba bathembele emithethweni yemithetho-mthetho nemithetho; enye injongo yeSiphendulo seshumi Nesine kwakuwukunikeza isivikelo sikahulumeni ngamalungelo abantu ngabanye ezindaweni ezithile.

Indlela Ukuhlobisa Okusebenza Ngayo

Inkantolo iphethe ukuthi i-Ceast Proce Claus "incorporate" eningi", kodwa hhayi zonke izivikelo ze-Bill of Rights ezimelene nezifunda; uma ilungiselelo leSipho samaLungelo lithi "lihlanganisiwe" ngokumelene nemibuso, ohulumeni bezwe, kanye nohulumeni kahulumeni, kuyadingeka ukuba banamathele kuyo.

Ngemva kokugunyazwa kweZichibiyelo zokwamukelwa, iNkantolo iye yachaza iSichibiyelo seSikhawu seshumi nane seSinqumo sika-Claus esenze i-Celase ukuba iphoqelele ezindaweni eziningi zeSivumelwano samaLungelo, imfundiso ngezinye izikhathi ebizwa ngokuthi i-discial emelene nezimiso ze-Createment Claus.

Umphumela Wokungahloniphi

Imfundiso ehlanganiswayo iye yaguqula ubuzwe baseMelika ngokuyisisekelo ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo ayisisekelo avikelwe ngokufanayo kuzo zonke izifundazwe. Ngokufaka, isivikelo njengenkululeko yokukhuluma, inkululeko yenkolo, ilungelo lokweluleka, ukuvikela ekufuneni nokuquleka okungenangqondo, kanye nezinye iZiqinisekiso eziningi zamalungelo eSifundazwe nakohulumeni bendawo manje ziyasebenza.

Le ntuthuko iye yaba ibalulekile ekumiseni izindinganiso zesizwe zokuvikela amalungelo. Ngaphambi kokuba i-octivation, izifundazwe zazinenkululeko ebanzi yokulinganisela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye ngezindlela ebezingaba yi-constitution uma zenziwa uhulumeni. Ukuhlalisana kuye kwakha isisekelo esifanayo sokuvikela amalungelo kulo lonke izwe.

Inqubo Efanele Ekwandiseni Kwabaphathi

Izimiso zenqubo zidlulela ngalé kokuqulwa kwecala elingokwesiko enkantolo ephetheyo nasekwenzeni izinqumo zikahulumeni. Njengoba uhulumeni eye wandisa indima yakhe yokuqondisa, izinhlangano zokuphatha ziye zaba ezibaluleke kakhulu ekuthinteni amalungelo nezithakazelo zabantu ngabanye.

Lapho Inqubo Efanele Ihlelwa

Umthetho-sisekelo awudingi "ukuyeka" ukumiswa kwemithetho; ilungiselelo lisebenza uma umbuso uthatha isinyathelo ngokumelene nabantu ngabanye "emthethweni ngamunye" uma kuhileleke isici esithile esihlukile kumuntu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi umthetho ovamile othinta wonke umuntu awuxhomi izimfuneko zenqubo ezifanele, kodwa izinqumo ezizimele ziyazenza.

Izindaba zokuphathwa zingahlanganisa izinto eziningi, kuhlanganise nokugunyazwa kochwepheshe, izinzuzo zezenhlalakahle, ukufuduka, izingxabano zemisebenzi, nokubekwa kwemithetho.

Ukuvumelana Nezimo Ezicini Zokuphatha

Nokho, emakhulwini amabili eminyaka adlule, imibuso iye yasungula izinhlangano nezinqubo ezihlukahlukene zokuqeda izimpikiswano. Izinqubo zokuphatha zingase zingabi ezingokomthetho kunezindaba zenkantolo kodwa kumelwe zigcwalise izimfuneko ezifanelekile zenqubo. Lokhu kuvumelana kuvumela uhulumeni ukuba usebenze ngokunempumelelo kuyilapho usavikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye.

Isihluthulelo siwukuthi kuqinisekiswe ngokulunga okuyisisekelo. Ngisho nasezimisweni zokuphatha ngokwethukela, abantu kumelwe bathole isaziso esanele, ithuba elinengqondo lokuveza udaba lwabo, nesinqumo ngomenzi wesinqumo ongakhethi. Izinqubo eziqondile zingahlotshaniswa nomongo wokuqondisa kuyilapho zisahlangabezana nalezi zimfuneko eziyisisekelo.

