ISichibiyelo seshumi nane seSichibiyelo, esagunyazwa ngo-1868, singenye yezici ezilandelayo ezihlanganisa kakhulu kuMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. Salungisa ubuhlobo phakathi kukahulumeni kahulumeni nezifunda, izimiso eziqinile zokulingana, inqubo efanelekile, kanye nobuzwe. Nakuba umbhalo wayo uhlanganisa amagama angamakhulu ambalwa, ukuchazwa kwawo cishe eminyakeni engu - 150 edlule kuye kwathinta cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwaseMelika kusukela ekilasini kuya emsebenzini ukuya endlwaneni yokuvota. Ukuqonda indlela iSichibiyelo seshumi nane esivikela ngayo amalungelo akho kulezindawo ezintathu kubalulekile ukwazi lokho umthetho ofuna ukuba kwenziwe eziko, abaqashi, izikhulu zokhetho, futhi uma zingazi ukuthi zifuna ukuba kuhlangane.

Isizinda Esingokomlando SeSichibiyelo Seshumi Nane

ISichibiyelo seshumi nane sabuthelwa ngemva kweMpi Yombango njengengxenye yeSichibiyelo sokwakha kabusha. Abaklami baso abayinhloko babengamalungu oMkhandlu wama-39 owawufuna ukuqinisekisa amalungelo omphakathi waseMelika abasanda kukhululwa e-Afrika ngokumelene nemithetho kahulumeni enonya, ikakhulukazi amaBlack Code aqanjwa ezindaweni zaseNingizimu. I-mentement iqukethe izingxenye ezinhlanu, kodwa ezinethonya elikhulu yiSigaba 1, esichaza ukuba isakhamuzi futhi esivimbela ukuncishwa kwamalungelo noma ukugonywa kwezakhamuzi, siphuca noma imuphi umuntu ukuphila, noma impahla engenayo inqubo efanelekile, noma isiphi isivikelo esilinganayo semithetho; nesigaba 5, esigunyaza uHulumelo ukuba kugcinwe umthetho ofanele.

Naphezu kolimi lwayo olubanzi, iSichibiyelo seshumi nane leSichibiyelo sasala kakhulu amashumi eminyaka ngemva kokuvuselelwa. INkantolo Ephakeme yawachaza ngokuncane amalungiselelo ayo, ngokwesibonelo iCases-Ndlu [ [1873] [i-183] [iSichimende] [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [i-195] [iSikhulu lama-20]) [i-FLT] [ikhulu lama-ikhulu] [20] [i-fult] [i] [i-FLT] [i] isekela i-lifun, lapho isekela khona i-slowb ngaphansi kwe-[FLT], lapho isebenzisa khona inkulumo ekhululekileyo ku-Greastting [eadnerment] ku-Fodment, futhi ku-Fodmose] izinqulution [evement] eziningi, zakwayokuqala, kwalandela izibonelome, izibonelome, izibone

Namuhla, iSichibiyelo seshumi nane siseyincwadi ephilayo, futhi ukufinyelela kwaso kudlulela ezimpikiswaneni zanamuhla zokuvuma isenzo, i - LGBTQ+, imingcele yokuvota, nesiyalo sabafundi. Izingxenye ezilandela ithonya laso eliqondile elungelweni lakho ezicini ezintathu ezibucayi: imfundo, umsebenzi, nokuvota.

Amalungelo Akho Emfundo Ngaphansi KweSichibiyelo Seshumi Nane

Isivikelo Esilinganayo Ezikoleni Zomphakathi

I-Umeal Protection Claus of the 1450 Defected of the Express ingunday yemfundo. Iyala ukuba kungabikho mbuso “ozokwenqabela noma yimuphi umuntu ophakathi kwegunya lawo isivikelo esifanayo semithetho.” Uma isetshenziswa ezikoleni zomphakathi, lokhu kusho ukuthi izifunda azinakukwazi ukuphatha abafundi ngokungafani ngenxa yobuhlanga, ubuzwe, ubufana, noma ezinye izigaba ezivikelweyo eziqinile ngaphandle kokuba kunesithakazelo sikahulumeni nezindlela ezisetshenziswayo zihlotshiselwe ngokulinganiselwe. Lesimiso samiswa Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo, lapho iNkakhulu ihlangene ngokuthi isigaba sohlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi sasingenabungako, iphula i-Clausscle.

