Amandla okulawula ayindlela eyinhloko imiphakathi ehlanganisa ngayo izindinganiso zayo nezinto eziza kuqala ekusetshenzisweni kwezwe, izindlu, kanye nokukhula kwamadolobha. Kumthetho wezindawo ezinquma ukuhlelwa komphakathi wendawo ukuze kubekwe izisusa zentela eziklanywe uhulumeni, umbuso, kanye nemikhakha yendawo edala isakhiwo phakathi kwamadolobha anwetshwayo, isivumelwano, nokushintshwa. Ukuqonda indlela izindikimba zemithetho ezisebenzisa leligunya kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuchaza izinqubo zamanje zezindlu, ukulindela inqubo yesikhathi esizayo, noma ummeli wendawo ezungezile yasedolobheni esemthethweni.

Ithuluzi Elingokomthetho Lomthetho Lomthetho Wokuhlala

Abenzi bomthetho basebenzisa amathuluzi amaningi ukuze bathonye ukutholakala kwezindlu, inzuzo, nezinga eliphezulu. Amathuluzi aqondile ahlanganisa imithetho yokuqasha, izinyathelo zokuqasha, izinhlelo ezicushwayo, nezimiso zokwakha. Ngalinye lalamathuluzi lisebenzelana namandla entengiselwano kanye nemisebenzi yezenhlalo, ngokuvamile liveza imiphumela eklanyweyo amashumi amaningi eminyaka.

Ukuzingela: Isisekelo Sezwe Esisetshenziswa Ngokushintsha

Imithetho ehlukanisa indawo kamasipala enemisebenzi, izimfuno zokwakha, nezithiyo. Yaqala ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili. Imithetho yaqala ngokusetshenziswa kwe-Euclidan i-joning (iqanjwe ngemva kwecala leNkantolo Ephakeme ]] i-Village of Euclid v. [[Fler Realty Co], 1926], lezi zinqumo zaba umsuka wokuhlelwa kwe-Euclidan idolobha. Nakuba ukubekwa kwemithetho kungalondoloza inzuzo yezendawo ezungezile nezindawo ezingahlukani kusebenzisa imboni enzima ezindaweni zokuhlala. Imisebenzi emnyama, njengemidanti yezindlu, inciphe kakhulu yezindlu, kuye kwasetshenziswa inzuzo yemiphakathi kwemiphakathi yezindawo, futhi ikhona ngokuncishiswa kwezindawo eziningi. Namuhla, isetshenziswa ukuqoqalwa kwezindawo zokuhlala ezisemthethweni ezisemthethweni eziseduze (injini ze-U.)

Ukuzinza Nokulawula Okuqinile

Imithetho elawulayo ivimbela ukugcinwa kwemali abanikazi bezindlu abangayandisa, ngenjongo yokulondoloza inzuzo yabaqashi abakhona. Omasipala abangaphezu kuka 200 e-United States banohlobo oluthile lomthetho wokuqasha, ngokuphawulekayo iNew York City, iSan Francisco, neLos Angeles. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngokuthi ukuqasha kunikeza izizinziso futhi kuvimbele ukushendeka; abagxeki bawunqanda ukwakhiwa okusha futhi bahoxe ekuwohlokeni kwezindawo zokuhlala. Ukuphumelela kwemithetho enjalo kuxhomeke kakhulu emklamweni wabo oqondile [1] Njengemiklamo yokulawula izakhiwo ezintsha, futhi kulawula ukwehla kokwenyuka kwamandla emali. Izindikimba ezilawula ukugcinwa komthetho kumelwe zilinganise lezi zindawo zokuhweba lapho kukhishwa imithetho yezemithetho.

Izindlu Ezingaphansi Nemikhiqizo

Izimali eziqondile, njengengxenye yeSigaba seSiphakamiso se-Hues Location Voucher nohlelo lwe-Low - Inhootating Treasurer (LIHTC), ijongo lokuvala igebe phakathi kwezindawo zokuqashisa zemakethe nalezo ezithola imali encane imikhaya engazithenga. I-LIHTC, eyamiswa njengengxenye yoMthetho we-Thekix Reformation Vouchers ka 1986, inethonya elikhulu kakhulu: ixhasa ukuhlelwa nokubuyiselwa kwezindlu zokuqasha ezithengwa ngemali ngokutshala izimali. Izwe nezindlu zokwakha ezikhokha izimali ezikhokhwa izinhlangano ezikhokhwayo, izinhlelo zosizo eziphansi, kanye namabhonasi (oyela abathuthukiswe ukuze bakhe izilinganiso ezithene ukuhlanganisa nezindawo ezithelekayo). Lezi zinqumo zemithetho zithinta ngokuqondile umthamo wezindlu nokusakazwa kwezindawo ezithengwayo.