Imvelaphi Engokomlando Yenqubo Efanele

Umqondo wenqubo efanele wasungulwa emthethweni wesiNgisi ovamile; umthetho wokuthi abantu ngeke baphucwe ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla ngaphandle kwesaziso nethuba lokuzivikela ngokwabo imithetho - sisekelo ebhalwe ngaphambi kokuba ibhalwe futhi wamukelwa kabanzi eNgilandi.

UMagna Carta Nomthetho Wezwe

IMagna Charta, isivumelwano esasayinwa ngo - 1215 esachaza amalungelo ezikhonzi zesiNgisi ezimelene nenkosi, siyisibonelo sokuqala sesiqinisekiso somthetho - sisekelo senqubo efanele; leyoncwadi ihlanganisa isisho esithi, “Akekho umuntu okhululekile oyobanjwa, noma aboshwe... ngaphandle kwesahlulelo esingokomthetho sontanga yakhe, noma ngomthetho wezwe".

Lesimiso sasendulo samisa ukuthi ngisho nenkosi yayiboshwe umthetho futhi yayingenakuzincisha izikhonzi amalungelo azo. Inkulumo ethi "umthetho wezwe" yaphendukela emqondweni wanamuhla "wenqubo engaphambili yomthetho," iqhubekela phambili umqondo oyisisekelo wokuthi amandla kahulumeni kumelwe asetshenziswe ngokwezimiso ezingokomthetho nezinqubo ezimisiwe.

Ukutholwa Nokukhula KwaseMelika

Abasunguli baseMelika, bethonywe kakhulu amasiko angokomthetho aseNgilandi, bafaka inqubo yokuvikela eMthethweni. Nokho, izinkantolo zaseMelika ziye zandisa lezisivikelo ngaphezu kakhulu komqondo wazo wokuqala wesiNgisi, zakha kokubili izilinganiso zenqubo efanelekile enikeza isivikelo esiqinile samalungelo omuntu ngamanye.

Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwenqubo efanele emthethweni waseMelika kubonisa ukushintsha ukuqonda amalungelo abantu ngabanye, indima efanele kahulumeni, nezimfuneko zobulungisa obuyisisekelo. Lokhu kuqhubekela phambili kubonisa ikhono loMthetho-sisekelo lokuzivumelanisa nezimo ezintsha kuyilapho ulondoloza izimiso eziyisisekelo zobulungisa nenkululeko.

Inqubo Nesivikelo Esifanele

ISichibiyelo Se - 14th Siqukethe kokubili i - Accolement Procesme ne - A Exlumement Protection Clause, futhi ngezinye izikhathi izinkantolo zihlaziya izenzo zikahulumeni ngaphansi kwawo womabili amalungiselelo.

Isivikelo Sokusekela

Inqubo elindelekile igxila ekutheni uhulumeni ulandele izinqubo ezilungile nokuthi uye waphula yini amalungelo ayisisekelo. Isivikelo esifanayo sigxila ekutheni uhulumeni ubaphathe ngendlela efanayo abantu abanezimo ezingafani futhi abakwazi ukuvumelana.

Ngokwesibonelo, imithetho evimbela amalungelo omshado iye yabekelwa inselele kokubili njengokuphulwa kwenqubo efanelekile (ukuthola ilungelo eliyisisekelo lokushada) nangokuphulwa kwesivikelo esifanayo (ukusetshenziswa kwamaqembu ahlukahlukene abantu ngokungafani).

Amalungelo enqubo alindelekile abangewona ama-Center

INkantolo Ephakeme sekuyisikhathi eside iqaphela ukuthi abantu abangebona abasendaweni yase-U.S. banelungelo lokuvikelwa ngenqubo efanelekile; eYuck Wo v. Hopkins (1886), iNkantolo yamemezela ukuthi isivikelo seSichibiyelo seshumi Nane seSichibiyelo sawo wonke umuntu osendaweni e-United States, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uyizakhamuzi.

Lesimiso sibonisa ukuqonda ukuthi inqubo efanelekile yokuvikela isekelwe ekubeni umuntu kunokuba ibe isakhamuzi. Ukusetshenziswa koMthetho-sisekelo wegama "person" kunokuba "bezen" kwi-CYCLERT Clauss kubonakalisa ukuthi lezisivikelo esiyisisekelo sisebenza kubo bonke abangaphansi kwegunya likahulumeni wase-U.S.