Kusukela [[FLT:]] , izinkantolo ziye zasebenzisa isivikelo esifanayo ukuqeda imikhuba yokulahla ubandlululo esukela ekuhlelekeni kwemidanti ephansi kakhulu kuya ekususweni kwabafundi abakhubazekile emakilasini avamile. Muva nje, kuye kwasetshenziswa izimemo zokuphikisa izimiso zemfundo zesikole ezithi ngokulinganayo ziphazamise abafundi bemibala, njengama-zero-tolerdar aholela ekukhipheni isilinganiso esiphakeme nokuxosha abafundi abamnyama nabane-Latino abambalwa. Nakuba imikhankamiso engabonakali njengezenzo zokuvuma ezingenisweni zasekholiji esaqhubeka, isimiso sezimiso sesimiso semfundo sihleli: kumelwe siphathe bonke abafundi ngokulinganayo futhi singaphathi imithwalo esekelwe ekuzisweni noma ekusondweni.

Abafundi Bazolandela Inqubo

Ngaphandle kwesivikelo esifanayo, iSichibiyelo seSiphendulo se 144 i-Act Claus sivikela amalungelo abafundi aphezulu nangaphansi kwesikole. Inqubo efanelekile idinga ukuba umfundi aphucwe impahla noma isithakazelo esikhethekile (njengelungelo lokuya esikoleni noma lokuthola idiploma) isikole kumelwe sinikeze isaziso nethuba lokuzwakala. Endaweni yesifunda Gos v. Lopez[FLT] [[FLT]] [197]], iNkantolo Ephakeme yakholelwa ukuthi abafundi babhekene nezigwegwegwe zezinsuku eziyishumi noma okungasholo okubhaliwe kakhulu.

Ukuxoshwa isikhathi eside kudinga izinqubo ezingokomthetho ezengeziwe, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokubiza ofakazi nokuba nomfanekiso.

Nakuba izikole zinenkululeko ebanzi yokulondoloza ukuhleleka nokulondeka (njengoba kuqashelwa .Des Moines ne [[FLT] New Jersey] ne [[FLT] New Jersey] Viers. T.L. [FL.3]]), azikwazi ukuphula amalungelo ayinhloko eSichibiyelo ngaphandle kokuthethelela. Ngokwesibonelo, izikole azinakulahla abafundi ngenkulumo engabangela ukuphazamisa okukhulu, noma zisuse ukukhwabaza ngaphandle kokusola okunengqondo. Lokhu kuveza isivikelo ekuncipheni kwemithetho ehlangene ehlangene. [[FLTLT] [intel] [interight Reformation Reformationstions ngaphandle kokulungisa.

Imingcele yamanje: LGBTQ+ Abafundi nesihloko IX

I-Unicible Protection Claus isibuye ibe yithuluzi elibalulekile lokuvikela i-LGBTQ+ abafundi ekukhetheni. Bostock v. Clayton County [2020], iNkantolo Ephakeme ikholelwa ukuthi ukucwaswa okusekelwe ekusebenziseni imizwelo yobulili noma ubulili kuye kwakha ikhethe “ngenxa yobulili” ngaphansi kweSihlomo se-Ortive Reconstment Act ka-19649. Nakuba leyondaba ethintana nomsebenzi, izinkantolo eziphansi ziye zasebenzisa incazelo efanayo yemfundo ngaphansi kweSihloko se-IX neSikhungo sika-Celawu. Izikole ezinqabela abafundi ukuba bangasebenzisi izihlalo zeze noma amagumbi okuvala inyumba ahambisana nezimpawu zabo zobulili, noma iziqondiso ezifanayo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuchaza kwe-Biden u-2021 kwesihloko uwenqabela obala ukucwasana okusekelwe ekuzimeni kobulili, nakuba amazwe amaningana eye abekela lomthetho inselele. Abafundi ababhekene nobandlululo kufanele bathintane ne-Divince of Education’s Office for Civil Rights (] [UMTCR]) noma bathintane nommeli ukuze baqonde amalungelo abo ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo se-14.