Imithetho Yokwakha Nezindinganiso

Imithetho yokwakha ethathwe ngokwemithetho imisa izimfuneko ezilinganiselwe zobuqotho bokwakha, ukuphepha komlilo, ukuphumelela kwamandla, nokutholakala. Nakuba kubalulekile ekuphepheni komphakathi, imithetho elandelana kakhulu i-odadry codecs ingandisa izindleko zokwakha nokuqeda umsebenzi. I-International Code Council (ICC) yemithetho eyisibonelo isetshenziswa kabanzi yizifundazwe nezindawo, kodwa ukulungisa kuyahlukahluka kakhulu. Ezinye izishaya-mthetho ziye zamukela "imithetho yokufinyelela" enzisweni ephondweni yamandla adlula ekuxazululeni izinhloso zesimo sezulu. Ukulinganisela phakathi kwemithetho eqinile nezindleko kuyinselele eqhubekayo.

Imisebenzi Yokuthuthukisa Amadolobha Nokwenza Isinqumo

Imisebenzi emikhulu yokuthuthukisa amadolobha − njengezindawo zokuthutha, imidlalo, izinkundla zemidlalo, izigodi ezixubeneyo, kanye nezindlu zomphakathi ziphinde zivuleke ngaphandle kokuthembisana kwemithetho. Abenzi bomthetho bavumela izivumelwano zeprojekthi eziqondeneyo, ukusekela izimali zomphakathi, futhi bamise imingcele elawulayo abathuthukisi abasebenza ngaphansi kwayo.

Izinhlelo Zokwamukelwa Nezithasiselo Zomphakathi

Intuthuko enkulu idinga imvume yomthetho, njengokulungisa, ukusebenzisa imvume elinganiselwe, noma ukubukeza. Lezi zinqubo zihlanganisa ukuthethwa kwezindlebe zomphakathi, ukuhlolwa kwendawo ezungezile, nokuxoxisana nomphakathi. Izinga lobuqondisi bemithetho liyahluka kakhulu: kwamanye amadolobha, umkhandlu wedolobha kumelwe uvote kunoma isiphi isakhiwo phezu kobukhulu obuthile; kwezinye, ukuhlelwa kwemisebenzi noma izisebenzi zokuphatha eziye zagunyaza igunya eligunyaziwe. Inqubo yomthetho ingaba ibhodlela elibambezela imisebenzi iminyaka eminingi noma i-forum eqinisekisa ukuzwakala kwemizwa. Izinguquko zamuva ezizweni ezinjengoCalifornia no-Oregon ziye zazama ukuvotela ukuvunyelwa kwemisebenzi yezindlu ehlangabezana nemigomo yokukhokha noma ukulawulwa, ngokuvamile inqubo yokulawula yendawo elula.

Amathuluzi Ezimali: I - TIF, Izifunda Ezikhethekile Nentela

Iziqu zemithetho zidala izinqubo ezingokwezimali zokuqondisa ukuthuthuka. Izimali zentela zentela (TIF) zivumela omasipala ukuba bathathe intela yempahla yesikhathi esizayo evela endaweni emisiwe ukuze bakhokhele intuthuko yezemisebenzi. Intela yezindawo ezikhethekile ye-levy kumnini wempahla ozuza ngenzuzo yezakhiwo ezintsha (umz., imidanti, izibani zomgwaqo). Impahla yentela, njengemigomo yama-421 ye-AD, inikeza intengo yesikhashana yentela yokwakhiwa kwezindawo ezintsha. Ithuluzi ngalinye ligunyazwe ngemisebenzi yesikhashana yokwakha imithetho, kanye nemibandela eqondile, imingcele yezindawo, izimfuneko zokukhokha). Umklamo walemigomo uhlomelo uveza umphumela omkhulu ohlelwe yizinhlelo zemisebenzi ye-New York City, ezizuzisa ekugcineni.

