Table of Contents

ISimemezelo se-Independence singenye yezincwadi eziguqula kakhulu emlandweni wesintu. Sathathwa yi-Continental Congress ngoJuly 4, 1776, amakoloni angu-13 aseMelika anqamula ukuhlobana kwawo neGreat Britain, emisa izenzakalo eziningi ezazingabuye ziphele nje iMelika kodwa nezwe lonke. Lencwadi yenguquko yenza okungaphezulu kakhulu kunokumemezela ukuhlukana kwezombangazwe − yaveza umbono oqinile wamalungelo abantu, ukuzisebenzela komuntu siqu, nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye eqhubeka ifinyelela cishe eminyakeni engu-250 kamuva.

Imiphumela yoMvumelo yadlulela ngalé komgomo oseduze wokuzimela ekubuseni kwaseBrithani. Yamisa izimiso eziyisisekelo ezazingachaza ukuthi uMelika ungubani, zishukumisele izinhlangano zenkululeko ezingenakubalwa embulungeni yonke, futhi ngokuyisisekelo zishintshe indlela abantu abaqonda ngayo ubuhlobo babo nohulumeni. Isazi - mlando esisekelayo uJoseph Ellis sibhale ukuthi iSimemezelo siqukethe "amazwi anamandla kakhulu nalandelayo emlandweni waseMelika", itestamente ewukubaluleka kwayo okuhlala njalo.

Umlando: Inguquko Eyenzekayo

Izingxabano Ezikhulayo Phakathi Kwezingqungquthela Nomqhele

Kuwo wonke ama1760 nasekuqaleni kwawo-1770, amakoloni aseNyakatho Melika azithola ephikisana kakhulu nemithetho yenkosi yaseBrithani ngokuphathelene nentela nesimiso somngcele. Lapho ukubhikisha ngokuphindaphindiwe kwehluleka ukuthonya izimiso zaseBrithani, futhi kunalokho kwaphumela ekuvalweni kwetheku laseBoston nokukhishwa komthetho wempi eMassachusetts, ohulumeni bamakoloni bathumela izihambeli eContinal Congress ukuba zixhumanise ikoloni elidume lempahla yaseBrithani.

Ekuqaleni kwawo - 1770, abenzi bamakoloni abaningi baqiniseka ukuthi iPhalamende lalihlose ukuqeda inkululeko yabo.

IMpi yokuziphendukela kwemvelo yaseMelika yaqala ngoApril 1775 ngeMpi yaseLexington neSivumelwano. NgoAugust, iNkosi yamemezela amakoloni "esimweni sokuvukela okusobala nokusobala". Lesi simemezelo saphawula iphuzu lokuba lingaphinde libuye, sisunduza amakoloni amaningi ayenethemba lokubuyisana ukuba acabangele ngokujulile ukuzibusa ngokuphelele.

Ithonya Lokuhluzeka Kwengqondo

Incwajana eshukumisayo kaThomas Paine’s Common Sense yaqala ngo 1776 yakhanyisa umlilo ngaphansi kwalomqondo owawungacatshangwa ngaphambili wokuzibusa. Umqondo Ovamile wathengiselwa futhi wasakazwa kabanzi futhi wafundwa ngokuzwakalayo ezindaweni zokudlela nasezindaweni zokuhlangana. Ngokwenani labantu bamazwe akhona ngaleso sikhathi (ayizigidi ezingu-5,5), yayithengiswe kakhulu futhi isakazwa kakhulu kunoma iyiphi incwadi eyanyatheliswa emlandweni waseMelika. Izimpikiswano ezinamandla zika-Paine zasiza ekuguquleni umbono womphakathi, zenza ukuzimela kungabi yikho nje okucatshangelwayo kodwa okufiselekayo.

Phakathi nobusika bango - 1775-1776, amalungu eContinental Congress abheka ukubuyisana neBrithani njengokungenakwenzeka, futhi ukuzimela yikona okuwukuphela kwenkambo yokuthatha isinyathelo ababengasithola. Isigaba samiswa ukuze kukhishwe isimemezelo esingokomthetho esasizoshintsha umlando.

Ukwakhiwa Kwalesimemezelo

Inqubo yokuphoqa ka Jefferson

NgoJune 7, 1776, uRichard Henry Lee waveza isinqumo "sokuthi la makoloni ahlangene kufanele akhululeke futhi abe nenkululeko." Bamisa iKomiti yabaNqunu ukuze ibhale isimemezelo sokuchaza izizathu zokuzimela. Ukuphothula iSimemezelo senkululeko ngo-1776 kwaba yisenzakalo esichazayo ekuphileni kukaThomas Jefferson. Naphezu kwesifiso sikaJefferson sokubuyela eVirginia ukuze asize ekubhaleni umthetho-mshicilo-mthetho kazwelonke, i-Continal Congress yammisa ekomitiniant abahlanu yokuhlela isimemezelo sokuzibusa. Leyo kamuva leyo komiti yamnika umsebenzi wokuveza incwadi yokulungisa imvume ukuze ihlolwe.

NgoJune 11, 1776, uJefferson wangena endlini yakhe ehlala kuyo ePhiladelphia futhi waqala ukubhala. Waboleka ngokukhululekile ezincwadini ezazikhona njenge-Virginia Declaration of Rights futhi wahlanganisa nezinhloso ezamukelekayo zoKhanyiselwa. Kamuva uJefferson wachaza ukuthi "wayengazami ukuveza inhloso yenhloko noma umzwelo". Kunalokho, wayethemba ukuthi amazwi akhe ayesebenza njengobugqili bengqondo yaseMelika.