Amalungelo Akho Emsebenzini Ngaphansi KweSichibiyelo Seshumi Nane

Isivikelo Esilinganayo Ngezisebenzi Zomphakathi

Isivikelo seSichibiyelo seshumi nane sisebenza ngokuqondile ekuthatheni isinyathelo sikahulumeni. Kuzisebenzi zomphakathi .(8) labo abasebenzela izinhlangano zikahulumeni, zikahulumeni, noma zendawo kahulumeni) `i-Umeal Protection Claus yenqabela abaqashi ekwenzeni izinqumo eziphathelene nokuqasha, ukudubula, ukukhushulelwa, ukukhokha, noma ukuyala okusekelwe ngokohlanga, ubulili, inkolo, imvelaphi, noma ezinye izigaba ezisolwayo. Abaqashi bomphakathi futhi kumelwe bathethelele noma iziphi izigaba eziphatha iqembu ngokwehlukile kwelinye, kanye nezizwela kakhulu zokuhlelwa kweqembu (umk. umkhakha noma ubulili), umthwalo ophakeme wokulunga.

Ngokwesibonelo, uma inhlangano kahulumeni ilahla ummeleli ofanelekayo ngenxa yohlanga lwayo kuphela, lokho kungaphula isivikelo esifanayo. Ngokufanayo, uma isifunda sesikole sikhokhela othisha besifazane abangaphansi kothisha besilisa ngomsebenzi olinganayo ngaphandle kwesizathu sokungasoli, lenkambiso ingaba engekho emthethweni. Icala lengqophamlando Frontietero v. Richardson [10]) wakholelwa ukuthi izigaba ezisekelwe ebulilini zihlolwa kakhulu ngaphansi kweSivikeli sika Clauslease esihlangene nesinye, okwenza kube nzima kakhulu ngabaqashi ukuba basobala ukuthethelela ukuhlukanisa kwabesifazane.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi iSichibiyelo seshumi nane asiyiphathi ngokuqondile abaqashi abazimele. Ukucwaswa kwemisebenzi esendaweni yangasese ngokuyinhloko kulawulwa yimithetho kahulumeni enjengesihloko VII soMthetho we-Polity Rights ka-1964, iNkathi Yokucwasana kweNkathi Yomsebenzi, namaMelika aphethe uMthetho wokukhubazeka. Nokho, lemithetho ngokwayo iwukusebenzisa amandla eSishayamthetho ngaphansi kweSiqeshini 5 seSiphendulo se-14, esivumela uKhokhisi - mthetho ukuba ulwe ukugcinwa kwemithetho ye-Congrrencesting Reconstmentmentment. Ngakho, izimiso zomthetho we-mthetho we-astriclest of Doocture in provicementmentments of douncerder of act.

Intuthuko Efanele Emsebenzini Womphakathi

I-The Isth Procession Claus yeSichibiyelo seshumi nane ivikela izisebenzi zomphakathi ezinesithakazelo sempahla emsebenzini wazo, okusho ukuthi othisha abakhokhelwe, izisebenzi zomphakathi, noma izisebenzi ezinezivumelwano ezithenjiswe umsebenzi oqhubekayo. Ngaphambi kokuba isisebenzi esinjalo sixoshwe noma siphonswe, umqashi kahulumeni kumelwe anikeze isaziso ngezizathu kanye nethuba elinenjongo lokusabela. Lesivikelo sezentengiselwano siqinisekisa ukuthi izisebenzi zikahulumeni azisuswe ngokuzifunela noma ngokusekelwe ekumangaleleni okungamangalelwa.

Ku i-Coleverand Board of Education v. Loudermill (1985), iNkantolo Ephakeme yaphikisa ngokuthi isisebenzi somphakathi esinesithakazelo sempahla emsebenzini waso sinelungelo “lokuzwa ngandlela-thile" ngaphambi kokupheliswa. Ukuzwa akudingeki kube ukuqulwa kwecala okugcwele, kodwa kumelwe kuhlanganise isaziso samacala, incazelo yobufakazi, nethuba lokuba isisebenzi sitshele icala laso. Ngothisha obhekene nenkomciso, lokhu kungasho ukwamukela isaziso esibhaliwe sokuziphatha okubi, umhlangano nebhodi yesikole, futhi sinikeze ofakazi noma izincwadi zokuvikela.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izisebenzi zomphakathi zinenkululeko yokufuna ukuzwa idumela lazo futhi zingabekela inselele izenzo zikahulumeni ezilimaza igama lazo noma ezihlazisayo. uma umqashi edubula othile futhi ezibiza obala ngokuthi ungumqambimanga noma isela, isisebenzi singaba nelungelo “lokuzwa kahle” lokuphikisa amacala, ngisho noma singenasithakazelo sempahla emsebenzini oqhubekayo.