Ukuhlolwa Kwezenzakalo: Ubuzwe Obusha Nentuthuko Eshintshile

Inhlangano ye-New Urbanism, esekela isilinganiso sabantu, exubana, ehambayo, ithola imvume yokushaya umthetho ngezinguquko zezindawo nokuthuthukisa intuthuko. Ngokwesibonelo, idolobha lasePortland, i-Oregon, yamukela uhlelo olubanzi olukhuthaza ukuphakama kwemibhoshongo yokuthutha futhi idinga izilinganiso eziphansi zokupaka imoto. Ngokufanayo, isifunda seCalifornia iSigele sase Bill 50 (esiye samiswa ngo-2020 kodwa kamuva samiswa futhi samiswa) ukugunyaza ukumisa eduze kweziteshi zezimoto. Le misebenzi yomthetho womthetho ayikho nje ukulungisa kobuchwepheshe; imelela ukusuka kwefilosofi emzingeni we-injini ehambayo emaphasebhuloneni edolobha, futhi i-octalcuty. Impumelelo yezimiso ezinjalo ixhomeke ekulandeleni ngokusekela inzuzo ehlangene, ukusekela izinhlelo eziphambili, nokuthuthukisa izinhlelo zomphakathi.

Izinselele: Ukungalingani, Ukuzinzi, Nokungezwani Kwezombangazwe

Nakuba amandla omthetho ekwazi ukusekela imiphumela eqhubekayo yasemadolobheni, abhekene futhi nezithiyo ezinkulu. Izithakazelo eziphambili, i - istentia, kanye nokuyinkimbinkimbi okungokwemvelo kwezimiso zokusebenzisa indawo ngokuvamile kuveza imiphumela ehlulekayo ukufinyelela imigomo eshiwoyo.

UBUNTWANA NOKUbanjwa Kwemithetho

Akukhona ukuphikiswa okungalawuleki kwezindawo ezizungezile (NIMBY) okulokhu kungelinye lesithiyo esinzima kakhulu ekukhiqizweni kwezindlu. Abaninikhaya abakhona bavame ukumelana nentuthuko entsha − ikakhulukazi izindlu ezithengwayo − ngezindlela zomthetho, njengokufuna amavoti omkhandlu amakhulu kakhulu ezokulungisa noma ukubeka imingcele yendawo ezungezile. Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni ziqale ukuphindisela emuva eNIMBY ngokukhipha imibuso ethile yasekhaya, njengoba zibonakala kuyi House ye-Oregon Bill 2001 (2010) esemthethweni we-transchess, i-trapectivessss, ne-4xsss ezindaweni ezazikadelwa ngaphambili ezizweni zesizwe esisodwa. Nokho, ukugobeka ngokwazo ngokwawo kuphakamisa imibuzo ephathelene ngendawo esendaweni yomphakathi nesimiso sokubusa. Abenzi bemithetho yomthetho bahlola wonke lomphakathi wezindawo ezinziwayo.

Impumelelo: I-Legislative Trade-off

Imithetho egunyaza ukuphumelela kwezindawo zokuhlala (ngokufuna isilinganiso sezindawo ezikhokhwayo) noma ukulawula ukuqasha (*.* inganciphisa ukusebenziseka kwezimali kokwakha okusha. Ezinye izazi zezomnotho ziphikisa ngokuthi lezimiso zicindezela ukutholakala kwemali futhi ngenxa yalokho ziba zimbi kakhulu. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi ngaphandle kwemithetho enjalo, ukuthuthuka kwezentengiselwano akuvezi izindlu zemikhaya engenisa imali ephansi. Amaqumrhu awenzi izimfuneko zokuvimbela ukutshala imali kuyilapho eqinisekisa imiphumela ekhona. Ubufakazi obungokwenzuzo obuvela emadolobheni anjenge-Seattle naseBoston busikisela ukuthi ukubekwa kwemikhanka yezindawo ezihlala ngaphandle kokuzilibazisa kakhulu. Kodwa izindleko ezithile zokuzibandakanya, izindleko ezinkulu.

Ukuqina Kwesimo Sezulu Nokuzinza Kuyaphela

Imithetho ihlanganisa ngokuqhubekayo izinhloso zesimo sezulu nenqubo yokuthuthukisa. Imithetho yokwakha edinga imishini elawula izakhiwo zezimoto ezihamba ngemishini, uphahla oluhleliwe ngelanga, noma izindinganiso eziphakeme zokulawula igesi zinganciphisa izinyawo zekharbon kodwa futhi ziphakamise izindleko zokwakha. Amanye amadolobha aye athatha zonke iziqondiso zokwakha zomshini, avimbele igesi yemvelo ekwakheni okusha. Imithetho yokulawula izakhiwo ze-mazansi ivimbela ukuthuthuka ezindaweni ezisengozini. Inselele ekuthuthukiseni ukuthuthuka ngaphandle kokuvimbela izakhiwo ezinhlalisa izakhiwo ngaphandle kokuzingela. I-Creactive ifinyelela njengezibosss ezisindayo zesakhiwo esiluhlaza sokwakha i-creactives noma izimfishi zempahla zeze protransssss zokwakha amandla ekwakhiqini lokusebenza ezindaweni ezizungezile nezindawo zokuhlala.

