Ukusungulwa Komsunguli KaClaus

Ukumiswa kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala eMthethweni-sisekelo we-United States kuyisisekelo senkululeko engokwenkolo yaseMelika. Kuyala ukuthi "Ikhorati ngeke yenze mthetho ngokuphathelene nokumiswa kwenkolo," ukwenqatshelwa okuye kwachazwa ukuba kusebenze kuwo wonke amazinga kahulumeni phakathi kweSichibiyelo seshumi nane. Lo mBhalo uqinisekisa ukuthi umbuso uhlala ungathathi hlangothi ezindabeni zokholo, ungasekeli noma ubekezelele noma ubekezelele noma isiphi izinkolelo ezingokwenkolo ezithile. Ukuqonda ukumiswa kukaClauslausces kuyadingeka ekuqondeni ukulinganisela okubucayi phakathi kwenkolo nohulumeni eUnited States, ukulinganisela okuye kwavivinywa futhi kwalungiswa emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka encazelo engokomthetho nempucuko. Inkulumo ayiyona nje indlela yokuphila engokomlando kodwa ayisona isimiso esiphilayo esiqhubekayo sokuthuthukisa inqubo yomphakathi, imfundo, nokuphila kwabantu, kokubili ukuvikela izinhlangano kwezenkolo nemithetho ewuhulumeni ewuhulumeni.

Inkulumo "ukumiswa kwenkolo" isekelwe kakhulu emlandweni weNgilandi, lapho iSonto laseSheshi lavunyelwa khona ngokomthetho futhi lasekelwa khona umqhele. Abasunguli baseMelika, abaningi babo ababebone noma bebona ushushiso olungokwenkolo eYurophu, bafuna ukwakha uhulumeni ozogwema izithiyo ezinjalo. Ukumiswa kuka-Claus kusebenza ngokunemisuka emnyama, futhi eSiphendulweni Sokuqala, esivikela ilungelo lokuqhuba ukholo lomuntu ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa uhulumeni. Zonke lezizinkulumo zakha uhlelo lwenkululeko engokwenkolo eMelika, uhlaka oluqinile noluhlelekile. Kulesi sihloko, sihlola imisuka engokomlando, izenzakalo ezingokomthetho, nezinselele zamanje ezihlanganisa ukumiswa kuka-Claus, ukuhlelwa kwabafundi, ukucatshangelwa kwanoma yisiphi isiphi isikhulu sokufundisa, nanoma isiphi isiphi isithakazelo sokholo.

Umlando Wokwakhiwa KukaClaus

Ukumiswa kuka-Claus kwagunyazwa ngo-1791 njengengxenye yeBill of Rights, kodwa imvelaphi yayo yobuhlakani neyezombangazwe iphinde yadlulela phambili. Inkathi yokuqala yamakoloni yayiphawulwa ngezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlangano zenkolo, kanye namakoloni amaningana anamasonto angokomthetho asekelwa ngamaRandi entela. Ngokwesibonelo, iSonto leCongregational lamiswa eMassachusetts, eConnecticut, neNew Hampshire, kuyilapho iSonto laseNgilandi lamiswa eVirginia, eMaryland, nakwamanye amakoloni aseningizimu. Amabhaptist, amaBaptist namaQuaker, ngokuvamile ayebhekenelwa, amahlawulo, ngisho nokuboshwa ngenxa yokwenqaba ukusekela isonto elingokomthetho. Lelifa lenkolo esekela uhulumeni ladala inzondo ejulile futhi isibopho sombuso senkululeko yenkolo.

Umfutho wokususwa kwesimiso wathola amandla ngemva kweNguquko yaseMelika. Ngo-1786, iVirginia yadlula i-Scyste for Religious Freedom, eyabunjwa uThomas Jefferson futhi yaxhaswa nguJames Madison. Lomthetho wengqopha - mlando wasusa iSonto laseSheshi eVirginia futhi wamemezela ukuthi "akukho muntu oyophoqelelwa ukuba aqhubeke noma asekele noma asekele noma akuphi ukukhulekela okungokwenkolo, indawo, noma inkonzo." Lo mthetho wanikeza isibonelo seSimemezelo sokuQongolonga Lokuqala neMida yokuQokelela iNguquko ukuthi inkolo iyindaba kanembeza, hhayi iphoqelelekile uClas Classe, njengoba ihlelwe kuyiSimende seSichibiyelo sokuqala, waklanyelwa ukuvimbela uhulumeni omusha ekuphazamiseneni kwezenkolo noma ekudaleni isonto, kuyilapho ushiya amazwe awo ezindaweni zawo siqu kuze kuqedwe kancane kancane kancane kancane ekhulwini lekhulu lekhulu lenkulungwane lenkulungwane leshumi.