Nokho, izinqubo eziqondile ezidingekayo ekuqulweni kwezokufuduka zingase zihluke kwezinye ezikweminye imikhakha. Izinkantolo ziye zaqaphela ukuthi uhulumeni unegunya elikhulu ezindabeni zokufuduka, nakuba ngisho nakulendawo, inqubo eyisisekelo efanelekile njengesaziso nokuqulwa kwecala phambi komenzi wezomthetho ongakhethi iyasebenza.

Indima Yenqubo Elindelekile Ekuvimbeleni Isenzo Sikahulumeni Olawulayo

Inqubo efanele isebenza njengendlela yokuhlola amandla kahulumeni ozimele. Izimemezelo, ezaziwa nangokuthi i-Curtive Process Clauss, zivikela abantu lapho uhulumeni ebancisha ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, futhi zilinganisela ukusebenzisa kukahulumeni amandla akhe ngokungenanhloso.

Ukucwaninga Ukwenziwa Kwesinqumo Esicatshangelwe

Izimfuneko ezidingekayo zokusebenza ziphoqelela izikhulu zikahulumeni ukuba ziveze izizathu ezicatshangelwe izinqumo zazo futhi zisekele lezo zinqumo ebufakazini nasemthethweni esikhundleni sokuzicabangela noma ukucwasa.

Lemfuneko yokwenza izinqumo ezicatshangelwe kahle ifeza izinjongo eziningi. Isiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinqumo zisekelwe ezicini ezifanele kunokucabangela okungafanele. Inikeza umbhalo ongabukezwa iziphathimandla eziphakeme noma izinkantolo. futhi ikhuthaza ukulandisa ngokufuna izikhulu ukuba zichaze futhi zithethelele izenzo zazo.

Ukuvikela Ekusebenziseni Kabi Amandla

Ngokumisa izimfuneko ezicacile ezicacile kanye nokulinganiselwa okungaqondakali, inqubo efanele isiza ekuvimbeleni izikhulu zikahulumeni ekusebenziseni kabi igunya lazo. Imfuneko yesaziso iqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni akanakuthatha isinyathelo ngasese. Ithuba lokuzwiwa livumela abantu ukuba baphikise izenzo zikahulumeni ezingalungile noma ezingenabulungisa. Imfuneko yomenzi wezinqumo ongakhethi ivimbela izingxabano zesithakazelo ekungcoliseni izinqumo.

Lezi sivikelo zibaluleke kakhulu emiphakathini esengozini engase intuleke amandla ezombangazwe noma ingcebo ukuze izivikele ngenqubo yezombangazwe. Inqubo elindelekile inikeza uhlelo olungokomthetho lwezenzo zikahulumeni eziyinselele kungakhathaliseki ithonya lomuntu lezombangazwe noma isikhundla sezenhlalo.

Izinselele Nezimpikiswano Zesikhathi Esizayo

Inqubo eqhubekayo iyaqhubeka iguquka njengoba izinkantolo zilwa nezinselele ezintsha nezinguquko zezenhlalo.

Ubuchwepheshe Nezindaba Zomuntu Siqu

Intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe iye yadala izinselele ezintsha zezindlela zokuvikela inqubo, ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene namalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu. Imibuzo ephathelene nokuqashelwa kwemininingwane kahulumeni, ukuqoqwa kwemininingwane yezindaba, kanye nezindaba zobuchwepheshe iphakamisa izimpikiswano ezibalulekile ngendlela izimiso ezingokwesiko zenqubo ezisebenza ngayo enkathini yobuchwepheshe. Izinkantolo kumelwe zilinganisele inzuzo kahulumeni engokomthetho ngokulondeka nokugcinwa komthetho ngokumelene namalungelo abantu ngabanye enkathini yekhono lobuchwepheshe elingenakuqhathaniswa.

Ukulondeka Kwesizwe Nenqubo Ezolandela

Imibuzo ephathelene nezinqubo zokuboshwa kwamaphekula okusolwa, izinhlelo zokuqapha nokuphoqelelwa kwezokufuduka iphakamisa izimpikiswano ezinzima mayelana nendlela yokulinganisela izidingo zokulondeka nezimfuneko eziyisisekelo zokungakhethi.

