I-United States Congress ingenye yezindikimba zemithetho ezinamandla kakhulu emhlabeni, isebenza ngesimiso se-bidamaral esiklanywe ngokucophelela esihlukanisa amandla phakathi kwamagumbi amabili ahlukene: iSigele nendlu yabameleli. Lesi sakhiwo esimbambo esibili asisona nje isici esingcono sokuqondisa kodwa kunalokho isici esiyisisekelo sentando yeningi yaseMelika esilawula indlela imithetho emiswe ngayo, ephikiswana ngayo, futhi emiswa. Ukuqonda ukuthi la manembe amabili asebenza ngayo ndawonye, futhi ngezinye izikhathi kusebenza ndawonye, futhi ngezinye izikhathi kubaluleke kakhulu ekuqondeni inqubo ye-projectalism nezimiso ezibanzi ze-messagements ezichaza uhulumeni wombuso.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Sokungathathi Buthuntu

ISiphakamiso I soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. sinikeza wonke amandla omthetho eSishaya - mthetho: Indlu yabameleli neSigebengu esiwumphumela "Wokuhlehla Okukhulu" ukufuna ukulinganisela imiphumela yezikhulu ezidumile nezithakazelo zezwe. Lokhu kuhlehla, okwaziwa nangokuthi iConnecticut Ukuhlehla, kwavela ezimpikiswaneni ezinkulu ze-Connecticut eMhlanganweni woMthetho-sisekelo wango1787, lapho izihambeli zazizama ukulinganisela izithakazelo ezincintisanayo zemibuso emikhulu nemincane.

Ukuhlehliswa Okukhulu kwanikezwa iNdlu yabameleli ehlukaniselwe inani labantu, neSigele lapho imibuso yayimelelwa khona ngokulinganayo. Lelilungiselelo lanelisa kokubili i-Virginia Plan, eyayifuna ukumelelwa kwenani labantu, ne-New Jersey Plan, eyayisekela ukumelelwa okulinganayo kungakhathaliseki ubukhulu bombuso. Umphumela wawuwuhlelo lwemithetho olwaluyoqinisekisa ukuthi kokubili amazwe anenani labantu namazwe amancane anezinkulumo ezizwakalayo kuhulumeni.

Nakuba iContinental Congress yayinendlu ehlala u-un-gameral, abaxhasi bamukela isishaya-mthetho sikahulumeni we-bamaral kaHulumeni wase-U. ngoMhlangano woMthetho-sisekelo. Ngokwenza lesi sinqumo, umlando nokuhlangenwe nakho okuqhubekayo kwazisa isinqumo samaFramers. OFatherings abasungulwayo bathonyelwa amaRiphabliki asendulo nePhalamente yaseBrithani, bevumelanisa lemifanekiso ukuze bakhe isimiso esiyingqayizivele saseMelika esizovimbela ukuhlanganiswa kwamandla kuyilapho beqinisekisa ukubusa okuphumelelayo.

Ukwakhiwa Nezakhiwo Zesigungu Ngasinye

Indlu Yabameleli

Isimiso njengamanje sinikeza igama elithatha iminyaka emibili lehhovisi lamalungu eNdlu kusukela ezifundeni ezingu- 435 ezisekelwe kumphakathi wabantu. Isifunda ngasinye sithola inani labameleli abalingana nenani labantu baso, kanye nohlelo oluphinde lwabalwa eminyakeni eyishumi ngemva koMbalo wase-U.S.. Lokhu kumelelwa kwenani labantu kuqinisekisa ukuthi iNdlu iyaqhubeka isabela ezinguqukweni zenani labantu futhi ibonisa intando yabantu baseMelika ngokuqondile.

Indlu yaklanyelwa ukuba ibe yigumbi eliseduze kakhulu nabantu. Abameleli basebenzisa amagama amafushane kunamalungu esifunda, afuna ukuba babhekane nabavoti kaningi. Lesi sakhiwo sasihloselwe ngenhloso, sidala umzimba ozosabela ngokushesha kakhulu embonweni womphakathi nasezidingo ezishintshayo zomphakathi. Umjikelezo omfushane wokhetho usho ukuthi amalungu endlu kumelwe ahlale evumelana nezinkathazo zezifunda zawo kanye nezinto eziza kuqala uma ethemba ukuvikela ukuvota.

ISigele

KuyiSigele, abavoti bombuso ngamunye bakhetha amaSenator amabili, akhonza amagama athatha iminyaka eyisithupha ahambisanayo (njengalawo athi ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yegumbi ilungele ukukhethwa kunoma yimuphi umjikelezo wokhetho). Lomfanekiso olinganayo kungakhathaliseki ubukhulu bombuso uqinisekisa ukuthi amazwe amancane anezitho zethonya elikhulu enqubeni yomthetho, avimbela izithakazelo zezindawo ezingandile kakhulu ukuba zinganqotshwa amazwe amakhulu.