Ithonya Labacabanga Ngokukhanyiselwa

Izihlakaniphi zokukhanyiselwa zabamba ithonya elikhulu emibonweni yabaqondisi ngokuphathelene nenkolo nohulumeni. Imibhalo ye uJohn Locke, ikakhulukazi "Imvume yokubonelela," yaphikisa ukuthi umbuso awunagunya phezu kokunakekela kwemiphefumulo nokuthi izinkolelo zenkolo kufanele zibe yindaba eyimfihlo. Umqondo wesivumelwano sezenhlalo phakathi kukahulumeni nezakhamuzi ugcizelela ukuthi igunya lomphakathi kufanele lilinganiselwe ukuvikela ukuphila, inkululeko, nempahla, ukushiyela izindaba ezingokomoya kubantu ngabanye. [[FLT:] [[FLT:]] [FLT]] umelele ngokufanayo ukubekezelela nokugxeka izinkolelo-mbono yenkolo emisiwe. EFrance, yakhuthaza izifiso zezwe ezibusayomhlaba. Lemibono esetshenziswayo njenge-Melikannerne, esetshenziswayomhlaba odumile phakathi kwesonto elingu-Pronson, ivimbela ukuvikelwa kweqembu lezenkolo elinamandla.

Abanye abaqondisi bokukhanyiselwa, njengomqondo wezombangazwe waseMelika. Umqondo wokwahlukana kwemibuso uqinise umqondo wokuthi akukho gatsha likahulumeni elibuse, kuhlanganise negunya elingokomoya. U-Rousseau uJacques , futhi wathonya ukubusa kwezombangazwe. UMontesquieu umqondo wokwahlukana kwemibuso wawugcizelela umqondo wokuthi akukho gatsha elilodwa likahulumeni elibusayo, kuhlanganise negunya elingokomoya. URoussousseau usebenza enqubweni yentando yeningi nenkolo yomphakathi, kuyilapho impikiswano enkulu, igcizelela ukushukuma kweqembu elibusayo nenkolelo eyodwa. Isimiso somthetho-mthetho-sisekelo sasingesona esivamile; abaningi babenomqondo ongokwenkolo ofana noJohn Withpoon, umfundisi waseHabe owasayina iSivumelo sokuzibo. Nokho, uhulumeni wenkolo uyavuma ukuthi, uhulumeni uhulumeni abavuma ukusekela isigaba esithile.

Izincazelo Zokuqala Nemfundiso Yokungavumelani

Eminyakeni yokuqala yeRepublic, i-Admimentation Claus yachazwa ngezindlela eziningi. Ekuqaleni, kwaqondwa ukuthi kusebenza kuphela kuhulumeni kahulumeni, kushiye izifundazwe zikhululekile ukulondoloza izisekelo zazo ezingokwenkolo. Lombono wawuvumelana nesimiso sombuso somthetho-sisekelo somthetho. Nokho, ukumiswa kweSimemezelo seSichibiyelo se 1450 eGawulayo ngo-1868, esihlanganisa i-STITED Procementation Claus, evule umnyango wokuhlanganisa i-Bill of Rights nezifundazwe. INkantolo Ephakeme yaqala ukusebenzisa i-Diaclaus ezweni nasehulumeni wezwe enkantolo yezembobondayo yezente lezente [FL:0]. I-Everson. [1947] I-Hugo yezentengoso ngokwenkolo, ibhala i-Blabhuliki yemithetho yemithetho yeze-Clauscast, ngokumiswa kwezentengo yezentengo yezentengo yezente, futhi i-Expowe kahulumeni ehlelwe kahulumeni kahulumeni kabanzi.[FL