Esebenzisa izincwadi, njengeSimemezelo Samalungelo Abantu saseVirginia, sesifundazwe nesendawo sifuna ukuzibusa, kanye nokubunjwa kwakhe siqu umthetho - sisekelo waseVirginia, uJefferson wabhala amazwi amangalisayo elungelo lamakoloni lokuvukela uhulumeni waseBrithani futhi amise eyawo siqu esekelwe embonweni wokuthi bonke abantu badalwa belingana futhi banamalungelo angenakuthathwa ahlukene okuphila, inkululeko, nokuphishekela injabulo.

Ukubukeza Nokutholwa Kwabantwana Abancane

Ibhalwe ngoJune 1776, uThomas Jefferson udwebo lweSimemezelo Senkululeko, lwaluhlanganisa izinguquko ezingu-8-6 ezazenziwa kamuva nguJohn Adams (1735-1826), uBenjamin Franklin 1706-1790), amanye amalungu ekomiti amiswe ukuba abhale incwadi, kanye noKhongolo. Akazange ajabule lapho uMkhandlu "ushintsha" indlela yakhe yokubhala ngokukhetha nangokushintsha amagama akhe akhethwe ngokucophelela. Wadabuka kakhulu ukubeka iNkosi uGeorge III icala lokuhweba ngezigqila, nakuba ayazi ukuthi isikhathi sasingesonakali sokusingatha le ndaba.

NgoJuly 2, 1776, uMkhandlu wavota ukumemezela ukukhululeka. Ezinsukwini ezimbili kamuva, wavumelana nombhalo weSimemezelo. NgoJuly 4, 1776, samukelwa ngazwi linye iSecond Continental Congress, eyabuthelwa ePennsylvania State House, kamuva eyabizwa ngokuthi iHholo Lenkululeko, edolobheni lasePhiladelphia eliyikoloni.

Ukumiswa Kwezinhloso Zokuziphendukela Kwemvelo ZaseMelika

Isigwebo Sesibili Esidumile

Imemo yesibili weSimemezelo, "Sibheka la maqiniso njengasobala, ukuthi bonke abantu badalwa belingana, ukuthi banikwe uMdali wabo amalungelo athile anganqamukiyo, phakathi kwawo ukuphila, iNkululeko nokuphishekela injabulo, kubhekwa njengenye yemigqa ebaluleke kakhulu nedumile emlandweni wezwe. Lamazwi aguqula ifilosofi yokukhanyiselwa engenakuchazwa futhi aguqula inkolelo engokwezombangazwe ibe isisekelo esiqinile sesizwe esisha.

Umqondo wamalungelo angaphuthiwe, − amalungelo angenakuthathwa noma adedelwe — wamelela ukwehlukana okukhulu nefilosofi yezombangazwe eyayikhona ngalesosikhathi. Kunokuba ithole ilungelo laphezulu noma ilungelo elizuzwe njengefa, iSimemezelo sagomela ukuthi igunya likahulumeni livela ekuvumeni kwababuswayo futhi likhona ukuze livikele amalungelo abantu ayisisekelo.

Inkolelo - mbono Yokuthi Amalungelo Angokwemvelo Ayatholakala Nezenhlalo

ISimemezelo Sokuzimela saveza izimfundiso zamalungelo emvelo nohulumeni ngaphansi kwesivumelwano somphakathi, sathi iPhalamende lalingakaze libe nobukhosi ngempela emakoloni nokuthi uGeorge III wayelokhu ephula isivumelwano phakathi kwakhe njengombusi namaMelika njengababuswayo.

ISimemezelo, ekuhlanganeni kwaso okuphawulekayo, sisinikeza amaqiniso asobala akha isisekelo selungelo lokuvukela futhi sikwazi ukwakha ohulumeni abasha ababambelele evumelwaneni ethandwayo. Lesi simiso sefilosofi samisa ukuthi uma uhulumeni ehluleka ukuvikela amalungelo ezakhamuzi zakhe, abantu abanalo ilungelo kuphela kodwa nesibopho sokuguqula noma ukuqeda lowohulumeni futhi bamise ukubusa okusha.

Incazelo Eshintshayo Yokulingana

Lapho uJefferson ebhala "bonke abantu badalwa belingana" esethulweni salesimemezelo, wayengakhulumi ngokulingana komuntu ngamunye. Wayesho ukuthi amakoloni aseMelika, njengabantu, ayenamalungelo afanayo okuzibusa njengabantu, futhi ngenxa yalokho ayengamemezela ukuzimela, asungule ohulumeni abasha futhi athathe izikhundla zabo "ezihlukene nezilinganayo" phakathi kwezinye izizwe.

Nokho, ngemva kokuba iNguquko iphumelele, amaMelika aqala ukufunda leyonkulumo edumile ngenye indlela. Manje yaba isisho sokulingana komuntu ngamunye ukuthi wonke umuntu namalungu eqembu elinciphile angazifunela ngokwakhe. Ngesizukulwane ngasinye esidlulayo, umbono wethu ngokuthi ubani lowo mbhalo owembozayo uye wakhula. Lokhu kuchazwa kabusha kwakuyoba nethonya elikhulu emphakathini waseMelika kanye nezinhlangano zamalungelo omphakathi emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka ezayo.

Ithonya Elisheshayo Lezombangazwe Nempi

Ukuvikela Imifelandawonye

Ngokuzibiza ngokuthi yisizwe esizimele, amakoloni aseMelika akwazi ukuqinisekisa ukubambisana okungokomthetho noHulumeni waseFrance futhi athole usizo lwaseFrance empini yokulwa neGreat Britain. Imiphumela yezokuxhumana ebaluleke kakhulu yayiwukuvumela i-United States ukuba iqashelwe ohulumeni bakwamanye amazwe abanobungane.