ISigele ekuqaleni sasungulwa njengomzimba owehlisayo, oklanyelwe ukunikeza ukuzinza nokuhlakanipha ukuze kulinganiswe lokho abanye abakhi bokhetho ababekwesaba kwakungaba "ukuzihambela nokukhanuka" kwendlu. Amagama amade avumela abasizi ukuba bathathe umbono owengeziwe, wesikhathi eside kakhulu wezindaba zesimiso ngaphandle kokucindezela okuqhubekayo kokwehliswa ngokushesha. Isimiso sokukhetha esintengantengayo siqinisekisa ukuqhubekela phambili eSigeqeni, nengxenye yegumbi eshintshwayo kuphela nganoma isiphi isikhathi.

Amandla Omthetho - sisekelo Ahlukile Nemithwalo Yemfanelo

Amandla Ayingqayizivele Endlu

Indlu kuphela engasungula umthetho wemali, futhi kuphela iSigele esiqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli nezivumelwano ezivumayo, kodwa ukumiswa komthetho njalo kudinga ukuba womabili amakamu avumelane ngokuhlukene nomthetho ofanayo ngaphambi kokuba awunikeze kuMongameli. Amandla akhethekile endlu okusungula izikweleti zemali abonisa inkolelo yabaFrames yokuthi intela kufanele ivele egumbini abantu abahlala kulo ngokuqondile.

Indlu iyaqala futhi inqume ukujezisa lapho iSigele sivota ngokuvunyelwa nokususwa kwesikhundla emacaleni angewona asemthethweni. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwamandla okungagunyazi kwakha inqubo yeziteji ezimbili: i House isebenza njengomshushisi, iphenya futhi ivote ifaka izinsolo eziqulweni zokungagunyazi, kuyilapho iSigele sisebenza njengejaji, siqondisa icala futhi sinqume ukuthi kufanele siboshwe futhi sikhiphe isikhulu ehhovisi.

Amandla Ayingqayizivele Esigele

ISigele sigunyaza izivumelwano futhi sivume ukumiswa komongameli kuyilapho iNdlu iqala ukukhokhela izikweletu zemali. Indima yesigele ekuqinisekiseni ukumiswa komongameli idlulela kumalungu eKhabhinethi, amajaji kahulumeni kuhlanganise namajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme, amanxusa, nezinye izikhulu zegatsha eziningi eziphethe eziphezulu. Lo msebenzi "ukwenza nokuvuma" unikeza ithonya elibalulekile ekwakheni kwamagatsha aphethe nawahlulelehlulele.

Kudingeka amavoti amabili-mithathu eSigele ngaphambi kokuba umuntu ongahlolwanga asuswe esikhundleni. Lemfuneko enkulu iqinisekisa ukuthi ukususwa ehhovisi kudinga ukuvumelana okukhulu kunokuba kube yinzuzo elula yokukhetha, kubonisa amandla amakhulu okugumbuqela imiphumela yokhetho noma ukususa isikhulu esihlezi.

Inqubo Yomthetho: Indlela Amabhuloho Aba Ngayo Imithetho

Ukubukeza Kwesingeniso Nekomiti

Izinhloso zomthetho zingavela kumalungu, abavukeli, izishaya-mthetho, izishaya-mthetho, izimemezelo zemithetho, noma izikhundla eziphethe. Noma ubani angabhala izivumelwano zemali, kodwa amalungu oMkhandlu kuphela angasungula izikweletu. Uma sezabelwe, izikweleti zabelwa amakomiti asekelwe endabeni yawo. La makomiti asebenza njengamahhashi eSishaya-Mkhandlu, aqhuba izibukezo eziningiliziwe, futhi enze izinqumo zokuqala ngokuphathelene nezikweleti ezifanele ukucatshangelwa ngokuqhubekayo.

AmaKomiti anendima ebalulekile ekulolongeni umthetho. Anamandla okulungisa izikweletu, ukuhlanganisa iziphakamiso eziningi, noma ukubulala ngokuphumelelayo umthetho ngokunqaba ukuwuqhubekisela phambili. Izihlalo zamakomiti zinethonya elikhulu lapho izindleko zinikezwa khona isithakazelo futhi zishesha kangakanani ukudlula kule nqubo. Izinhlangano ezingaphansi zivame ukwenza ngisho nokubukeza okukhethekile, zivumele amalungu anolwazi oluthile ukuba ahlole izici ezithile zomthetho ohlongoziwe.

