Ukuqonda indlela ohulumeni abahlela ngayo amandla futhi benze izinqumo kubalulekile ekuqondeni umlando, ezombangazwe, nezenzakalo zamanje. Phakathi kwezinhlobo eziningi zokubusa, ukubusa ngedemokrasi nokubusa kombuso wesigebengu kumi njengezimiso ezimbili ezibaluleke kakhulu ezingokomlando neziqashelwa kakhulu. Nakuba imibuso yentando yeningi isakaza igunya phakathi kwezakhamuzi noma abameleli bayo, imibuso yombuso wobukhosi igxilisa amandla kumbusi oyedwa ofuyifa. Nokho, iqiniso lanamuhla licaciswe kakhulu: izizwe eziningi zixuba izici zombili, futhi imigqa phakathi kwazo iye yafiphaza emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlaziywa ngokucubunga okuphelele, ukuhlelwa kwentando yeningi kanye nemithetho emisiwe, izimiso eziyisisekelo, amandla, ubuthakathaka, nokusebenza kwamanje. Ngokuhlola lezizimiso ezinhlangothini, abafundi nabafundisi bangathuthukisa ukuqonda okuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kokuhlela indlela izinhlangano kanye nendlela eziphila ngayo.

Ukubusa Kwabantu Ngokubusa Ngentando Yeningi Kuyini?

Kuyona nqubo elula, idemokrasi iyisimiso lapho igunya eliphelele lihlala khona nabantu. Igama lisuka kumagama esiGreki demos (abantu) kanye nama-kratos[ (igunya). idemocracy yakhiwe ngesimiso sokuthi uhulumeni osemthethweni uthola amandla akhe emvumeni yababuswayo. Lomqondo oyinhloko ubonakala ngokhetho oluvamile, isivikelo senkululeko yomphakathi, nezindlela zokuhlanganyela obala umphakathi. Decracies proficistismism, lapho kuphikiswana izithakazelo nemibono nemibono, futhi kuboniswa izinqumo eziningi lapho kuxoxwa obala, futhi kuboniswa khona amalungelo amaningi lapho kuboniswa khona ngenkululeko embalwa.

Imvelaphi Engokomlando Nokuziphendukela Kwemvelo

Intando yeningi yasendulo yavela e-Athene yasendulo cishe ngekhulu lesihlanu leminyaka BCE. Izakhamuzi zase-Athene zenza i-mathene zenza kuphela amavoti akhululekile − angenzeki ngokuqondile emithethoni nasemithethweni , uhlobo lwentando yeningi eqondile. Kodwa ngemva kokuba i-Athene yawa, ukubusa kwentando yeningi kwanyamalala kakhulu emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka. I-Magna Carta (12) yabeka izimbewu ngokulinganisela amandla ombuso wenkosi, kodwa idemokhrasi yanamuhla yavusenelisa ngempela phakathi nokuvuseneka kweNkhanyikhathi. Izimiso ze-Dakramente ezingokomthetho (]] [[FLT]]]]] kanye nezimiso zentando yeningi [FLT]]) eNini, i-Unizimu Afrika, i-Edentine, i-Euni i-Euniacroussters [FFF.[Ft] [5]

Izimiso Zomthetho Zombuso Wentando Yeningi Wanamuhla

Nakuba imibuso yentando yeningi ihlukahluka, inezici eziningana eziyisisekelo:

  • ubukhosi obuphaphamayo: Abantu bawumthombo oyinhloko wegunya lezombangazwe.
  • Ukulingana okungalinganiyo: Zonke izakhamuzi zinelungelo elilinganayo lokuhlanganyela, ngokuvamile ngokuvota.
  • Ukubusa kobuMajority ngamalungelo amancane:[ Izinqumo zilandela umbono weningi kuyilapho zivikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye namaqembu amancane.
  • I-'umthetho': Zonke izakhamuzi nezinhlangano, kuhlanganise nohulumeni, zingaphansi kwemithetho efanayo.
  • Ukhetho olukhululekile nolungakho: ukhetho oluvamile ngokuncintisana okuqotho nokubala.
  • Ukuvikelwa kwenkululeko eyisisekelo: Inkulumo, umshini, umhlangano, kanye nokuhlangana kuvikelwe ngokomthetho-mthetho noma ngokomthetho.
  • ukulandisa:[ Abaholi baphendula umphakathi ngokhetho, ngokuhlola imithombo yezindaba, nezinkantolo ezizimele.