ISimemezelo sasiyincwadi yezokuxhumana, eyayiqondiswe "Amandla oMhlaba" ukuvikela ukusekela kwabo kwezempi nakwezentengiselwano ngenxa yenjongo yamakoloni eGreat Britain. Yaqinisekisa imibuso ekhona eYurophu ukuthi, ukuvukela kwayo iBrithani ngaphandle, iUnited States esanda kumenyezelwa yayingeke iphazamise uhlelo lwezizwe olukhona kodwa yalunwebe, ukuze ihlalise amahlelo amasha amazwe aqhamuka ngaphesheya kwe-Atlantic.

Lolu phawu lwalubalulekile. Ngaphandle kokuqashelwa nokusekelwa kwamanye amazwe, ikakhulukazi eFrance, iNguquko yaseMelika ngabe yahluleka.

Ukuhlanganisa Imbangela Yokuziphendukela Kwemvelo

Imigomo esheshayo — umuzwa omkhulu wobunye phakathi kwabavukeli nokuthola izihlobo zakwamanye amazwe — yafinyelelwa, kodwa kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuye kwafinyelelwa imigomo emisha eSimemezelweni Sokuzibusa. Lencwadi yanikeza injongo efanayo futhi yahlanganyela incazelo efanayo yamakoloni ayishumi nantathu, yasiza ekuthuthukiseni ukuma okunobunye kwaseMelika emiphakathini ehlukahlukene yamakoloni.

Lapho izwi lesinqumo sokuzibusa lisakazeka, abavukeli bagubha imikhosi yenguquko kuyilapho abashisekeli beSonto Lokuthembeka babeyibheka njengesenzo sokukhaphela. Abanye babemane benethemba lokuthi babeyobaleka empini ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa noma ukuhlupheka.

Ukushintsha Uhulumeni WaseMelika Nentuthuko Yomthetho - sisekelo

Ukusuka Ekumemezelweni Kuya Ebuthweni Lomthetho - sisekelo

ISimemezelo, ngokuvumelana kwaso okuphawulekayo, sisinikeza amaqiniso asobala akha isisekelo selungelo lokuvukela futhi sikwazi ukwakha ohulumeni abasha ababambelele ekuvumeni okuthandwayo. Lezizimiso zathonya ngokuqondile ukusungulwa kukahulumeni womthetho-sisekelo waseMelika. Nakuba iSimemezelo ngokwaso singenawo amandla omthetho, izinkolelo zaso zaguqula uMthetho-sisekelo noBill Wamalungelo alandela.

U - Abraham Lincoln wayebheka lesi Simemezelo njengendinganiso yokuziphatha okufanele i - United States ilwele ukuyenza, futhi wayesibheka njengesisho sezimiso okufanele uMthetho - sisekelo usichaze ngazo.

Yilesosithembiso sokulingana esiye sachaza izinkolelo zethu zomthetho-sisekelo. Ukungavumelani phakathi kwemiqondo ephakeme yalesiSimemezelo kanye nobuqiniso bomphakathi waseMelika − kuhlanganise nobugqila kanye nokukhishwa kwabesifazane kanye nabanikazi abangafanelekile ekuthatheni uhlangothi kwezombangazwe, kungabangela ukuthuthuka kwezombangazwe zaseMelika emakhulwini amaningi alandelayo.

Ukwandisa Ukuhlanganyela Kwentando Yeningi

Ngemva kwempi, njengoba imibuso emisha yayibhala imithetho - sisekelo yayo siqu — isinyathelo esidingekile manje njengoba yayilahle igunya laseBrithani — eminingi yanciphisa imingcele yaba ukuvota kwamadoda akhululekile namhlophe. Manje yakwazi ukuba nezwi elikhulu endleleni imiphakathi yayo eyayiphathwa ngayo. Lokhu kwasho ukwanda okukhulu kokuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi uma kuqhathaniswa nezikhathi zamakoloni, nakuba yahlala ilinganiselwe ngezindinganiso zanamuhla.

ENew Jersey, abesifazane nabantu abakhululekile base-Afrika nabo bakwazi ukuvota iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-30, nakuba, njengamadoda amhlophe esifundazweni sabo, kwakudingeka babe nenani elithile lempahla ukuze benze kanjalo. Lokhu ukuhlola kwakuqala ngokuthatha i-ovaled message, nakuba ekugcineni kwakuhlehlela emuva, kwabonisa ukuthi lo Memo weSimemezelo sasingakhuthaza ukubusa ngentando yeningi okungaphelele.

Ithonya Lezinhlangano Zenkululeko Yembulunga Yonke

Inkathi Yezinguquko

ISimemezelo NeNguquko YaseMelika yasusa iNkathi Yezinguquko. iNguquko yaseMelika yayingeyokuqala ochungechungeni lwezinguquko zezombangazwe emhlabeni wonke, kusukela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili kuya maphakathi nekhulu leshumi nanhlanu, okwanyakazisa imibuso yenkosi nemibuso embulungeni yonke futhi kwaqala ukuthatha indawo yayo ngohulumeni abameleli.

Njengesimemezelo sokuqala esiphumelelayo sokuzimela emlandweni wezwe, isibonelo sayo sasiza ekukhuthazeni izinhlangano ezingenakubalwa zokuzibusa, ukuzinqumela, nokuvukela ngemva kuka-1776. Lencwadi yabonisa ukuthi abantu bamakoloni bangabekela imibuso yombuso inselele ngokuphumelelayo futhi bamise izizwe zabo siqu ezisekelwe ezimisweni zokuzibusa namalungelo abantu.