Ukuhlanganiswa kweSichibiyelo sika-Claus esenziwa ekuqaleni kwakunempikiswano. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi abafaki beSichibiyelo seshumi nane babengahlosile ukuhlanganisa wonke amalungiselelo eSiphakamiso samalungelo. Noma kunjalo, iNkantolo kancane kancane yasebenzisa ingxenye enkulu yeSichibiyelo Sokuqala ezindaweni, inqubo eyaziwa njengekhethayo. Isinqumo e - Everson sasibalulekile hhayi nje ngokubamba kwayo kodwa nangolimi lwayo. IJaji Black lachaza umbono obanziyo ngoKlauska luka Clauslease, ithi "udonga oluphakathi kwesonto nombuso kumelwe lugcinwe luphakeme futhi lungaqinile." Lesi sifanekiso saso sihoxa siqondise kakhulu seNkathi yeNkanto ka Clausle juriscivelde, nakuba siye sashintshwa ezimweni zamuva. Ukuvumelana okuqondile kolimi lwawo kuyaqhubeka ukuphikisana, ukuveza ukuhlanganisana kwenkolo phakathi komphakathi ne-Melika.

Amacala Ayinhloko Enkantolo Alulaza Ukumiswa KukaClaus

Kusukela phakathi kwekhulu lama-20 leminyaka, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yakhipha uchungechunge lwezinqumo zengqophamlando eziye zachaza izinga nohlelo lokumiswa kuka-Claus. Lamacala abonisa ukuqonda okungaguquguquki kobuhlobo phakathi kwenkolo nohulumeni, ngokuvamile ebonisa ukushintshana okukhulu kwezempucuko nezombangazwe. INkantolo iye yaphikisana nezici ezintathu eziyinhloko: umthandazo wesikole nemisebenzi engokwenkolo emfundweni yomphakathi, ukuxhasa kwezinhlangano zenkolo nokuboniswa komphakathi kwezimpawu zenkolo. Ngaphansi kunezinye zezehlakalo ezibaluleke kakhulu, ngasinye siveza isici esihlukile sokuhlaziya u-Claus.

Umthandazo Wesikole Nemisebenzi Engokwenkolo Ezikoleni Zomphakathi

Umbuzo womthandazo wesikole uye waba enye yezindawo eziphikisana kakhulu zokumiswa kwesikole sika Claus ejurispurence. ku-Engel v. Vitale (1962), iNkantolo ePhakamileyo yanquma ukuthi umthandazo wokuzithandela, ongewona amalungu enkolo, oshiwo ekuqaleni kosuku ngalunye lwaseNew York ezikoleni zomphakathi, waphula iSivumelo sika Claus. INkantolo yasekela ngisho nomthandazo omfushane, owaqanjwa izikhulu zikahulumeni, owawumisa ukuvunywa kwenkolo, owawungathembekile. UHugo Black wabhala ukuthi "akuyona ingxenye yebhizinisi kahulumeni ukuba abhale imithandazo engokomthetho yeqembu labantu baseMelika ukuba ishoze ingxenye yesimiso senkolo eqhutshwa yinkulumo - mpikiswano kahulumeni esakazwa yile izinkantolo yomphakathi. ” Nokho, izikole zeze izikole zeze izikole zezenkolo zeze zeze zixhase izikole zeze izikole zezenkolo.

Izimo ezilandelanayo zaqinisa lesi simiso. ESifundeni seSifunda seSifunda-zwe i-Azimun v. Schempp (1963), iNkantolo yachitha umthetho wePennsylvania odinga ukufundwa kwamavesi eBhayibheli nokuphindwa kweSikhungo seNkosi ezikoleni zomphakathi. Inkantolo yagcizelela ukuthi ukuqeqeshwa kwakungokwenkolo emvelweni futhi akunakuthethelelwa njengemisebenzi yemfundo yezwe. [[FLT:] Wallace v. Jafref (85)[FLD] , inkantolo yashaya umthetho we-A666 ogunyaza ukuthula kwe "ukuhlela noma umthandazo wokuzithandela" ngenxa yesinqumo esisemthethweni sesikoleni] Iqembuwe kakhulu i-Bhover, ngisho nangemva kwezezenyunyunyusi yeze yezenqanyukstle ye-19, i-194, i-19, i-104, i-intshisenyuka i-intshi yeze i-Ezibili, ngisho nese