Izinhlobo Zombuso Wentando Yeningi

Umehluko oyinhloko uphakathi kwezinhlobo eziqondile nezimelelayo, kodwa ukubusa kwanamuhla kuhlanganisa nokuhlobanisa izithombe.

Intando yeningi Eqondile

Izakhamuzi zivota ngokuqondile ezimisweni nasemithethweni kunokuba zikhethe abameleli. I-Athene yasendulo yakwenza lokhu, futhi amanye ama-swiss anamuhla asebenzisa imihlangano yedolobha ne-arhenteum. Iziqu nezikhombo ezisemihlanganweni eminingi yase-U.S. zinikeza abavoti ukulawula okuqondile ezindabeni ezithile. Nakuba idemokrasi ifaka iqhaza eliqondile ekuthatheleni iqhaza, akunanzuzo kumazwe amakhulu, ayinkimbinkimbi ngoba ukuvota kuyimpikiswano yonke akunakwenzeka futhi ngokuvamile kuphumela ekuboleni abavoti abambalwa ezindabeni zobuchwepheshe.

Intando Yeningi Emelele Uhulumeni Weningi (Iningi)

Idemokrasi emelela i-demokrasi, ebizwa futhi ngokuthi irepublic, iyindlela evame kakhulu namuhla. Izakhamuzi zenza izikhulu ezikhethiweyo − njengezishayamthetho nomongameli noma undunankulu (*) ukuze zenze izinqumo ngenxa yazo. Laba bameleli balandisa ngokhetho lwezikhathi ezithile. Kulengxenye, kukhona izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko:

  • Isimiso sokubusa ngentando yeningi esisemthethweni:[ Isishaya-mthetho (isigaba) sinegunya lokubusa; inhloko kahulumeni (umfundisi) ikhethwa yiphalamende. Izibonelo: United Kingdom, Germany, India, Japan.
  • Intando yeningi: Isikhulu (umholi) sikhethwe ngokwehlukana futhi sizimele kumthetho wesishaya-mthetho. Izibonelo: United States, Brazil, Nigeria, Indonesia.

Izimiso ezixubile, njengezingalo ezifinyele kancane eFrance, zihlanganisa izakhi zombili.

I-Liberal v. I-Illibaral Democracy

Umehluko obalulekile kwezezombangazwe zamanje uphakathi kwedemokrati ekhululekile nengekho emthethweni. i-demokrati ye-codec ye-libral ivikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye, iphethe umthetho onamandla, futhi ilondoloze iziphetho zamandla alawulayo. idemokratial [ ibamba ukhetho, kodwa inciphisa inkululeko, izinhlangano ezilula, futhi inciphe imishini nezilinganiso. Izizwe ezinjenge-Hungary ne-Turkey ziye zachazwa njengezishelela edemocricial ephethe. Lokhu kuqokomisa ukuthi idemocralizimu idinga okukhulu kunokhetho; ifuna ukukhonzwa kwamalungelo nobuqotho.

Kuyini Ukubusa Kwenkosi?

Inkosi iwumbuso wesimiso sikahulumeni lapho umuntu oyedwa [1] isebenza njengenhloko yombuso, ngokuvamile isebenzela ukuphila futhi ngokwelungelo elingokwefa. Ngokomlando, amamonarch athi anelungelo laphezulu noma igunya elingokwefa. Leligama livela ku-Greek monarkhia[, okusho "ukubusa ngomuntu oyedwa" namuhla, imibuso isukela cishe kuhulumeni wobushiqela ophelele kuya kwizibalo ezingokomfanekiso zomthetho-sisekelo.