Inguquko YaseFrance Nomphumela WaseYurophu

Abaholi abaningi beNguquko yaseFrance babesithanda iSimemezelo Sokuzibusa kodwa futhi babenesithakazelo kumthetho - sisekelo omusha wombuso waseMelika. Ukuphefumulelwa nokuqukethwe yiSimemezelo saseFrance samalungelo abantu neseSintu (1789) kwavela ngokuyinhloko ezimisweni zeNguquko yaseMelika. ULafayette walungiselela izinhlelo zaso eziyinhloko, wasebenza eduze eParis nomngane wakhe uThomas Jefferson.

Enye yezimbangela eziyinhloko zeNguquko yaseFrance kwakuyisikweletu esikhulu iFrance eyasithatha ukuze isize ekukhokheleni iNguquko yaseMelika, eyaphazamisa umbuso wamakhosi. Ngakho, iNguquko yaseMelika yathonya iFrance kokubili ngokwemibono nangezomnotho, yanezela ezinzini zezombangazwe ezibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni.

Abland, lesiSimemezelo saba nethonya elikhulu kakhulu ezimpikiswaneni ezaholela ekuvukeleni kweNguquko yaseFrance (1789). Izimiso zencwadi zamalungelo angokwemvelo nobukhosi obuthandwayo zathinta kakhulu izihlakaniphi zaseFrance nabavukeli abafuna ukugumbuqela ubukhosi babo obuphelele.

Izinhlangano Zenkululeko ZaseMelika ELatin

Yakhuthaza uAntonio de Nariño noFrancisco de Miranda ukuba balwele ukugumbuqela umbuso waseSpain eNingizimu Melika, futhi yacashunwa ngentshiseko yama-marquis de Mirabeau phakathi neNguquko yaseFrance. ESpanishi-America, ukunyatheliswa nokusakazwa kweSimemezelo kanye nezinye izincwadi zenguquko kwavinjelwa. Naphezu kwalokho, yahunyushelwa eSipanishi futhi yaqhubeka isakazwa.

Impi yaseSpain eSpain yaqala phakathi nekhulu le - 18, kodwa ukuphumelela kwemibuso evukelayo e - United States naseHaiti emelene nemibuso yombuso kwasiza ekukhuthazeni ukukhululeka. iBrazil yazuza ukukhululeka ePortugal, iSerbia neGreece yazuza ukukhululeka eMbusweni WaseTurkey, ne - Argentina, iChile, iPeru, iBolivia, i - Ecuador, iVenezuela neMexico konke kwazuza ukukhululeka eSpain.

Abanye abavukeli baseSpain baseSpain bafuna isiphephelo ePhiladelphia, behamba lapho kusukela ngawo - 1790. bebalekela usongo lokuboshwa noma lokubulawa amabutho aseSpain, laba bavukeli babona iPhiladelphia njengesibonakaliso sobuRepublic nenkululeko. lelidolobha laba isikhungo somsebenzi wokuvukela nokusakazwa kwemibono yokuzibusa kulo lonke elaseMelika.

INguquko YaseHaiti

Phakathi kwemizamo yeL'Ouverture, iDessalines, nabanye abaholi, iHaiti yamiswa njengerepublic yokuqala ezimele, enezimnyama eMelika. IHaiti yaqeda ubugqila ngo-1793 futhi yaba umbuso ozimele ngo-1804. INguquko yaseHaiti yamelela ukunwetshwa okukhulu kwezimiso zeSimemezelo, njengoba abantu ababegqilaziwe babelwela inkululeko yabo nokuzimela ngokuphumelelayo.

INguquko yase-Haiti yasiza ekuthuthukiseni umqondo wokuthi idemokrasi kufanele ihlanganise wonke umuntu. Lokhu kwabekela inselele incazelo elinganiselwe yokulingana eyayikhona e-United States futhi kwabonisa ukuthi izimiso zeSimemezelo zingashukumisa ngisho nalabo abacindezelwe kakhulu yizimiso zezenhlalo ezikhona.

Izinhlangano Zekhulu Lama - 20 Ezizibusayo

Hû Chí Minh ka-1945 iSimemezelo seNtshumande saseVietnam, esibhalwe ngosizo luka-C.I.A. esisebenzayo, saqala nge-"aredict" kusukela ku-1776 Declaration: "Bonke abantu badalwa belingana. Banikwe uMdali wabo amalungelo athile angenakuthathelwa indawo, phakathi kwalawa yi - Ukuphila, iNkululeko, nokufuna Injabulo." Hsonga wahlaziya futhi wachaza lawo magama: "Ngomqondo obanzi, lendlela: Bonke abantu bomhlaba bayalingana kusukela ekuzalweni, bonke abantu banelungelo lokuphila, ukuba bajabule futhi bakhululeke".

Amaqiniso okuziveza wona ngokwawo esigaba sesibili seSimemezelo abonakalanga kule-Flemish project futhi ayengavelanga nakweziningi zezaziso zokuzibusa eziye zakhishwa emhlabeni wonke emakhulwini amabili eminyaka alandela. Ubukhosi bezwe, njengoba bevezwe ezigabeni zokuqala nezisokugcina zeSimemezelo saseMelika, kwakuwumyalezo oyinhloko abanye abantu ngalé kweMelika ababezwayo ngemva kwekhulu lekhulu leminyaka lama-1776.

Isimemezelo Nezinhlangano Zamalungelo Omphakathi ZaseMelika

Umzabalazo Wenkolo Yokwenqaba Inkolo

Izinhlangano ezilwa nokunqanda izigqila nazo zazivame ukubhekisela amazwi eSimemezelo, njengoba kwenza abashisekeli bamuva eMzabalazweni Wamalungelo Omphakathi. Ukucindezeleka phakathi kokugomela kweSimemezelo ukuthi "bonke abantu badalwe belingana" nobugqila eMelika kwanikeza abavikeli isikhali esinamandla sokuthatha impendulo.