Ukukhokha Imali Elinganayo Nokucwaswa

Nakuba i-Umeal Pay Pay Act ka 1963 ne-Title VII ikhuluma ngokuqondile ngokukhokha iholo lokucwaswa, iSichibiyelo seshumi nane singanikeza izisebenzi zomphakathi enye indlela. Uma inhlangano kahulumeni ikhokha amadoda nabesifazane ngokungafani ngomsebenzi ofanayo ngaphandle kwesizathu esingokomthetho, umthetho ungaphula umthetho wokuthi i-Moncial Protection Clausle. Iholo le-Expaint libeke iholo eliphansi ngenxa yobulili, ngisho noma imisebenzi yayingafanangafananga. Nakuba iNkantolo ayifinyelelanga umbuzo womthetho, icala libonisa ukuthi izimiso ezilinganayo zingayikhokhela kanjani imizamo ephelele.

Muva nje, eminye imibuso iye yamisa imithetho yokukhokha evezayo, futhi uhulumeni kahulumeni uye wathatha izinyathelo zokulwa nobandlululo. Izisebenzi ezisola ukuthi zikhipha ubandlululo engxenyeni yomphakathi kufanele zicabangele ukumisa isikhalo ne-Oumedial Accounting Option Option Commission ([[FL:0]]] EOC[) noma ukuthinta ummeli wezemisebenzi mayelana nezisholo zokuVuselelwa kweNguquko ye - 14.

Ukuhlukunyezwa Emsebenzini Nendawo Egcwele Ubutha

Izisebenzi zomphakathi zinomthetho ovikela ekuhlukunyezweni okukhulu noma okusakazeke kakhulu okudala isimo somsebenzi esimelene nomthetho oqinile esisekelwe esimweni esivikelekile. Uma umphathi ekhuluma kabi ngohlanga, ukuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili, noma ukuhlekwa usulu okungokwenkolo, futhi umqashi ehluleka ukuthatha isinyathelo sokulungisa, isisebenzi singaletha isivikelo esifanayo. INkantolo Ephakeme Davis v. iMonroe County Board of Education [ [1999] isebenzisa isihlokwana esithi IX kumfundi u-1999 ukuhlukunyezwa komfundi u-1921studede, futhi izinkantolo eziphansi ziye zaqaphela izimiso ezifanayo ezisebenza kubaphathi bezentengiselwano, izisebenzi ezizimele ezingokwabantu abahosholayo.

Abantu abakholelwa ukuthi bahlukunyezwa umqashi kahulumeni kufanele babhale ukuziphatha, basole imithombo yabantu noma ihhovisi lemisebenzi elilinganayo, futhi bacabangele ukuxhumana ne ACLU noma ezinye izinhlangano zamalungelo omphakathi ukuze ziqondise iziphakamiso ezikhona zomthetho-sisekelo.

Ukuhalalisa Ngamalungelo NeSichibiyelo Seshumi Nane

Amalungiselelo Akuqala ESichibiyelo

Ngokuthakazelisayo, iSichibiyelo seSikhawu seshumi nane sokuqala sakhuluma ngokuvota hhayi njengelungelo kodwa njengesijeziso. Sanikeza ukuthi uma uhulumeni enqaba ilungelo lokuvota noma isiphi isakhamuzi esiyindoda esingaphezu kuka - 2068one (ngaphandle kokuhlanganyela ekuvukeleni noma kobunye ubugebengu), leso simemezelo sikahulumeni eSishaya - mthetho sasizoncishiswa ngokwesilinganiso. Leli lungiselelo laliqondiswe ezindaweni zaseNingizimu elalilahla amadoda aseAfrika aseMelika naphezu kwesithembiso sokuvikelwa ngendlela efanayo. Nokho, asizange siphoqelelwe, futhi iSiphendulo seshumi nanhlanu (1870) kamuva senqabela ubandlululo lobuhlanga oluvelayo.

Naphezu kokungaqondile, izinkantolo ziye zasebenzisa iSichibiyelo seMikhathi ye 144 (ngokuvamile i-Uncimel Protection Claus − ukuqeda imikhuba yokuvota ewumthwalo noma yokunciphisa amavoti amaqembu athile. Icala elivamile lingu- Reynolds v. Sims [1964]], eyamisa “umuntu oyedwa, ivota eyodwa” isimiso. INkanto ephakeme yathi izifunda-mthetho kumelwe zikhandwe ngendlela yokuba izifunda ze-voti zithwale isilinganiso esilinganayo, ilahla iziphakamela ezisezindaweni zasemaphandleni lapho izifunda zasemaphandleni zazinezakhamuzi ezimbalwa kakhulu kunasedolobheni kodwa zikhetha inani elifanayo labameleli.