Isizinda Esingokomlando

IMonarchy ingenye yezinhlobo ezindala kakhulu zikahulumeni. Imibuso yasendulo eGibithe, eMesopotamia, eChina, nase-Europe yayicishe ibe yimibuso yomhlaba wonke. Ngeminyaka eyinkulungwane, amakhosi nezindlovukazi zazinegunya eliphakeme emabuthweni, imithetho, nezomnotho. Amandla enkosi ayevame ukuthethelelwa yiziphakamiso zenkolo noma ze-dynastics. Ukuphakama kwephalamende nemithetho-mthetho-sisekelo, ikakhulukazi ngemva kweMpi ye-Ngilandi ye-1642/1651), kanye neNguquko yeGiouscleanism (1688), yaqala ukulinganisela amandla enkosi. Ikhulu le 19 leminyaka yabona imibuso eminingi yenkosi iguqula izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo noma ukuqedwa ngokuphelele (unyaka, iFrance, iJalimane,). Namuhla, cishe izizwe ezingu-44421) zisenenhloko yezwe eliphethe isifunda sezombangazwe sezombangazwe kuphela.

Izinhlobo ze - monarchy

Imibuso yamakhosi ihluke kakhulu ekutheni i - monarch inegunya elingakanani elingokoqobo.

Inkosi ephelele

Kumbuso ophelele wenkosi, inkosi iphethe amandla angalawulwa. Ingakhipha imithetho, intela ye-levy, imemezela impi, futhi yaphula ubulungisa ngaphandle kwemingcele engokomthetho. Izibonelo ezingokomlando zihlanganisa uLouis XIV waseFrance, Peter Omkhulu waseRussia, neTokugawa shoguns waseJapane. Namuhla, amazwe ambalwa asasebenza njengombuso wenkosi ophelele, ikakhulukazi iSaudi Arabia, i-Oman, i-United Arabhu Emiratis (nangoba i-UE inesakhiwo sombuso esinemibhishobhi eyisikhombisa), ne-Ewatini. Ezimisweni ezinjalo, akukho khetho olubalulekile, futhi ukuphikiswa ngokuvamile kuncishwa. Ababusi bangase bathintane nombusi, kodwa igunya lokugcina.

Inkosi Yomthetho - sisekelo

Emkhandlwini wombuso womthetho-sisekelo, imibuso yenkosi ichazwa futhi ilinganiselwe ngumthetho-sisekelo nemithetho. Inkosi ngokuvamile isebenza njengelungu eliyingqopha - mlando, kuyilapho izikhulu ezikhethiwe zibusa. Imibuso eminingi yaseYurophu (i-monarchy, i-United Kingdom, i-Sweden, i-Norway, iNetherlands, iBelgium, i-Denmark/iwumthetho-mfantu. i-monarch yenza imisebenzi engokomfanekiso, njengekhompathimente yokuvula, ivumela imithetho, futhi imelela isizwe ezigijimisweni. Imibuso yezombangazwe yangempela isebenza nondunankulu ne-buphathi-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho.

Inkosi Enekhono

Inkosi yamakhosi ezwe elivamile, ekhethayo, ikhetha inkosi ngenqubo engokomthetho kune ngqauzo eliqinile. Ngokomlando, uMbuso oNgcwele wamaRoma wakhetha ababusi bawo. Izibonelo zanamuhla zihlanganisa iMalaysia, lapho amankosi ayisishiyagalolunye akhetha khona inkosi njalo ngemva kweminyaka emihlanu, neVatican (uPapa njengenkosi). Umbuso waseCambodia ubuyiselwa ngomkhandlu wesihlalo sobukhosi.

Izimpawu Eziyinhloko Zemibuso

  • Ukulandelana kwe-hereditary: Amandla avame ukudlula ohlwini lozalo lwamakhosi.
  • Isihedi sezwe sombuso vs. inhloko kahulumeni: kuma-monarch amaningi anamuhla, i-monarch ihlukile kuhulumeni wezinsuku zonke.
  • Ubunye nobunye: omakhosi ngokuvamile asebenza njengophawu lwesizwe, amelela umlando nokuqhubekeka.
  • Ukulandisa okungaqinisekiyo: ezindaweni eziphethe imonarch, umbusi akakwazi ukubalwa; kumthetho-sisekelo, ukulandisa akunakwenzeka.

Umehluko Oyinhloko Phakathi Kwentando Yeningi Nenkosi

Nakuba zombili lezi zimiso zibusa izizwe, ukucabangela kwazo okuyisisekelo ngokuphathelene namandla, igunya, nokuhlanganyela ezakhamuzini kuhluke kakhulu.