ISimemezelo se - Independent safeza imigomo yaso eseduze yezombangazwe nesempi, kodwa senze okuthile kanye: sanikeza umbono ocacile, ngokuqondile kwabanye abaholi bezwe elisha, ukuze abantu ababenqatshelwa ukufinyelela amalungelo emvelo emakoloni ukuba bafune lawomalungelo. Lomphumela ongalindelekile ubeyoba omunye wemiphumela ebaluleke kakhulu yalesiSimemezelo.

Inhlangano yabesifazane yamalungelo abantu

Izehlo zabesifazane namalungelo abesifazane ziye zancika eSivumelwaneni ukuze zisekele isidingo sabo sokulingana ngaphansi komthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, ababekhona eSeneca Falls Convention ka-1848 bakhipha iSimemezelo Sezimemezelo esifanekiswe ngemva, futhi basebenzisa ulimi olufanayo, ukuthungatha kweSimemezelo senkululeko.

Abesifazane abanjengo-Abigayili Adams babeqonda ukuthi inkulumo ethi “bonke amadoda badalwe belingana, belingana, bonke abantu, amadoda nabesifazane ngokufanayo. Lencazelo yabekela umbono ovamile ukuthi izithembiso zalesiSimemezelo zisebenza emadodeni kuphela, futhi zabeka isisekelo sempi ende yokulwa kwabesifazane namalungelo alinganayo.

Inhlangano Yamalungelo Omphakathi Yekhulu Lama - 20

I-Civil Rights Movement of the 1950 no 1960 yasebenzisa kakhulu ulimi lweSimemezelo nezimiso. Abaholi abanjengoMartin Luther King Jr. babevame ukucela isithembiso sokulingana ukuze baqokomise igebe phakathi kwemibono yaseMelika nobuqiniso bobandlululo lohlanga. ISimemezelo sanikeza igunya lokuziphatha elifuna ukuba iMelika iphile ngokuvumelana nezimiso zayo ezisunguliwe.

Ezinye zezinkulumo zalesimemezelo ziye zaba nethonya elinamandla e-United States, ikakhulukazi isimemezelo esithi, "Sibheka la maqiniso njengasobala, ukuthi bonke abantu badalwa belingana, ukuthi banikwe uMdali wabo amalungelo athile angenakuthathwa, ukuthi phakathi kwalezi kukhona ukuphila, inkululeko nokuphishekela injabulo." Nakuba izinjongo zalezi zinkulumo, kanye neziphetho ezithathwe kuzo, ziye zaphikiswana ngokungapheli, lesi simemezelo siye sasebenza ekuthetheleleni ukunwetshwa kwentando yeningi yaseMelika nezenhlalo.

Isisekelo Sezimemezelo

Amathonya Okukhanyiselwa

ISimemezelo se-Independent senza izikhombo eziningi kumafilosofi, noma imibono, eyayithandwa ngaleso sikhathi. Ezinye zalezi zihlanganisa uJohn Locke, uThomas Hobbes, isivumelwano somphakathi, kanye nobukhosi obuthandwayo bukaJean Jacques Rousseau. Lemiqondo yefilosofi yanikeza uhlelo lokuhlakanipha lwezisho zenguquko zeSimemezelo.

Ngo-1922, isazi - mlando uCarl L. Becker sabhala, "AmaMelika amaningi aye athatha umsebenzi kaLocke njengevangeli lezombangazwe; futhi isimemezelo, ngendlela yaso, ngokwezinkulumo zayo, silandela eduze imisho ethile engosini yesibili kaLocke ngohulumeni". Nakuba izazi ziye zaphikisana ngobukhulu bamathonya ahlukahlukene, ngokusobala iSimemezelo sazicabangela njengencwadi yezombangazwe ewusizo.

Umthetho Nobukhosi Bomhlaba Wonke

Isazi - mlando uDavid Armitage siphikisa ngokuthi lesiSimemezelo sasithonywe kakhulu yi-de Vattel’s The Law of Nations, incwadi evelele yomthetho wezizwe zonke yangaleyonkathi, nencwadi uBenjamin Franklin athi yayingu "ngokuvamile ezandleni zamalungu oMkhandlu wethu". u-Armitage ubhala, "iVattel yenza ukuzibusa kwayisisekelo sencazelo yakhe yobuzwe"; ngakho, injongo eyinhloko yalesi Simemezelo kwakuwu "ukuveza ubukhosi bomthetho wezwe lonke lwe-United States".

Lomthetho wezizwe zonke uvame ukunganakwa kodwa wawubalulekile enjongweni yalesiSimemezelo. Uma i-United States ibizoba nethemba lokuqashelwa imibuso yaseYurophu, abavukeli baseMelika kwadingeka baqale bakwenze kucace ukuthi babengasancikile eGreat Britain. ISimemezelo sakufeza lokhu ngokukhuluma ulimi lwezigebengu zezizwe zonke nangokumisa ilungelo leMelika lokuthatha indawo yaso phakathi kwezizwe eziphethe.

Ukuphikisana Kwalesimemezelo Nokulinganiselwa

Umbuzo Wobugqila

UMthetho-sisekelo wokuqala, ngokuphambene, wawuhlanganisa izibopho zezombangazwe ezaziqaphela isikhundla esingokomthetho sobugqila ezizweni futhi zenza uhulumeni wezwe waba necala ngokwengxenye lokusekela "inhlangano ekhethekile" njengoba umngane wami wangaphambili uDon Fehrenbach aphikisa, uMthetho-sisekelo wawuhileleke kakhulu ekumiseni "iriphabliki yabagqili" eyayivikela ubugqila ngezindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi kwaze kwaba ngo-1861.