Ukungavumelani Nezinkolelo Ezingaqondakali

Enye yezimpikiswano zokuvota eziphikisana kakhulu ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo seshumi nane leminyaka ukulahla isigwebo. Izifunda eziningi ziyaliphika ilungelo lokuvota abantu ababoshelwe amafeloni, ngezinye izikhathi ngokungenasiphelo. Umbhalo weSigaba 2 ngokwawo uvala imingcele yokuhlanganyela ekuvukeleni noma kwezinye izigebengu, usikisela ukuthi izifunda zingahlela ukunqanda ukungabeki ubugebengu. Nokho, abagxeki baphikisa ukuthi imithetho enjalo ithinta imiphakathi emincane kakhulu futhi kanjalo iphule isivikelo esifanayo. INkantolo Ephakeme yasekela imithetho yokungahambisani imithetho ye-fenfrantine e [FL:0]]. [Ramirerz] [12]

Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, impikiswano iye yashintshelwa ezindlini zomthetho. Izifunda eziningana ziye zaguqula imithetho yazo ukuze zibuyisele amalungelo okuvota ngemva kokuqeda isigwebo noma ngisho nalapho ziboshiwe. Okwamanje, indaba ye- ishukumisa [ ilokhu ikhona: uma umthetho wokulahla izivumelwano ubekwe ngenhloso yokukhipha icala, ungaphula i-Exctive Protection Claus. Ezinye izinkantolo ziye zavumela amachalathisi ukuba aphikise imithetho enjalo ngokubonisa umlando wobandlululo okwahlulela ngokwezinhlanga ezinhlangothini zomthetho kanye nemiphumela ehlukene yomthetho.

Imingcele Nezinselele Zanamuhla

Eminyakeni yamuva, iSichibiyelo seshumi nane siye sasetshenziswa ekubekeni inselele yemithetho yokuvota edluliswa ama-pad commentant, kuhlanganise nemithetho eqinile yomvoti, ukunqanda ukuvota kwakuqala, ukususwa kwemivoti, nokuvalwa kwezindawo zokuvota. Abaxhasi balemithetho baphikisa ukuthi bavimbela ukukhwabanisa kovota; abaphikisi balimaza ngokungenakulinganiswa idlanzana, asebekhulile, futhi abavoti abaphansi kakhulu. Nakuba iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yasekela imingcele ethile ngaphansi kweSiphendulo seshumi nanhlanu neSiphendulo samaKhofi, i-Comemetic Protection Clavius ihlala isikhali esiyinhloko sezikhali.

Ngokwesibonelo, Shelby County v. Hoker (2013), iNkantolo yalahla umthetho owenziwe ngokudluliswa kweSivumelwano samaLungelo owawudinga izikhundla ezithile zobandlululo nomlando wobandlululo ukuze kuvele noma iziphi izinguquko zokuvota. Nokho, iNkantolo yashiya amathuba okuthola imithetho yokuvota ebekela inselele ngaphansi kweSiphendulo se-14. Amazwe adlulisela imithetho ecacile enenjongo yokuveza isigebexo.⁠[1] njengomthetho we-othovoti ye-ID eshiya izinhlobo ezithile zophawu oluvame ukugcinwa abantu baseAfrika.[Fom]

Ngaphezu kwalokho, isinqumo seNgqungquthela yesine [2023] ku- NAACP v. Thomas (icala levoti ye-ID yaseNingizimu Carolina) saqinisekisa ukuthi kokubili iziNguqulo ze 14 neshumi elinesihlanu zivikela emikhubeni yokuvota. AmaPlaintiff kumelwe abonise ukuthi umthetho wamiswa ngenjongo yokuvula isigebengu futhi unemiphumela yokukhipha isikhala. Lento ephakeme, kodwa ukunqoba okuningana okuphawulekayo, okungamandla eMntla Carolina, njengomthetho wokuvota i-ominisbologi ngo-2016 2016.