Ukucabangela Ubuhle Nempikiswano

Ngenxa yokuthi igumbi ngalinye linegunya lomthetho-sisekelo lokuzenzela imithetho yalo, indlu neSigele ziye zasungula izindlela ezihlukene kakhulu zokuhlela umthetho. Ngokuvamile, imithetho nemikhuba yendlu kuvumela iningi ukuba lisebenzise umthetho ngokushesha. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imithetho yeSigele nezinqubo, ukucubungula ngezenzo ezisheshayo, njengoba kunikeza abahlaziyi ngabanye amandla aphawulekayo okulawula inqubo.

Kule House, i-Mission Committee imisa imingcele yempikiswano, kuhlanganise nemingcele yesikhathi futhi isiphi isilungiso esingase sinikezwe. Lendlela ehlelwe kahle yenza ingxenye enkulu ikwazi ukulawula uhlelo lwezishaya-mthetho futhi isheshe izikweletu egumbini ngokunenzuzo. USheaker wendlu nomholi omkhulu basebenzisa amandla amakhulu ekunqumeni ukuthi izindleko zifika phansi nangaphansi kwaziphi izimo abazoxoxa ngazo.

ISigele sisebenza ngaphansi kwezimiso ezihlukene kakhulu. Abasizi ngabanye banamandla amakhulu okuthonya inqubo ngezindlela ezifana ne-banbuster, ibambelele ekwakheni umthetho, kanye nekhono lokunikeza izinguquko. Lokhu kunikeza iqembu elincane ngisho nomninindlu ngamunye obalulekile, okudinga ukwakhiwa kwesivumelwano nokuxoxisana okukhulu ukuze kuqhutshekiswe umthetho.

Ukulungisa Ukungezwani Phakathi Kwezikhungo

Indlu neSigele zingabangane abalinganayo enqubweni yokushaya umthetho-mthetho-awungenakumiswa ngaphandle kwemvume yamagumbi omabili. Uma lamakamu amabili edlula izinguqulo ezihlukene zomthetho owodwa, kumelwe alungise lokhu kungafani ngaphambi kokuba umthetho uthunyelwe kuMongameli. Lenqubo yokubuyisana ngokuvamile ilapho kuvela khona izingxoxo ezinzima kakhulu, njengoba amalungu esebenza ukwenza uhlelo lokugcina olungasekela iningi kuwo womabili amakamu.

Lapho iNdlu neSigele zenza izinqumo ezihlukene zesivumelwano sokubuyisana, kumelwe baxazulule ukungezwani kwabo ngaphambi kokuba kunikezwe uMongameli. Isivumelwano singafezwa ngenye yezindlela ezintathu: ngekomiti yengqungquthela, ngokushintshana ngezinguquko, noma ngegumbi elilodwa elidlulisa umthetho wokubuyisana welinye ngaphandle koshintsho.

Amakomiti engqungquthela ahlanganisa amalungu avela kuwo womabili amakamu ukuze axoxe ngenguquko yomthetho evumelanayo. La makomiti avame ukuhlanganisa amalungu amadala asegumbini ngalinye, kanye nabameleli bawo womabili amaqembu. Umbiko wekomiti yengqungquthela, ingqungquthela, kumelwe ukuba ivunyelwe ngawo womabili amakamu ngaphambi kokuba iqhubekele kuMongameli.

Imithetho Ekhethekile: Ukubuyisana Kokusetshenziswa Kwemali

Ukubuyisana kuyithuluzi – inqubo ekhethekile eyenza umthetho udlule kalula eSigele. Kunokuba udinge amavoti angu-60, isimemezelo sokubuyisana sidinga nje isibalo esivamile esiseSigele. Lenqubo elula yasungulwa yi-Congregational Baccoral Act ka- 1974 ukuze kudluliswe umthetho ohlobene nemali futhi kuqinisekiswe ukuthi uMkhandlu ungafeza izinto zawo eziza kuqala.

Impikiswano ngesivumelwano sokubuyisana noma umbiko wengqungquthela ilinganiselwe ngamahora angu-20, ngakho akunakuthiwa kudluliswe ijelo esitezi seSigele. Imiphumela esebenzayo iwukuthi icala lingadluliswa ngevoti elivamile, ngokungafani nomthetho omningi, odinga ukuqashelwa okukhulu okungama-60 ukuze kuvuswe amahlule futhi kuncishiswe impikiswano. Lokhu kwenza ukubuyisana kube yindlela ekhangayo eqenjini elikhulu uma lingenawo amavoti angu-60 adingekayo ukuze linqobe i-Dacienbuster.