Ukuphikisana okusobala phakathi kokugomela kweSimemezelo ukuthi "wonke amadoda adalwe elingana" nobugqila eMelika kuye kwaba umthombo wempikiswano nokugxeka kusukela ngo 1776. UJefferson ngokwakhe wayenabantu abagqilaziwe, njengoba kwenza abaningi babasayithi beSimemezelo. Lokhu buzenzisi kungahlupha umphakathi waseMelika futhi ekugcineni kube neqhaza eMpini Yombango.

Inhlekelele yangempela yayiwukwehluleka kokuvuselelwa kabusha kanye nokuvela kwamacala ahlukene kaJim Crow ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 leminyaka okwathatha amashumi amaningi eminyaka ukuba kugumbuqelwe. Lelo kwakuyithuba elikhulu lomthetho sisekelo elahluleka amaMelika ukuliqonda, mhlawumbe ngenxa yokuthi iminyaka emine yeMpi Yombango kanye neminyaka eyishumi yokubusa kwempi eNingizimu yayimane iqeda umbono womphakathi. Ngisho namanje, uma ubheka izindaba zokucindezelwa kwevota, sisalwa nemiphumela yayo.

Ukukhishwa Kwabesifazane Nabanikazi Abangewona Amaqhinga

Isithembiso soBufakazi sokulingana ekuqaleni sadluliselwa kuphela kumadoda amhlophe aphethe impahla. Abesifazane, abantu abagqilaziwe, amaMelika Omdabu, ngisho namadoda akhululekile angenampahla asizange singenele ngokugcwele kwezombangazwe. Abalobi beSimemezelo babengavumelani ngokuthi kufanele basebenze kanjani, kanjani, noma uma lezo zimpikiswano zisebenza kubantu abanezigaba ezingaphandle kwabo.

Lokhu kusetshenziswa okulinganiselwe kwezimiso zeSimemezelo kwabonisa izinto ezingokoqobo zezenhlalo nezezombangazwe zekhulu le-18, kodwa futhi kwadala isisekelo sokwanda kwesikhathi esizayo. Igebe phakathi kolimi lomhlaba wonke nohlelo lwalo lokuqala olulinganiselwe lokusebenza lanikeza isisekelo sezinhlangano ezilandelanayo ezifuna ukuba kufakwe isithembiso sokulingana.

Ifa Elihlala Njalo Lalesimemezelo

Isandla Esiphilayo

Ngokungafani nezincwadi eziningi ezingokomlando eziba izinsalela zesikhathi sabo, lesiSimemezelo siye sasebenza futhi saba namandla cishe eminyakeni engu - 250. Izimiso zaso ziyaqhubeka zikhuthaza amaMelika futhi ziwabekela inselele ukuba aphile ngokuvumelana nezimiso zawo ezisunguliwe.

Abalobi babedale okuthile okwakunezilaleli ezingakulindele, nemiphumela engahlosiwe eyayizozwakala phakathi nenkathi yokuziphendukela kwemvelo nangalé kwayo. Amandla oMmemezelo ngokwengxenye atholakala ngolimi lwawo lwembulunga yonke, olwavumela izizukulwane ezilandelanayo ukuba zichaze futhi zandise incazelo yazo ukuze zihlanganise amaqembu ayengahlangani.

Ithonya Lembulunga Yonke Ngamalungelo Abantu

AmaMelika amaningi aye abheka iSimemezelo njengomthetho wamalungelo awo womuntu siqu oqonde "Ukuphila, Inkululeko, nokuphishekela Injabulo" ngokuphambene, iningi lalabo abangaphandle kwe-U.S. liye lathatha njengomthetho wamalungelo abo ahlangene ukuba bakhe u "Abantu ngabanye," ukuvukela iziphathimandla zangaphandle, ukukhipha imibuso, futhi ekugcineni ukwakha imibuso ezimele.

Alikho iphephandaba laseMelika eliye laba nethonya elikhulu emhlabeni wonke njengeSimemezelo sokuzimela. Belibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni waseMelika isikhathi eside kunanoma imuphi omunye umbhalo ngoba lalingowokuqala ukusebenzisa igama elithi "i-United States of America" ngalomqondo, iSimemezelo sasiyisitifiketi sokuzalwa kwesizwe saseMelika.

Lencwadi ihlala iwumlando omkhulu ngoba yayiqukethe ukugomela kokuqala okungokomthetho kwabantu bonke ngelungelo labo kuhulumeni abazikhethele bona. Lesimiso siye sabangela izinhlangano zokuzibusa nenguquko yentando yeningi emhlabeni wonke, zenza lesimemezelo sibe ngenye yezincwadi zezombangazwe ezinethonya elikhulu emlandweni.

Ukubuyiselwa Kwaso

ISimemezelo siyaqhubeka sibumba inkulumo yezombangazwe yaseMelika kanye nokuzichaza kwekhulu lama-21. Izimpikiswano ngokufuduka, amalungelo omphakathi, ubulungisa bezomnotho, nendima efanelekile kahulumeni zivame ukusekela izimiso zeSimemezelo. Izinhlangano zezombangazwe kulo lonke iqembu zithi ziwufa leSimemezelo, zichaza amagama aso ukuze zisekele izimbangela zaso.