Nakuba izinkantolo ziye zaqaphela ukuthi uhulumeni angase abe nethonya elikhulu ezindabeni zokulondeka kwesizwe, ziye zagcizelela nokuthi inqubo yokuvikela efanele ayinakumiswa ngokuphelele ngisho nasezikhathini zosizi.

Amalungelo Ezomnotho Nenqubo Engalindelekile

Ekuqaleni komlando wayo, iNkantolo Ephakeme yabukeza ezinye izimiso zezomnotho nge-lens yenqubo efanelekile engaphansi kwe-octive, kodwa iye yayilahla kakhulu lendlela. Ukuhoxa kweNkantolo enqubeni edinga inqubo elinganiselwe yezomnotho kubonisa isahlulelo okufanele izinkantolo zilalele izinqumo zezezimali ezingokomthetho.

Nokho, izimpikiswano ziyaqhubeka ngokuthi ezinye izimiso zezomnotho zingase ziwubushiqela noma zicindezeleke kangangokuthi zingephula inqubo efanele.

Ithonya Elingokoqobo Lenqubo Efanele Ekuphileni Kwansuku Zonke

Nakuba inqubo efanele ingase ibonakale iwumqondo ongekho emthethweni, inethonya eliqinisekile ekuphileni kwabantu kwansuku zonke. Lesivikelo sithinta ukusebenzelana nohulumeni kuwo wonke amazinga, kusukela ekuqulweni kwecala lombuso lendawo kuya ekumangalelweni komthetho kahulumeni.

Umsebenzi Nezinzuzo

Izimiso zenqubo ziyasebenza lapho izisebenzi zikahulumeni zibhekene nokuqedwa noma lapho abantu bethola izinzuzo zikahulumeni. Ngaphambi kokuba isisebenzi sikahulumeni sixoshwe noma izinzuzo zinganqanyulwa, inqubo efanele idinga ukuqashelwa kwezizathu nethuba lokusabela. Lezisivikelo ziyasiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinqumo ezinjalo azikwenziwa ngokuthanda noma ngokusekelwe ezicini ezingafanele.

Imfundo

Abafundi ezikoleni zomphakathi namayunivesithi banamalungelo afanele lapho bebhekene nesenzo sokuyala. Ngaphambi kokuba umfundi anqanyulwe noma axoshwe, izikole ngokuvamile kumelwe zinikeze isaziso ngamacala nethuba lokuba umfundi anikeze ingxenye yendaba yakhe. Izinqubo eziqondile ezidingekayo zixhomeke ebuqathani besijeziso esingase sibuye kanye nezinye izimo.

Ukuphonsa Amalayisense Okungochwepheshe

Ochwepheshe abaphethe amalayisense kahulumeni agunyazwe uhulumeni banamalungelo afanele enqubo ngaphambi kokuba lawolayisensi asuswe noma asuswe. Amabhodi a-licens kufuneka anikeze isaziso ngokuphulwa komthetho okuthiwa kanye nethuba lokuba imvume yokuzivikela ngaphambi kokuba ithathe isinyathelo esingathinta indlela yokuziphilisa.

Inqubo Efanele Emhlabeni Wonke

Nakuba lesi sihloko sigxila enqubweni efanele eUnited States, kunemiqondo efanayo ezimisweni zomthetho emhlabeni wonke. Amazwe amaningi ayazazi izimiso zokungaguquguquki komthetho kanye nokuvikelwa kwamalungelo ayisisekelo, nakuba izinqubo ezithile nezinhlelo zihlukahluka.

Izincwadi zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke, njenge - Universal Declaration of Human Rights ne - International Common Rights ne - Political Common Common and Political Common Common Common, ziqaphela izimiso ezifanele.

Ukuhlola ukuqhathanisa inqubo yokuvikela ezimisweni ezihlukene zomthetho kunganikeza ukuqonda okuwusizo kanye nemibono. Nakuba indlela yaseMelika ihlukile kwezinye izici, ihlanganyela isisekelo esifanayo nezinye izimiso zomthetho zentando yeningi ekuqapheleni ukubaluleka kwesivikelo somthetho ofanele kanye namalungelo angaphansi.

Ikusasa Lenqubo Efanele

Inqubo elindelekile izoqhubeka iguquka njengoba kuvela izinguquko zomphakathi nezinselele ezintsha. Izici eziningana kanye nezimpikiswano cishe ziyohlela ukukhula kwesikhathi esizayo kwenqubo yemfundiso efanelekile.