Nokho, ukubuyisana kunezici eziphawulekayo. Okuqukethwe yisibekisi-mvume sokubuyisana kuqiniswa yimithetho eminingana, ngokuphawulekayo i-33 yoMthetho woBalo, owaziwa ngokuthi umthetho weSigele we Byrd. Le lungiselelo linqabela ukufakwa kwento encwadini yokubuyisana eqondene nenjongo yokubuyisana neziqondiso zekomiti. I-Byrd Presance iqinisekisa ukuthi ukubuyisana kusetshenziselwa injongo yayo ehloselwe injongo kuphela injongo yayo yenjongo yayo yenjongo.(bdifigtat-ithritet-m-mstions met mes mes (h truth) kunendlela evamile yokuvimbela izinqubo zegesabhayo.

Indima Yokuhola Nokubambisana Kweqembu

Isenzo sombuso sihlelwa futhi siqondiswe abaholi beqembu egumbini ngalinye, abaye bakhethwa amalungu e-caucus yabo noma ingqungquthela - ngqungquthela - thi, iqembu lamalungu egumbi elihlanganyela iqembu. Abaholi beqembu eMzini banemibuso ebalulekile namalungelo okumisa iziteji ezihleliwe futhi banqume ukuthi iziphi iziphakamiso ezizocatshangelwa phansi.

Umholi weqembu ufeza indima ebalulekile ekuxhumaneni phakathi kwamagumbi. Abaholi abavela kuwo womabili amakamu baxhumana njalo ngokuhlela izinhlelo zomthetho, ukuzwa izinto eziza kuqala, nokuxoxa. Uma iqembu elifanayo lilawula womabili amakamu, lokhu kubambisana kungcono kakhulu, nakuba ukungezwani kusaqala ngokusekelwe ezikhungweni ezihlukene nasemasikweni amaqembu egumbi ngalinye.

Uma amaqembu ahlukene elawula iNdlu neSigele (iSishaya - mthetho) — isimo esaziwa njengohulumeni ohlukene − siba yinselele kakhulu kodwa futhi ibaluleke kakhulu. Abaholi kumelwe bahileleke ekuxoxisaneni okukhulu ukuze bathole isisekelo esivumelanayo, ngokuvamile okuphumela ekutholeni umthetho olinganiselayo ongadonsa ukusekela kwe-bipartisan. Lokhu kungaholela ekubopheleleni imvume yemithetho uma izinhlangano zingatholi ukuhlehla okwamukelekayo, kodwa futhi kungaveza nomthetho oqinile obonisa ukuvumelana okukhulu.

Amahlola Nokulinganisela Phakathi Kwegatsha Elingokomthetho

Isakhiwo se-badamaral sisebenza njengesehlo sangaphakathi egatsheni lomthetho ngokwalo. Uma isilinganiso esithile silungile, esiye savunyelwa igatsha elilodwa, mhlawumbe elinye liyosiqinisekisa; uma kungalungile, kunenhlanhla ukuthi kunegatsha elingamelana noma elizosiqeda. Lenqubo yokubukeza isiza ekuvimbeleni umthetho osheshayo noma onganakiwe ukuba ube umthetho.

Ukuze kwakhiwe ukulinganisela okuthile, iminyango kahulumeni yahlukaniswa, futhi njengendlela edingekile yokuhlola, indikimba yemithetho yakhiwa ngamagatsha amabili. Ukuzinza nokuhlakanipha kuqiniswa kangcono uma kunegatsha lesibili, ukulinganisela nokuhlola elokuqala. Ubude obuhlukile, izilinganiso, imithetho yegumbi ngalinye iqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho uhlolwa ngemibono eminingi ngaphambi kokumiswa.

Lesimiso sokuhlola ngaphakathi sidlulela ngalé kokubukeza umsebenzi womunye. Amagumbi angasebenza futhi njengezinto eziphikisana nezombangazwe, enye igumbi lingavimbela imizwelo eyingozi kakhulu yenye. Amagama amade nezindlela zokuhlola zangaphakathi kungaholela ekuthatheni indlela engcono kakhulu yokuhlola izimpikiswano ezibangela izinkanuko ezinkulu zesikhathi esifushane eNdlu. Ngokuphikisanayo, ukuxhumana kwendlu eseduze nemizwa ethandwayo kungasunduza iSigele ukuba siphendule ngokwengeziwe ezindabeni zomphakathi ezithinta ngokushesha.