Ikusasa Lamandla Okulawula Entuthuko Yasemadolobheni

Izimo eziningi eziya zivela zibuye zihlaziye indlela izishaya-mthetho ezibheka ngayo intuthuko yezindlu nezindawo zasedolobheni. Ukusetshenziswa okwandayo kokwaziswa okuphathelene ne-alytics, ukunyuka kwemithetho yezindawo zombuso, kanye nokuncishiswa kwentela yenani lezwe konke kumelela ushintsho olukhulu ekwakheni i-producement.

Ukunciphisa Umkhaya Owodwa

Enye yezimo ezilandelana kakhulu zemithetho e-United States yinhlangano yokubhalisa ukuqina kwemifantu ezindaweni ezigcinelwe imindeni eyodwa. Amadolobha anjengeMinneapolis (2018), iPortland (209), neSeattley iye yasusa noma yaguqula i-mongo eyodwa ukuze ivumele i-duplexes, ama-3terxes, nama-4plexes. Izikwele zezwe eziphezulu ezisemzileni ezisemthethweni e-California, i-Oregoriapolish, i-Washington, ne-Vermont ziye zaqinisa imvilophu. Lemithetho ivame ukuthethelelwa njengokusabela kwezinye izimo zenkinga zendlu nekhambiso elingokobuhlanga. Kodwa ukuhlelwa kwemisebenzi engoko kuyinkimbinkimbi: izwe elikhudlulekile emiphakathini eminingi, kanye nenani langempela lezindlu ezintsha ezisakhiwe ngaphansi kwalezi zinguquko. I-Geginisples isebenza kanye nalezi ezinye izinqubo ezivumelana nalezi zezinye izinqubo ze-AR.

Ukwazisa Ukukhokha Intela Nezinguquko Zempahla

Abanye izazi zezomnotho nabasekeli bezokuhlelwa kwezindawo basikisela ukususwa kwentela yempahla ezakhiweni (ukuvuselelwa) intengo yomhlaba, bephikisa ngokuthi lokhu kuthuthukisa intuthuko engaphansi kwamaphasela ngesikhathi kujezisa izwe lokuqagela eliphethe. IPennsylvania isebenzisa intela ehlukene emadolobheni amaningi, futhi amagunya anjenge Harrisburg abonile ukukhuliswa kwentuthuko ngemva kokwamukela izinguquko ezinjalo. Nokho, ukushintshela ezweni inani lentela kudinga ukuthatha isinyathelo somthetho ezingeni lokushintsha imithetho. Ikhona futhi ibhekene nezithiyo zezombangazwe ngoba iyakwazi ukususa umthwalo wentela emakhaya (owathuthukisa impahla yabo) kumnini-mhlaba (kuhlanganise labo abanemali ephansi noma abaphethe amasheyawo ephansi). Imizamo yokukhokha izinhlelo zokukhokhwaswa, ukuhlelwa kokuhlelwa kwemithetho ezindaweni ezihlukene ukuze kusetshenziswe ezihlelwa ngokuhlelwa.

Ukudelelwa Kwemithetho Nokumiswa Kwesifunda

Ukucindezeleka phakathi kokulawula izwe nendawo nezidingo zezindawo kuye kwaholela ekuncipheni kwezwe kwegunya lendawo. Isahluko 40B saseMassachusetts, esivumela abathuthukisi ukuba balahle ukuvalwa kwendawo emadolobheni antula izindlu ezithengwayo, kuyisibonelo eside kakhulu. Muva nje, i-Literania House Accountability Act ne-Kingrater’s Remedy (egunyazwe yi-Priestce Act ka-2019) yenza abathuthukisi bavimbe ukuphika kwezindawo zendawo okuphikisana nomthetho kahulumeni. Nakuba lezi zinyathelo zokuzincisha zingasheshisa ukukhiqiniswa kwezindlu, futhi zibangela ukuphithana kwezindawo ezihlala emaphandleni. I-Certer’s Remedyy (emedyation’s Readydyy (edy'eqing'ievery'ievery Act ka-procel, njengePortland, ephethe i-magest Countment provings Count, i-oms Countment