Ukuzivumelanisa Nokushintsha Kwezobuchwepheshe

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buqhubeka, izinkantolo kuyodingeka zinqume ukuthi izimiso ezifanele zenqubo zisebenza kanjani ezimweni ezintsha. Izihloko ezinjengokwenza izinqumo ze-algorithm, ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa, kanye nokuhlola izinto zobuchwepheshe zizodinga ukuhlolwa ngokucophelela ukuthi ungaqinisekisa kanjani ukulunga futhi uvikele amalungelo emiyalo kahulumeni esebenzela ubungcweti.

Ukulinganisela Ukwaneliseka Nobulungisa

Uhulumeni ubhekene nokucindezela okuqhubekayo kokusebenza ngokuphumelelayo nokuphatha izimali ezilinganiselwe. Izinkantolo zidinga ukuqhubeka zilinganisela isidingo semisebenzi kahulumeni ephumelelayo ngokumelene nezimfuneko zenqubo efanele. Lokhu kulinganisela kuyinselele ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinjengokufuduka, lapho ukugcwala kwamacala amakhulu nokuvinjelwa kwemali kungadala ukucindezela ezinqubeni ezilandelanayo.

Ukuchaza Amalungelo Ayisisekelo

Izinga lenqubo efanelekile cishe liyohlala liphikiswa. Izinkantolo zizoqhubeka zibhekene nemibuzo ephathelene nokuthi yimaphi amalungelo afanelekela ukuvikelwa kakhulu. Lezi zinqumo zibonisa izindinganiso zomphakathi nokuqonda inkululeko nobulungisa okuhambisana nokuqonda.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukhona Kwenqubo Edingekayo

Inqubo elindelekile ihlala iyisisekelo sesimiso somthetho waseMelika, inikeza isivikelo esibalulekile ekuthatheni isinyathelo sikahulumeni somthetho futhi iqinisekisa ukuthi kuqulwa icala ngendlela elungile. Izimfuneko, ezibizwa ngokuthi "ubuqotho obungokwezici zengqondo," zivikela abantu ekuncishweni isithakazelo ngokungafanele noma ngokungadingekile.

Kokubili inqubo efanelekile engokwesiko neyokuthunyelelwa ifeza imisebenzi ebalulekile ekuvikeleni amalungelo abantu nokulinganisela amandla kahulumeni. Inqubo efanelekile iqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni ulandela izinqubo ezilungile ngaphambi kokuncisha abantu ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla. Inqubo edingayo engaphansi kwenqubo ivikela amalungelo ayisisekelo ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kusetshenziswa inqubo.

Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwemfundiso yenqubo efanele kubonisa ikhono loMthetho-sisekelo lokuzivumelanisa nezimo ezishintshayo kuyilapho ulondoloza izibopho eziyisisekelo kubulungisa namalungelo abantu ngabanye. Njengoba kuvela izinselele ezintsha, izinkantolo ziyoqhubeka zichaza futhi zisebenzise izimiso ezifanele zenqubo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amandla kahulumeni asetshenziswa ngokulunga futhi amalungelo abantu avikelwe.

Ukuqonda inqubo efanele kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda indlela isimiso somthetho saseMelika esisebenza ngayo nendlela amalungelo aso avikelwe ngayo. Lezizimiso zithinta ukusebenzelana kwabantu abaningi nohulumeni, kusukela ekumangalelweni kobugebengu kuya ekuqashelweni kwecala lokuphatha kuze kuqashelwe amalungelo ayisisekelo. Ngokufuna izinqubo ezilungile nokuvikela inkululeko edingekile, inqubo efanelekile isiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isimiso somthetho sifeza injongo yobulungisa kubo bonke.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo nesimiso somthetho, vakashela i- Constitution eMtatsheni we-Congress, noma ukuhlolwa kwemithombo yezemfundo engcono evela eMgqonyeni we- ISikole solwazi eCornell Law School [. [[FLT:]] [FLT]] inikeza izikhundla zeSikhundla somthetho-mthetho-mthetho-zwelonke [[ futhi inikeza izinto ezifundisa kahle ngenqubo efanelekile nezinye izimiso zomthetho.[FT] Inkantolo enikeza labo abanesithakazelo ezikhona ngenqubo edinga inqubo, imvume yeNkathi yenkantolo esemthethweni [FLT] esemthethweni [FLT]