Izinselele Zokubambisana Kwama - Bream

I - partisan Polaryation

Emashumini eminyaka amuva, ukwanda kokuhlanganiswa kwamaqoqo okuncintisana kwamaqembu kwenza ukubambisana phakathi kwamagumbi kube nzima kakhulu, ikakhulukazi uma amaqembu ahlukene elawula igumbi ngalinye. Amalungu abheka izimpi zomthetho ngokuqhubekayo ngelens e-intshi encishisiwe, okwenza ukucindezela kweqembu lezenkolo namaqembu angaphandle kwenza kube nzima ukuxhumana okuphumelelayo okudinga ukubambisana.

Lokhu kuhlukana akuthinteli nje kuphela ubuhlobo phakathi kwamaqembu kodwa futhi namandla aphakathi kwamagumbi. Uma ukwethembeka kweqembu kuthatha indawo yokwethembeka kwenhlangano, amalungu angase akhathazeke kakhulu ngokuthuthukisa uhlelo lweqembu lawo kunanokuvikela amalungelo awo noma ukuthola ukuhlehla okusebenzayo kwelinye igumbi.

Izithiyo Ezingokwemvelo

Imithetho ehlukene yegumbi ngalinye ingadala izithiyo ezinkulu zokubambisana. I-monilbuster yeSigele, ikakhulukazi, iye yaba iphuzu eliyinhloko lengxabano. Nakuba ikhuthaza ukwakhiwa kwesivumelwano ngokufuna ukusekelwa kwemithetho eminingi, ingenza futhi idlanzana elizimisele ukuvimbela izinyathelo ezidlulele eNdlu ngokusekela okukhulu. Lokhu kungaholela ekukhungathekeni eNdlu, lapho iningi linamandla engeziwe okuthuthukisa uhlelo lwalo.

Indlela ehlelwe kahle kakhulu yokuxoxa nokulungisa ingadala futhi izingxabano. Izinkampani zingaba nomuzwa wokuthi izikweletu zendlu azizange ziphazanyiswe ngokwanele noma ukuthi izinguquko ezibalulekile zivinjelwe yimithetho eqinile. Lokhu kungafani kwemiqondo kubonisa amasiko ahlukene amaqembu egumbi ngalinye futhi kungabangela ukuba imizamo yokuthola isisekelo esifanayo ingabi khona.

Iziqu

Ngaphandle komehluko ohlukanisayo, izingxabano phakathi kwamagumbi zingaphazamisa ukubambisana. Indawo ngayinye ivikela imvume yayo engokomthetho-sisekelo futhi ingase imelane nalokho ekubona njengokungena kwenye igumbi. Iziphathi zingase zizibheke njengezimelela kakhulu, izikhundla zesifundazwe futhi zithathe indlela yokuzibamba, kuyilapho amalungu endlu engase azibone eseduze nabantu futhi athathe ukusabela ngokwengeziwe ekufuneni intando ethandwayo.

Lokhu kungafani okungokwezimo kungabonakala ezimpikiswaneni ezimayelana nezinqumo eziphambili zomthetho, izinga elifanele legunya legumbi ngalinye, kanye nokulinganisela okufanelekile kwamandla phakathi kwazo. Ngezinye izikhathi amakomiti engqungquthela aba izindawo lapho lemizwa ehlangene idlala khona, abanikeli begumbi ngalinye belwela ukulondoloza indlela yemigomo yabo yokuncintisana.

Imishini Yokubambisana

AmaKomiti Ahlangene Nokubambisana

ISishaya - mthetho sisungule izindlela eziningana zokubambisana phakathi kwamagumbi. Amakomiti ahlangene ahlanganisa amalungu asemagumbini womabili ukuze axoxe ngezindaba zokukhathazekana, nakuba la makomiti ngokuvamile enegunya elilinganiselwe kunamakomiti amile ekamelweni ngalinye. Lezi zindikimba ezihlangene zingasiza ekwakheni ubuhlobo ezindaweni ezingase zihlangane futhi zibone izindawo ezingase zivumelane.

Amalungu asebenza ngokubambisana ngokwethukela kuwo womabili axhumana njalo ukuze axoxe futhi athole izinkinga ezingase zibe izithiyo ezinkulu. Amahhovisi aqondisayo alondoloza izingxoxo eziqhubekayo ukuze ahlele izimiso zaphansi, athole imithetho eyisisekelo futhi axoxe ngezinkinga eziphikisanayo.

Ukuxoxa Ngezinkulumo Ezinhle

Uma kusungulwa umthetho omkhulu, abaholi bavame ukungenela izingxoxo ze-badamary kusukela ekuqaleni kunokulinda kuze kube ngemva kokuba igumbi ngalinye selidlulile. Lendlela, ngezinye izikhathi ebizwa ngokuthi "uhlelo lwezemithetho," ingasiza ekuboneni izinkinga ezingase zivele futhi zakhe ukuvumelana kuzo zombili izindawo. Nakuba kungase kunciphise inqubo yokuqala, ekugcineni ingaholela ekudluleni ngokushesha ngokugwema isidingo sezingxoxo zekomiti yengqungquthela.