Uhulumeni Usekela Izinhlangano Ezingokwenkolo

Umbuzo wokuthi izimali zikahulumeni zingathuthelwa nini ezinhlanganweni zenkolo eziyinkimbinkimbi. i-Everson v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1947), iNkantolo yasekela umthetho waseNew Jersey okhokhela abazali imali yezokuhamba ngebhasi ezikoleni zomphakathi nezezomuntu, kuhlanganise nezikole zenkolo, ngaphansi kwemfundiso "yomntwana": usizo oluzuzisa umntwana, hhayi isikole. Nokho, iNkantolo yenza kwacaca ukuthi usizo oluqondile lwezezezezezezeze ezikoleni zenkolo lwalungakhokhiswa. Kuzo ze-LT. Kuzolwazi oluye futhi luyenziwa luye lwasemuva. UKurtzman.[FLT.[FLT.61], iNkanto ekhubazekayo, inzuzo ephakeme kakhulu kubafundisi beze kuhlawulwa ngenxa yezenkolo ngenxa yeze yeze yeze isikole.

v. Simmons-Harris (2002), iNkantolo yasekela uhlelo lwesikole sase Ohio oluvumela abafundi eCleveland ukuba basebenzise izimali zomphakathi ukuba baye ezikoleni zomphakathi, kuhlanganise nezikole zenkolo. Uhlelo lwabhekwa njengongathathi hlangothi ngoba lwanikeza isikole esinengxenye, esingakhetha noma isiphi isikole esihlanganyelayo. [2002] INkantolo yasebenzisa isimiso se "isinqumo sasese," iphethe ukuthi ukugeleza kwezimali ezikoleni ezingokwenkolo ezisekelwe ezikhundlekweni zabazali abazimele akuzange kwephule uKwakhelwa. Ngokufanayo, [[FLT.2]] [isonto laseLuthela lase-Coluntry of Columbia v.] [20] [20] [FLT] [5], i-Exption yakhipha izinhlelo zesonto ezingokwembubhiyo.[20]

Ukubonakaliswa Komphakathi Kwezibonakaliso Ezingokwenkolo

Ukuboniswa kwenkolo ezindaweni zomphakathi kuye kwenza incazelo enkulu. [Izigaba zeSiqiwu se-BLT:0] i-Lincoch v. [19984] , iNkantolo yasekela ukufakwa kwesiboniso se-Famistation edolobheni, i-Factuspointet, i-Rhode Island, igcizelela izilinganiso zeholide nezomlando. [[FLT] [19] Kuwonke], iNkanto eyaziwa kakhulu nge-Alleglov.[199] Izihloko zempimosss, i-'inqulue] ngenxa yezizathu zezizathu zesayensi ye-Culticass, izihloko zezindawo zeNkathi ye-SPuakeins ezisezinsunts. Izihloko zeNkathi yeNkathi yeNkathi yeNkathi ye-Estone, izihloko zeNkazwelogo, izihloko zeNkathi yeNkathi yeNkathi yeNkathi yeNkathi yeNkathi Eso .[19] Izihloko ze

Ukuhlolwa Kwelimon Nezindlela Zayo Zokuyisebenzisa

ILemon Supreme Fission, eyasungulwa ku- Lightman v. Kurtzman (1971), iyisici esinesisekelo esisetshenziswa yiNkantolo Ephakeme ukuze kubonwe ukuthi umthetho noma isenzo sikahulumeni siphula umthetho wokwakha u-Claus. Ukuhlolwa kudinga ukuba isenzo: (1) sibe nenjongo yenkolo; (2) sibe nomphumela oyinhloko ongaqhubeki phambili noma isithiyo inkolo; futhi (3) singasunguli uhulumeni osongelelwe inkolo ngokweqile. Emashumini amaningi eminyaka, iLemon Test ibiyinding eyindial evelele yokuqualisa u-Claus Claus. Yanikeza ithuluzi elibonakala liyithuluzi eliyikhombayo, kodwa ukusebenza kwalo ngokuvamile kwaveza imiphumela eguquguqukayo, eholela ekugxekweni kwazo zombili izazi nabehlulelweni. I-Scillinalton nenkolo ebizwa ngokuthi i-Scline, futhi i-Scline.