Ukucwasana Kwamathambo Ne - Gerrymandering

Enye impikiswano enkulu yamalungelo okuvota ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo se 144 ivoti ebangelwa ukuncitshiswa kwemikhakha yobuhlanga. Lapho izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zidonsa imigqa yesifunda ukuze zigxilise ingqondo noma zikhiphe abavoti bohlanga oluthile ukuze banciphise amandla abo ezombangazwe, okuphula i-Uncility Protection Clauslee. Shhaw v. [1993], iNkantolo Ephakeme yathi amagodi ayethambekele ekuhlanganeni kwezinhlanga njengembangosi ye-" futhi angeke achazwe ngezizathu ezingeyo ezingengo-1993]

I-partisan gerymanidering (esekelwe eqenjini lezombangazwe kunokuba lisekelwe ebunhlalweni) kunzima kakhulu ukubekela inselele ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo seshumi nane. Richur v. Common Change (2029), iNkantolo yathi iziphakamiso zokuthi i-gerrymaning azinabulungisa ngoba azikho izindinganiso ezilawulwayo zezinkantolo ukuba zisebenzise. Nokho, i-gerryderning ihlala iyimpikiswano ephilayo, futhi amaqembu esizwe aqhubeka eletha icala ngaphansi kwe-Calcial Protection Claus Claus uma amabalazwe edwe edwe ngenhloso yobuhlanga.

Ukuphoqelelwa Nokulinganiselwa KweSichibiyelo Seshumi Nane

ISichibiyelo seshumi nane asikona ukuzibulala; sidinga ukuphoqelelwa kwamandla ngeKhomishane (Isigebezo 5) nangezinkantolo. ISishaya-mthetho siye sakhipha umthetho oyinhloko wamalungelo abantu ngo-1964, i-Voting Rights Act ka-1965, ne-Fair Hobs Act (Izikhundla Zesihlanu). Izinkantolo zichaza ukulungiswa lapho abantu noma amaqembu emangalelwa ngokuphula umthetho.

Nokho, kunemingcele. Okokuqala, ukulungisa kusebenza kuphela ekwenzeni okuthile kwezwe, hhayi ukuziphatha kwangasese (ngokunye okuqashelwa yiNkantolo Ephakeme, njengalapho umuntu esebenza umsebenzi womphakathi). Okwesibili, indinganiso yokubukeza iyahlukahluka: ukuhlolisisa ngokuqinile imingcele yobuhlanga, ukucubungula okuphakathi kwezindawo zobulili, nesisekelo sokunye ukuhlukanisa. Okwesithathu, abachazi-staffs kumelwe babonise ukuthi bakhetha ngenhloso, hhayi nje ithonya elihlukile, ngaphansi kweSivikeli sika Clausleaskame. Okugcina, iNkanto ePhakathi ibeke imingcele yamandla okugcinwa kwemithetho, njengaku [FLT: 0] idolobha likaBoerne.[Flect1] [Foct1] [FOct1] [1997], okuthiwayi-Congressionedson Cellation: "Igaba]

Naphezu kwalokhu kulinganiselwa, iSichibiyelo seshumi nane sihlala siwumthombo onamandla wamalungelo. Siye sanxuswa ekuqinisekiseni ukulingana komshado (bergefell v. Hodges, 2015), ukuvikela ilungelo labazali lokulawula ukukhuliswa kwabantwana babo, nokuqinisekisa ukufinyelela ekunqandeni ukuvimbela nokukhipha isisu. [[FLT:] u-Dobbts v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization[[FLT:] [20]] [25]), eyayikholelwa ukuthi ukuvimbela ukukhishwa kwezisu okulungile.

Isiphetho

ISichibiyelo seshumi nane asiyona incwadi eqinile; incazelo yaso iyashintsha njengenhlangano nemithetho yezenkantolo ibhekana nezinselele ezintsha. Emfundoni, iqinisekisa ukufinyelela nokuthatha inqubo efanayo futhi ivikela ekukhuthazweni kobandlululo. Emsebenzini, iqapha izisebenzi zomphakathi ekuphathweni ngemithetho engekho emthethweni nakubuhlanga. Ekuvoteni, isekela isimiso somuntu oyedwa, ivoti eyodwa futhi inikeza isivikelo ekunqandeni ukuhlukana kwezinhlanga.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumfundi obhekene nokuzimela, uthisha ocabangela ukukhononda ngobandlululo, noma umvoti odidekile yimithetho emisha yokhetho, ukwazi isivikelo seSichibiyelo se 144 ukukunika amandla okuqinisa amalungelo akho futhi ugcine uhulumeni unecala. Kuyipulani yomthetho ngokomthetho yeMelika elinganayo, futhi isabhalwa nsuku zonke.