Lezizingxoxo azihlanganisi abaholi beqembu kuphela kodwa futhi nezihlalo namalungu aphezulu amakomiti ahlobene egumbini ngalinye. Ngokuhlanganisa abadlali abayinhloko ekuqaleni kwenqubo, iziKhomishane ngezinye izikhathi zingamisa umthetho wobuciko ongadlula kuzo zombili izintambo ngaphandle koshintsho oluncane, uhlanganisa inqubo yezimiso iyonke.

AmaNorm Nobuhlobo Bethukela

Lapho izinyunyana nabameleli besebenza ndawonye ekwakheni umthetho owandulela lo mthetho, besebenza ndawonye emakomitini ahlangene, noma bemane nje bahlobanise inhlonipho ngokusebenzelana ngokwethukela, bayoba ngcono kakhulu ukuba bathole ukuhlehla ezindabeni ezinzima.

Izimiso ze-Congress ezigcizelela ukuvumelana kwemithetho, ukuhlonipha imvume yokuhlelwa kwezinhlangano, nokubaluleka kokugcina izwi lomuntu nakho kusiza ukubambisana. Nakuba lemiqondo iye yancipha eminyakeni yamuva ngenxa yokuhlukana ngokwehlukana, ihlala ibalulekile enqubweni yomthetho. Amalungu ahlakulela idumela lokuxoxa ngokuthembeka akuthola kulula ukwakha imifelandawo edingekayo ukuze adlulisele umthetho kuwo womabili amakamu.

Umphumela Wobubi Obungenamthetho Umphumela

Ukulinganisela Nokwakha IConsensus

Isimiso se-bidamaral sivame ukuveza umthetho olinganiselayo kunanoma yiliphi igumbi elingazidlulisa ngokwalo. Isidingo sokuthola imvume kuwo womabili amagumbi − ngalinye elinezingcindezi ezihlukene, ingcindezi ze-consotal, kanye nezimiso zezindawo ezisenkabeni. Amalungiselelo aweqisayo egumbi elilodwa kumelwe alungiswe noma asuswe ukuze agcine isikhawu sokugcina.

Lomphumela olungisayo ungabhekwa njengonamandla noma ubuthakathaka, kuye ngombono womuntu. Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi uvimbela izinguquko ezinkulu futhi uqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho omkhulu uveza ukuvumelana okukhulu. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi inganciphisa izinguquko ezidingekile futhi yenza kube nzima ukuxazulula izinkinga eziphuthumayo ezidinga isenzo sesibindi.

Ukuzimisela Nokuhlola

Imfuneko yokuba umthetho udlule emagumbini amabili iqinisekisa amathuba amaningi okucabanga nokuhlola. Amabhuloho angase abe namaphutha noma imiphumela engahlosiwe makhulu amathuba okuthola nokulungisa uma kumelwe aphinde abuye abukezwe izindikimba ezimbili ezihlukene ezinezimo ezingafani. Lokhu kungaholela ekwakheni umthetho owenziwe kangcono ongase ufeze izinjongo zawo ezihlosiwe.

I-sidevertime enziwa yi-bicameral ephindaphindwayo ivumela futhi ukufakwa komphakathi okukhulu nenkulumo-mphikiswano. Amaqembu anesithakazelo, abaxhasi, nabanye abaphethe i-parimen banamathuba amaningi okwenza amazwi abo azwakale lapho umthetho uhamba kuwo womabili amagumbi. Lokhu kungathuthukisa ukufaneleka kwentando yeningi, nakuba kunganikeza namathuba engeziwe okuthakazelelwa okukhethekile okuthonya lenqubo.

Ukuqina Nokungaguquguquki

Isimiso se-bidaral sinezela ekuzinzeni komthetho nenkambiso yaseMelika. Ubunzima bokudlulisa umthetho kuzo zombili izintambo kusho ukuthi imithetho, lapho imiswa, ilondekile ngokuqhathaniswa ekuthatheni noma ekulungiseni. Lokhu kuqina kungaba yigugu ekuhleleni nasekubekeni imali isikhathi eside, njengoba amabhizinisi nabantu bengaqiniseka kakhulu ukuthi uhlelo olungokomthetho luyohlala lungaguquguquki.