Endleleni, uKuhlola kushintshiwe futhi, kwezinye izimo, kuthathelwe indawo izindlela ezithile. Uvivinyo lokuvuma , lwasungulwa nguMahluleli uSandra Day O'Connor ekuhlanganeni nemibono, lubuza ukuthi ingqapheli enengqondo ingabheka isenzo sikahulumeni njengokuvunyelwa kwenkolo. Lokhu kuhlola kubhekiselwa emyalezweni odluliselwa emphakathini. [Esibonelo, [[FLT:]] ku-LT] v. UDonlyly [, u-OFLT], uyavuma ukuthi isimo se-Dentimetussss asisayokuyisekela ngoba inxenye yenkolo ayihlolwanga kakhulu. [Izisekelo izinhlelo zesikole, i-Foglone, i-Fogne, noma i-Acegogoverse, i-'expressyworks.[ense `Inse profile ihlelwe izifunda sezezezezezezezesikole, izifunda, izifundayonke] [ense

Izinkinga Nezimpikiswano Zesikhathi Esizayo

Ukumiswa kuka-Claus kuhlala kusemqoka wezindaba ezihlukanisa kakhulu emphakathini waseMelika. Njengoba isimo senkolo sihlukahluka kakhulu futhi ukungakhathaleli inkolo kukhula, izimpikiswano ngendima efanelekile yenkolo ekuphileni komphakathi ziyakhula. Izigaba ezilandelayo zihlola izindawo eziyinhloko zempi yanamuhla, kuhlanganise nokuthandaza, imibukiso yezesikole, ukuxhasa kwezezimali zikahulumeni, nokulinganisela phakathi kwenkululeko engokwenkolo nezindaba zokumisa. Lemibango ayiyona nje imfundo nje; ithinta okuhlangenwe nakho kwansuku zonke kwezigidi zamaMelika, kusukela kubafundi eziko zomphakathi kuya ezikoleni zomphakathi kuya ezisebenza emahhovisi ohulumeni.

Umthandazo Wesikole Nemisebenzi Engokwenkolo

Impikiswano ngomthandazo wesikole iyaqhubeka, njengoba iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yakhipha isinqumo ngokungaguquki ngokumelene nesibopho, isikhulu seSikhulu sesizwe sokuthandaza esisemthethweni ezikoleni zomphakathi. Nokho, ukukhula kweqembu lenkolo lokuzithandela noMthetho We-Act Ekhompyutheni ka-1948 kuye kwavumela abafundi ukuba bahlangane ezikoleni zomphakathi, uma kunikezwa ukuthi amaqembu enkolo angewona angoma hlelo anikezwa ukufinyelela okufanayo. Umehluko phakathi kwesenzo sombuso nenkulumo yangasese uyaqhubeka uphikiswana. [[FL.0] [[FL.]] Mahanoy Active Act of School School School ofs v. B.[FL.21], iNkadeli inqume ukuthi izikole azikwazi ukujeza abafundi ngenxa yenkululeko engokomlomo wenkululeko yangasese, kodwa kunezinqunywe kakhulu ukuvikela ukuthandaza okubonakala kubefundisi noma ukuqondisa kwezezemfundo. Imfundo yezemfundo yezezezenkolo i - ngokomthetho owenziwa ngokunye nje kuphela. Isikole esiwugunyaza ezibhishishini.