Ikhono elinamandla le American Declaration lalingabonakali ngo-1776 kodwa umbono wembulunga yonke wembula amandla awo okuvukela emakhulwini eminyaka alandela. Ithonya lalencwadi lidlulela ngalé kwalokho abalobi balo ababengakucabanga, liqhubeke likhuthaza izinhlangano zenkululeko, ukulingana, nokuzihlela emhlabeni wonke.

Isimemezelo Sokulingisa Ezinye Izizwe

Ukwakha Indlela Entsha Yezombangazwe

Kuyinto engavamile ukubona isimo esisha ngokuphelele sezombangazwe sivela, kodwa iSimemezelo Sokuzimela sasiyintsha nje. Kwakukhona ukuvukela nokuvukela phambi kwawo - 1770, futhi ababuthi beSimemezelo babezazi kahle izenzakalo zaseYurophu njengeSidlo samaDashi sasekuqaleni kwekhulu leshumi nesikhombisa leminyaka.

Nokho, "ukuncika ku" kwakuyinani eliyintsha lezombangazwe kuma-1770, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi lisebenza kubantu noma kungathi lisebenza ku-: ukuvelela komlando wokuzibusa kulomqondo kuyingxenye enkulu yomphumela wethonya lembulunga yonke. Lencwadi yamisa isilinganisi ezinye izizwe ezazingasilandela lapho zifuna ukuqinisa ubukhosi bazo nokuzibusa.

U-Armitage uphikisa ngokuthi lesiSimemezelo sasingesokuqala esivumelwaneni esisha sokuzimela esamemezela ukwakhiwa kwemibuso emisha. Lendlela entsha yezombangazwe, “‘ ukuvuma okungokomthetho kokuzimela, [ukuthi] kwaba yithuluzi elivamile kubantu abafuna ukumisa izizwe zabo.

Ukushintshashintsha Kwesibonelo SaseMelika

Lezi zimemezelo zaphinda iSimemezelo Senkululeko saseUnited States ekumemezeleni ukuzimela kombuso omusha, ngaphandle kokusekela ifilosofi yezombangazwe yeyakuqala. Amanye amazwe aye asebenzisa lesiSimemezelo njengokuphefumulelwa noma aye akopisha izingxenye zaso ngokuqondile.

Amazwe ahlukene avumelanisa indlela yesimemezelo nolimi nezimo zawo. Amanye agcizelela amalungelo esizwe nobukhosi, kuyilapho amanye egxile emalungelweni omuntu ngamunye nasebusweni bentando yeningi. Ukuvumelana nezimiso zoBumemezelo kwavumela ukuba kuchazwe futhi kusetshenziswe futhi kusetshenziswe ngokwezimo ezihlukene zempucuko nezezombangazwe.

Izinselele Ekuhumusheni Nasekushintsheni Kwempucuko

Izithiyo Zolimi Nezici Eziyisisekelo

Inguqulo yesiShayina yeSimemezelo seNguqulo yenkululeko ayizange ikhishwe kwaze kwaba ngo-1901. "Umqondo wamalungelo angokwemvelo uye wahlala uhlukile engqondweni yamaShayina," wachaza umhumushi uFrank Li. "Umthetho namalungelo omphakathi kwakungamabinzana ayengenakutholakala ekubhalweni okukhulu kwezombangazwe, kwezenhlalo, kwefilosofi, nakwezobuphinzi. Kodwa, ngezikhathi ezingavamile, igama elithi 'inkululeko' (uwena) lalisetshenziswa ezinkondlo nakwezinye izincwadi ukuchaza umoya ongalawulekiyo".

Inselele yokuhumusha lesiSimemezelo iqokomisa indlela imiqondo yaso eyayisekelwe ngayo emasikweni athile efilosofi yaseNtshonalanga. Imibono efana namalungelo emvelo, isivumelwano somphakathi, nobukhosi obuthandwayo yayingenazo izinto ezifana ngokuqondile emiphakathini eminingi engewona amaWester, ifuna abahumushi ukuba baklame amagama amasha noma bavumelanise imiqondo ekhona.

Izincazelo Zesiko Nezenkolo

Isazi uJoaquim Olra sathi, "Ukuthi iSimemezelo sokuzimela sasingahunyushelwa kakhulu eSpanishi kungenzeka kungenxa yezimbangela ezihlukahlukene. Kungenzeka ukuthi omunye uJefferson ufaka 'umnikelo wenjabulo' phakathi kwamalungelo athile angamukelwanga,' aphikisana nokuqonda kweSpanishi kwemfundiso yamaKatolika emayelana nenjabulo, ngoba lokhu kwakuqondwa njalo njengokufinyeleleka lé kwelinye izwe.

Amasiko amasiko ahlukahlukene nangokwenkolo achaza izimiso zoMmemezelo ngezici zawo. Lokho okwakubonakala kusobala kumaMelika ayengene kuyifilosofi yokukhanyiselwa kwakudinga incazelo kanye nokuzivumelanisa kwezinye izimo. Le nqubo yokuhumusha nokuchaza kabusha ibonisa ukuthi isimemezelo sikhanga kakhulu emhlabeni wonke futhi sichaza indlela engokwesiko.

Isimemezelo Senkumbulo Nesiko LaseMelika

UJuly 4 Nesizwe Esibizwa Ngokuthi Singubani

Njengoba sibheka izindlela lesiSimemezelo esiye sasetshenziswa ngazo phakathi nezinsuku zaso zokukhumbula esikhathini esidlule − ngenhlangano yamalungelo abesifazane, yabashisekeli bamaMelika Bomdabu, abantu abakhululekile nabagqilaziwe − singabona ukubaluleka kokugcina owesine kaJuly njengosuku lokuzalwa. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela hhayi isenzo sokumemezela ukuzibusa kuphela kodwa namazwi okuchaza lesosenzo, ngoba babekhona kuzo zonke izizukulwane kusukela ngo 1776.