Nokho, lokhu kuqina okufanayo kungenza kube nzima ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezishintshayo noma amaphutha esikhathi esidlule. Uma womabili amagumbi kumelwe avumelane ukushintsha umthetho okhona, isimo siwusizo kakhulu. Lokhu kungaholela ekuphikeleleni kwezimiso eziphelelwe isikhathi noma ezingasebenzi ngoba nje izombangazwe zifuna ukuzishintsha zingabuthwa kanyekanye kuzo zombili izindawo.

Izinselele Nezimpikiswano Zesikhathi Esizayo

Inkiya Yemithetho Engenawo Amacala

Enye yezinselele ezibaluleke kakhulu zamanje ezibhekene nesimiso se-bamaral i-dropy-od. Uma amagumbi engenakuvumelana ngomthetho omkhulu, izimpikiswano ezibalulekile zingasuswa iminyaka eminingi. Le nkinga ivame kakhulu emashumini eminyaka amuva njengoba ukuhlukana kwezindawo okubangelwa ukuhlukana kwezinhlanga kuye kwakhula futhi amaqembu ehluka kakhulu ngokomqondo.

I-gricklock ingaba nemiphumela engathi sína ekubusweni. Uma i-Congress ihluleka ukudlulisa umthetho odingekile, izinkinga zingaba zimbi kakhulu, futhi igatsha eliphethe lingase lingenele ukugcwalisa izikhala ngeziqondiso zezikhulu nangezenzo zokuqondisa. Lokhu kungasusa amandla egatsheni lemithetho futhi kuphakamise imibuzo ngokulandisa ngentando yeningi.

Impikiswano Ye - Filibuster

ISigele se-banbuster siye saba isikhungo esiyinhloko sempikiswano ngokubambisana kwe-badamal nokuphumelela kwemithetho. Nakuba kungashiwonga eMthethweni, i-banbuster iye yaba isici esichazayo senqubo yeSigeqe, ifuna ngokuphumelelayo amavoti angu-60 ukudlulisa umthetho omkhulu. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngokuthi ikhuthaza ukubambisana kwe-bipartis nokuvikela amalungelo amancane. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi yenza isithiyeze futhi cishe ayinakukwazi ukudlulisa umthetho obalulekile ngaphandle komthetho omkhulu.

I-finbuster ithinta ikakhulukazi ubuhlobo phakathi kwamagumbi ngoba isho ukuthi umthetho odluliswe yindlu ungafa eNdlu yeSigele ngisho noma isekelwa kakhulu lapho. Lokhu kungadala ukukhungatheka nokungezwani phakathi kwamagumbi, amalungu endlu enomuzwa wokuthi umsebenzi wawo ubhuntshiswa imithetho ye-producism yeSigele kunokuba uphazanyiswe yizimpi.

Izindima Ezixazululayo Nobuhlobo

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwalamakamelo buyaqhubeka bushintsha ngokusabela ekushintsheni izimo zezombangazwe nentuthuko yezinhlangano. Ukusetshenziswa okwandayo komthetho we-omnibus ohlanganisa izikweletu eziningi ezihlukahlukene, kushintshe indlela amagumbi asebenzelana ngayo, nokuxoxisana okuningi okwenzeka emahhovisi obuholi kunangenqubo yenqubo yenqubo yenqubo yekomiti engokwesiko.

Ukukhula kwezenhlalo nezindaba ezihlanganisa amahora angu-24 nakho kuye kwathinta ubuhlobo be-badamaral. Amalungu angaphansi kokucindezeleka okukhulu kokuthatha izikhundla zomphakathi futhi angase akuthole kunzima kakhulu ukuhileleka ekuxoxisaneni okuthule okudinga ukubambisana okuphumelelayo. Izisusa zokulwa okuqinile nokungahlangani eziye zakhula, ngokungathi kuncishiswe ekuthuthukiseni ubuhlobo okusiza ukubambisana.

Ikusasa Lokubambisana Kwezigaba Zomhlaba

Ukuphumelela kwesimiso se-bidamal kuxhomeke ekhonweni loMkhandlu lokuzivumelanisa nezinselele zamanje kuyilapho ulondoloza imisebenzi eyisisekelo ehlongozwa amaFramers. Lokhu kuzodinga izindlela zokuthola izindlela zokusiza ukubambisana nasemagumbini ahlukene nangaphandle, izithiyo ze-procedtural, kanye nezimpikiswano zezinhlangano.

Ezinye izinguquko eziye zahlongozwa noma zasetshenziswa zihlanganisa izinguquko ezisemikhakheni yamakomiti ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukubambisana kweminye imikhakha, ukushintshwa kwemithetho yeSigele yokunciphisa ukuvinjelwa kuyilapho kugcinwa amalungelo amancane, nemizamo yokubuyisela inqubo engokwethukela nokubambisana. Impumelelo yalemizamo ngeke ilolonge ubuhlobo phakathi kwamagumbi kuphela kodwa nokuphumelela kwentando yeningi yaseMelika iyonke.