Izibonakaliso Nezibonakaliso Ezingokwenkolo Empahleni Yomphakathi

Ukuboniswa kwezenkolo embonini yomphakathi kuyaqhubeka kuveza izimpi ezingokomthetho ezweni lonke. Ukuboniswa kwezigcawu zokuzalwa kwezwe ngenkathi kaKhisimusi, ukubekwa kweMiyalo Eyishumi phambi kwezakhiwo zikahulumeni, nokuhanjwa kwendwe yamaKristu ehholo ledolobha kuphakamisa imibuzo enzima ngendima kahulumeni ekuvuseni inkolo. Izinkantolo eziningi eziphansi ziye zasebenzisa ukuhlolwa okuqinile okungokomongongongomo we-"86asensiticer , ukuhlola izinto ezinjengendawo, umlando, kanye nokuhambisana nemisebenzi yezwe. I-American Legion v. I-Invionism . i-Internaciom , izinkantolo eziningi eziphansi ziye zamukela ukusondela kokuyekelelwa okude kakhulu kwezakhiwo eziqinile, ngisho noma zisemkhundleni engokwenkolo, noma zikhonza izinjongo ezintsha zezenkolo, ikakhulukazi, nesigijimi sezezezenkolo esiqinile, embusweni esingokomthetho esingokomthetho wezesifundazwe esingokomthetho sombuso wamuva wezwezwezwe elingu-20. Ezikhathini esingasemuva, iMithena.

Ukusekela Izinhlangano Ezingokwenkolo

Indaba yokuxhasa imali kahulumeni ezinhlanganweni zenkolo iye yaba eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ukulandela izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ku-Luthela, Espinoza[, [[FLT]] futhi [[FLT]] i-Calson v. iMakin [202222] v. [FLT] [FLT] [ii-FLT]) [isizathu esiqinile] sokusebenzisa izimali zenkolo [[FLT]. [i-FLT] [irty:5]. ECarson], iNkakhululile ukuthi i-Maino awana ingenqandeki izikole izikole zesikole zemindebe yemindebe yemindezo ezindaweni zasemaphandleniyo ezindaweni zasemaphandleni ngaphandle kwemfundo yomphakathi, ngisho nokusekela intela yezentengo yomphakathi ngokuncintiswa kwezentengo yezenteko yezentengo yezentengiso yezente kanye nenye yezentengo yomphakathi

Inkululeko Engokwenkolo Iphambene Nokumiswa

Ukucindezela phakathi kwe-Prevenment Claus ne-Free Execree Claus kuvame ukuvela phambili ezimweni ezihilela ukukhulula ezimisweni ezivamile ezisebenzayo. Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Vers (20:], iNkantolo yanquma ukuthi izinhlangano ezibambene kakhulu zingamelana nokunikeza isikhokhwano esithile sokuvimbela ukuvimbela ukuvimbela umonakalo ngaphansi kwemithetho evamile. [[FLT]] i-Fluton Act esekelwe ezinkolelweni ezingokwenkolo, incikene yenkolo yenkolo yenkolo (RFRA). Isinqumo saqokomisa ubunzima bokulinganisela isithakazelo sikahulumeni ekunakekeleni amalungelo aphelele empilweni emisha. [[FLT] Kusukela kumthetho ongekhona owengeziwe, izinhlelo ezingekho ngokomthetho ezisemfay'i. [kusobala] Ezikancane kakhulu] Kuwonke, izinhlelo zezezezezezezezezezena mbangu, lapho izikhulumele izifunda kakhulu: [201] izinhlangano zezindawo zezindawo ze

Indima Yenkolo Ekuphileni Komphakathi Ngaphezu Kokumiswa KukaClaus

Naphezu kokuqina kweSivumelwano sikaClaus, inkolo iyaqhubeka ifeza indima evelele ekuphileni komphakathi waseMelika. Abaholi bezombangazwe bavame ukubiza izindaba ezingokwenkolo ezinkulumweni zabo, futhi izinhlangano zenkolo zihileleke kakhulu ekulawuleni umphakathi, kusukela emalungelweni omphakathi kuya ekwahluleleni kwezomnotho. Umbuso ka Claus awufuni ukuba uhulumeni amelane nenkolo; kunalokho, ufuna ukungathathi hlangothi futhi unqabela umbuso ukuba uqhube abantu ezindabeni zokholo. Lesimiso sivumela inkolo ukuba ichume ezikhungweni zomphakathi zomuntu siqu nangezinhlangano zokuzithandela, kuyilapho kuqinisekisa ukuthi akekho ophoqelelwa ukuba asekele inkolo abangayikholelwayo. Inselele ukuba inselele le mpikiswano eqhubekayo ekungathathweni kokungathathi hlangothini kwezindawo eziphakathi komphakathi lapho imingcele evame kakhulu.