Umkhosi wesine kaJuly uye waba ngaphezu kokugujwa kokuzimela eBrithani. Usebenza njengesikhumbuzo saminyaka yonke sezimiso ezibekwe eSimemezelweni futhi ithuba lokucabanga ukuthi iMelika iye yaphila kahle kangakanani ngokuvumelana naleyomiqondo. Leliholide liqinisa ukubonakala kwesizwe futhi linikeza amaMelika anezizinda ezihlukene isisekelo esingokwesiko.

Idokhumende Elingokoqobo

ISimemezelo se - Independent sibukiswa umphakathi eRotunda yeZinqolobane Zesizwe eWashington, DC. Lombhalo ongokoqobo uye waba isidala esingcwele sentando yeningi yaseMelika, udonsela izigidi zezivakashi ezifika zizobona isikhumba sangempela sesikhumba okwakusungulwe kuso izimiso zesizwe.

Ukulondoloza nokuboniswa kweSimemezelo sokuqala kubonisa isikhundla saso njengencwadi eyisisekelo yemininingwane yaseMelika. Njengeminye ingcebo yesizwe, sisebenza njengokuhlobana okungokoqobo nesizukulwane esisungulile futhi sisikhumbuza ngemibono yokuvukela eyazala isizwe.

Isiphetho: Idokhumende Eyashintsha Umhlaba

ISimemezelo senkululeko saguqula iMelika nezwe ngezindlela eziqhubeka ziveza cishe iminyaka engu- 250 ngemva kokutholwa kwayo. Samisa i-United States njengesizwe esizimele, samisa izimiso zokuguqula amalungelo abantu nokuzilawula, futhi sanikeza isilinganisi sezinhlangano zokuzibusa emhlabeni wonke. Ukugomela kwencwadi ukuthi bonke abantu badalwe ngokulinganayo nangokunikezwa amalungelo angenakuthathelwa indawo kuye kwabangela izimpi ezingenakubalwano zenkululeko, ubulungisa, nokulingana.

Imiphumela yalesiSimemezelo idlulela ngalé kwenjongo yayo eseduze yezombangazwe. Yaguqula ukuthuthuka komthetho-sisekelo waseMelika, yathonya ukuvukela kwembulunga yonke, futhi yanikeza izikhali ezingathathi mpendulo ezinhlanganweni zamalungelo abantu ezifuna ukwandisa isithembiso sokulingana. Izimiso zayo ziye zacelwa ngabaphehli bemithetho yokuvimbela, ababhalisi bezincwadi, abashisekeli bamalungelo omphakathi, kanye nezinhlangano zokuzibusa kuwo wonke amazwekazi.

Kodwa uBufakazi buhlanganisa futhi ukuphikisana okusaqhubeka nokulwisana neMelika. Igebe phakathi kolimi lwayo lwembulunga yonke namalungelo alinganiselwe lanwetshwa kumaMelika amaningi ekusungulweni kwalo ladala ukucindezela okuye kwalawula umlando waseMelika. Umzabalazo wokwenza izithembiso zeSimemezelo zibe ngokoqobo kubo bonke abantu usaqhubeka.

Kwakulungile ngokokuziphatha futhi kusebenza ngokwezombangazwe. Uma ilungelo lenguquko lingamiswa ngezizathu ezingokomlando, noma kunjalo lisekelwe ngokuqinile kwezezimiso zokuziphatha. Ilungelo labakhiqizi bohulumeni ekugcineni liyasebenza. Amandla ahlala njalo esimemezelweni asekelwe ekuqondiseni izimiso ezidlula umzuzu wabo ongokomlando . .Iziphakamiso eziqhubeka zibekela inselele futhi zishukumisela abantu abafuna inkululeko nokuzinqumela.

Njengoba sicabanga ngefa leSimemezelo, sibona incwadi eyashintsha iMelika phakade ngokumisa hhayi nje isizwe esisha, kodwa umbono omusha walokho uhulumeni angaba yikho. Yagomela ukuthi igunya lezombangazwe lisuka emvumeni yababuswayo, ukuthi abantu banamalungelo efa okumelwe bawahloniphe ohulumeni, nokuthi abantu banelungelo lokuguqula noma ukuqeda ohulumeni abahlulekayo ukuvikela lawomalungelo. Lemibono yenguquko yaguqula umqondo wezombangazwe nokuziphatha emhlabeni wonke.

ISimemezelo se-Independence siseyincwadi ephilayo, incazelo yaso ilokhu ichazwa futhi yanwetshwa ngezizukulwane ezilandelanayo. Isithembiso sayo sokulingana nenkululeko siyaqhubeka sishukumisa labo abafuna ubulungisa nenkululeko, kuyilapho ukuphikisana kwayo kusikhumbuza ukuthi umsebenzi wokwakha isibopho esiphelele kakhulu awupheli. Ngalomqondo, ithonya elikhulu leSimemezelo kungenzeka ukuthi alikho lokho esikufeza ngo-1776, kodwa lokho esiqhubeka sikhuthaza abantu ukuba bafinyelele namuhla.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngoDeclaration of Independence, vakashela i- National Archives ukuze ufunde umbhalo ogcwele, noma uhlole i-Literary yombukiso weSivumelwano [ ekwakhekeni kwencwadi nefa. [[FLT:] [FLT]] [iSikhungo sesizwe] [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [iSikhungo somthetho-Constitual Center [] sinikeza imithombo emikhulu yezentengiselwano engcono eMerika nemiphumela yayo yomhlaba wonke.