Ubuchwepheshe bungafeza indima ekuxhumaneni. Amathuluzi okuxhumana angcono angasiza amalungu nezisebenzi ezisemagumbini womabili axhumane ngokuphumelelayo. Ukuhlaziya ukwaziswa nokufanekisa kungasiza ekuboneni izindawo zesivumelwano futhi kubikezele imiphumela engase ibe khona yezihlongozo ezihlukahlukene eziyekelelayo. Nokho, ubuchwepheshe bodwa abukwazi ukunqoba izingxabano eziyisisekelo zezombangazwe noma izimpikiswano zezinhlangano.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Njalo Kokubambisana Ne - bimeral

Nakuba indlu neSigele kuhlelwe ngendlela ehlukile futhi kunendima nemithwalo yabo yemfanelo, basebenza ndawonye ukuze bakhiphe umthetho. Akukho mthetho ongaba umthetho ngaphandle kokudlulisa zombili izindlu zoMkhandlu. Lemfuneko eyisisekelo iqinisekisa ukuthi isimiso se-bidural sihlala sisemqoka ekubusweni kwaseMelika, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izinselele ezibhekene naso.

Ukubambisana phakathi kweSigele nendlu yabameleli kumelela omunye wobuhlobo obubaluleke kakhulu nobuyinkimbinkimbi kuhulumeni waseMelika. Nakuba isimiso singakhungathekisa ekubambeni kwaso i-rock nokwazi ukuthatha i-griplock, futhi sinikeza izivikelo ezibalulekile ekuthatheni isinyathelo ngokuxhamazela futhi siqinisekisa ukuthi imibono eminingi ithathwa ngaphambi kokuba umthetho ube umthetho. Imithetho ehlukene, ukuphakama, nemithetho engokwesiko yegumbi ngalinye yakha isimiso sokuhlola kwangaphakathi okuhambisana nokuhlukana okukhulu kwemibuso phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu kahulumeni.

Ukuqonda indlela amagumbi asebenza ngayo ndawonye — ngezindlela ezingokomthetho ezifana namakomiti engqungquthela, izinqubo ezihleliwe ezinjengokubambisana kobuholi, nobudlelwane bomuntu siqu obungabalingani obuvumelanisa ne-("ibalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda idemokrasi yaseMelika. Isimiso se-bimaral sibonisa ukuzimisela kwe-Framers kuhulumeni olinganiselayo, uhulumeni, kanye nesivikelo sawo womaningi namalungelo amancane.

Njengoba i-United States ibhekene nezinselele ezintsha ekhulwini lama-21, ikhono leSigele nendlu lokusebenza ndawonye liyohlala libalulekile ngokuphumelelayo ekhonweni lesizwe lokuxazulula izinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi ngezindlela zobudemokrasi. Nakuba isimiso kungase kudingeke siphendukele ekuhlangabezaneni nezidingo zamanje, isimiso esiyisisekelo sokubambisana kwe-bidamaral . Ukuthi izinqumo ezibalulekile kumelwe zibonise ukuvumelana kwemizimba emibili ehlukene emelela izici ezihlukahlukene zepolis yaseMelika, phela namuhla njengalapho kubhalwa uMthetho-sisekelo.

Kubantu abafuna ukuthonya inqubo yokushaya umthetho, ukuqonda i-badamal ukubambisana nakho kubalulekile ngokufanayo. Ukusebenza ngokunempumelelo kudinga ukuhlanganyela kuwo womabili amakamu, ukuqaphela amasiko nezinqubo zawo ezihlukene ezingokwezinqubo, nokwakha imifelandawo ephumelelayo kuzo zombili izindikimba. Ubunkimbinkimbi besimiso kungaba lukhuni, kodwa futhi kunikeza izindawo eziningi zokungenela kwentando yeningi futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthi amazwi ahlukahlukene angazwakala enqubweni yezomthetho.

Ukufunda okwengeziwe nge-U.S. Congress nendlela esungulwa ngayo umthetho, vakashela i-pacti ye-Cont .gov website, enikeza ukwaziswa okubanzi ngezindleko, imisebenzi yekomiti, nenqubo yomthetho. U.S. Isigele [ kanye [FLT] ne [FLT:].S. Houses of Dearecters [[] inikeza imithombo eyengeziwe ngendima nezindlela eziqondile zegumbi ngalinye. Labo abanesithakazelo ekuvakasheleni iCapitol kanye nokufunda okwengeziwe mayelana nomuntu, [[FL:] U.C.C.C.C.C.C.C.[FFFF]