Umkhuba womthandazo womthetho wesivumelwano uye waba isikhungo esikhethekile. KuyiGalloway yaseGreece v. Galloway (2014], iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela umkhuba wedolobha wokuvula imihlangano yebhodi ngomthandazo owenziwa ngumfundisi, ngisho noma imithandazo yayivame ukuvela ngokucacile. INkantolo yagcizelela umlando omude womthandazo wesivumelwano, ukubuyela emuva eMkhandlwini Wokuqala, futhi yasekela ukuthi imithandazo enjalo ayizange iphoqeqelele umphakathi noma isonto elithile ngendlela ephula ukumiswa kukaClauslakstus. Nokho, isinqumo siye savula ithuba lokuthi eminye imithandazo, uma ihlelwe ngokweqikelele kakhulu, futhi incishwa ezinye izinkolo, ingabekelwa inselwa. Enkantolo ehlangene, inxusa inkantolo yeze inkantolo yeze intela ngenxa yokukhokhelwa ngenxa yomthetho wobufundisi kuphela, futhi igwegwegwegwenye inkantolo yeze ikhiphe izinhloso esingokomthetho sohulumeni.

Inkululeko Engokwenkolo Iphambene Nenkululeko. Ukumiswa: Ukulinganisela Okungenangqondo

Ukulinganisela phakathi kwenkululeko engokwenkolo noMhlangano ka-Claus kuyinto elula. Kwesinye isandla, u-Free Execle Claus uvikela amalungelo abantu ukuba babambelele futhi basebenzise izinkolelo zabo ezingokwenkolo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukwaliwa uhulumeni. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukumiswa kuka-Claus kuvimbela uhulumeni ekulawuleni noma ukukhuthaza inkolo ngendlela engahlukanisa noma ephoqelela ukuba ithathe iqhaza. Lokhu kubucayi ikakhulukazi ezicatshazweni ezihilela isikole somphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuphikisana ngemfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kanye nomklamo ohlakaniphile kuye kwafinyelela izinkantolo njalo, ngeNkanto ePhakakhulu yeNkanto e [Foct:0] ehlwini yezomthetho. U-Aillard v. (1987) [FLY.1] uveza ukunciphisa umthetho odinga ukufundiswa kwezesayensi yezenkolo ngenxa yenhloso enkulu, izimpikiswano zesonto nezinhlangano eziningi zezenkolo zifuna ukuncikelelwa izikhulu ezinkulu zezikhulu ezinkulu kakhulu.[Foctivestionstionstionstions] ngokusekela kakhulu kulezi, nakuba isekela ngokusekela kakhulu

Isiphetho

Ukumiswa kuka-Clausde kuhlala kuyingxenye ebalulekile futhi evumelana nomthetho-mthetho waseMelika. Kusukela ekukhanyiselweni kuya ezinqumweni zamuva zeNkantolo Ephakeme, isisho siye saguqula ubuhlobo phakathi kwenkolo nohulumeni ngezindlela ezijulile. Sivikela inkululeko kanembeza kubo bonke abantu baseMelika, siqinisekisa ukuthi akekho ophoqelelwa ukusekela noma ukuhlanganyela emisebenzini engokwenkolo emelene nentando yabo. Ngalesosikhathi, ivumela inkolo ukuba iqhubeke ichuma ezindaweni eziyimfihlo futhi ivumele isigaba esikhulu senkululeko engokwenkolo ekuphileni komphakathi, uma nje ingahileli ukuphoqelelwa noma ukuvunyelwa kukahulumeni. Ukuchazwa kobuKlathiso kuqhubeke kuvela njengezinselele ezintsha, kusukela ekukhuleni kwezweni kwenkolo ukuze inyuke ubuzwe. Ukuqonda lesimiso kubaluleke kakhulu kubafundi, futhi izakhamuzi zenkolo zikhomba inkululeko eUnited States. [[3][3][5]