Ukuphathwa Kwemithetho Yokwaziswa

Ukutholakala kwemininingwane yephasela, izikhundla zokubhalisa, namathuluzi okulingisa kusiza izishaya-mthetho ukuba zimise izimiso ezisekelwe kubufakazi. Ngokwesibonelo, abamisi-mthetho bangasebenzisa i-Cunivation kanye nezakhiwo zendawo imvume yokubona izindawo ezidinga kakhulu nezindawo zokukhokhela ngokufanele. Amanye amadolobha adinga imibiko yokukhiqizwa kwezindlu zaminyaka yonke kusukela ekuhleleni iminyango yokuhlela intuthuko. Amakomiti aqondisa umthetho angenza ukuba asebenzise le mithetho ukuze alungise izimiso zokuhlela ububanzi. Inkinga iqinisekiswe ukumiswa kwezindawo zokuhlala isakhiwo futhi ivuselelwe ukuthi izakhiwo zinamandla okuzichaza. Imininingwane yezomthetho ayiyithatheli indawo yezahlulelo zezombangazwe, kodwa ingasiza ekulungiseni le mpikiswano engokoqobo.

Izinqubo Ezintsha Zokubusa Nokuhlanganyela Emphakathini

Izinqubo ezintsha zentando yeningi ziqala ukunikeza izakhamuzi ithonya eliqondile ngemiphumela yemithetho. Ingxenye yokuhlela uhlelo lokuhlela izimali zomphakathi ezinikezela izimali ezisekelwe kumavoti omphakathi, ngokuvamile kuhlanganise nemisebenzi yezindlu nemisebenzi yezesisekelo. Imali egciniwe yezwe lomphakathi igunyaziwe ngegunya lesizwe lenza kube nomthetho futhi ivumele izinhlangano ezingafaki nzuzo ukuba zigcine indawo ithembekile, ziqinisekise ukuthi imali ehlala njalo. Amanye amadolobha adala "imihlangano yesifunda" noma "imikhandlu yababa" eyala impela umkhandlu yedolobha ngezimiso zokusebenzisa izwe. Lokhu kuhlolwa kwemithetho kuhlose ukunciphisa ithonya labangenisi abangenisi abangenisi bezindawo zokuthuthukisa izakhiwo nezokuxhumana. Nakuba kungenjalo i-pana, ayikho ukuguqula izakhiwo zamadolobhana.

Isiphetho

Amandla okulawula akuwona nje amandla angaphandle ezimakethe; liyithonya elakhayo elichaza imingcele yendlela yokuhlala nentuthuko yamadolobha. Imithetho edluliswa imikhandlu yedolobha, izishaya-mthetho, izishaya-mthetho, neSishaya-mthetho simisa imithetho yemidlalo((izinqumo ezingenza ukuba kwakhiwe ukuthi kuphi, lapho, futhi kanjani. Njengoba izakhamuzi zasemadolobheni zikhula, ukudinga ukumiswa kwemithetho akumi nje kuphela isimo esingokomzimba samadolobha kodwa namathuba engokwenhlalo nezomnotho ezakhamuzini zazo. Imithetho enengqondo ingathuthukisa, isekelekekayo, nemiphakathi eqinile; ilinganisemiphakathini engaqinile, ekhuthaza ukungalingani, ukulingana, ukuwohloka kwezindawo nendawo ezungezile. Njengoba izakhamuzi zasemadolobheni nokuhleleka okuyimfuneko, isidingo sokulungisa, ukuhlinza, nokuhleleka komphakathi, nokulawula izakhiwo zezindawo zomphakathi ezingoko ezingokomthetho ezikhona esikhathini esizayo, isilinganiso semithetho yemithetho yethu, nesibindi.

Ukuze ufunde ngokuqhubekayo ngenguquko yezindawo kanye nezimiphumela yazo, bheka i-American Planning Association yokucazulula isilinganiso se-component yenguquko kanye [[FLT:] ne- Brookings Institution’s componitions [. Ukuqonda ngendima yokwakha imigaqo yemithetho esendaweni yokuhlala engathelekayo, kubhekisela kuhlelo lwe-FLT] EPT . Imininingwane eyengeziwe ye-LTC ingatholakala nge-L [FLT:].US.UM.UM. we-UPROMET]