Umthombo Wegunya

Igunya lombuso: lisuka kubantu (ubukhosi obuthandwayo). Umthetho-sisekelo nemithetho ibonisa intando yeningi, ngaphansi kwesivikelo samalungelo.
[[FLT]] igunya lisuka ezakhini zofuzo, esaphezulu, noma esikweni. Inkosi ivame ukubonwa njengesithombe sombuso.

Ukwaba Kwamandla

Amandla ahlanganyelwa kakhulu phakathi kwamagatsha kahulumeni (owesizwe, omthetho, okwahlulela) nangaphesheya kwamazinga (okwesizwe, esendaweni). Izakhamuzi zihlanganyela amandla ngokuvota nangokuthembisana nomphakathi.
[[FLT]] Amandla abekwa phezulu. ezimisweni ze-bsolist, i-moscist, i-moslactivesssss; iphethe yonke imigqa eboliselweyo engokomthetho, amandla enkosi ahlukaniswa nezindikimba ezikhethiwe, kodwa okugcina umthetho-mthetho-mthetho-siseko ahlala ephawu.

Uhlelo lokwenza isinqumo

Izinqumo zihilela ukuphikisana, ukuvumelana, nokuvota okuningi. Izinhlelo zihamba kancane futhi ziyayivala imibono eminingi.
: izinqumo zingathathwa ngokushesha ngumbusi noma isangqa esincane. Lempumelelo ingaba wusizo ezinkingeni, kodwa ivimbela ukufakwa komphakathi.

Ukulandisa Namashende

Abaholi babhekene nokhetho oluvamile, ukuqondisa kokwahlulela, ukucosha amaphephandaba, nokuhlola umphakathi womphakathi. Amasheke nezilinganiso zihlelwa.
[[FLT]] Monarchy:[ Emonist, umbusi ubhekene necala elingokomthetho; kumthetho-mthetho-nkaba, inkosi ingaphezulu kwezombangazwe futhi ayibaleki, kuyilapho uhulumeni okhethiwe enecala.

Amalungelo Nenkululeko

I-Democracy: Amalungelo ngamanye (i-sech, umhlangano, inkolo, inqubo efanele) avikelwe ngokomthetho-mthetho. Izakhamuzi zingabekela inselele izenzo zikahulumeni ezinkantolo ezizimele.
[[FLT]]] : [[[FLT]]] [izimiso eziphelele], amalungelo akhona kuphela enjabulweni kakumkani. Emfucumfuno ye-mthetho-siseko, amalungelo avikelwa umthetho, nendima ye-monarch ehloniphe imibandela yentando yentando yeningi.

Ukuphumelela Nokuphumelela Kwezokuhola

[[FLT: 0] Isigaba sokuqondisa: inguquko ngokhetho, olungancintisanayo futhi olungaqinisekile. Izinguqulo zivame ukuthula futhi zisekelwe ekubuseni, kodwa zingabangela ushintsho lwenkambiso.
[[FLT]] Impumelelo iwufuzo noma inqubekela phambili, inikeza ukuzinza nokuqhubeka. Nokho, ifaka izingozi zokungaguquguquki noma ukungathandeki kwababusi (umz., ngokukhubazeka noma ngobuntu). Futhi iphika izakhamuzi ilungelo lokukhetha umholi wabo.

Umbuso Womthetho

Umthetho we-Democracy: usebenza ngokufanayo kubo bonke, kuhlanganise nabaholi. I-construcriary ichaza imithetho.
[[FLT]] Ama-Monarchy:[ Ezimisweni eziphelele, i-monarch ingaphezulu komthetho. Kuwomthetho-mthetho, ibopha i-monarch kuphela ezindabeni zemikhosi; uhulumeni ungaphansi komthetho.

Izinzuzo Zentando Yeningi

Amandla entando yeningi axhomeke ekhonweni layo lokunika izakhamuzi amandla, ukuvikela amalungelo, nokuzivumelanisa noshintsho.

  • [ Ukunikezwa amandla nesithunzi: idemokrasi inikeza abantu iphimbo endleleni ababuswa ngayo, ikhuthaza umuzwa wokusekela nokuhlonipha isithunzi somuntu.
  • Ukuvikela ebushiqelani: Ngokusakaza nokuhlola amandla, akukho muntu oyedwa noma iqembu elingabusa kalula. Izikhungo zezinhlangano zivimbela ubushiqela.
  • [[QUT:0] Ukuvumelana nezidingo zomphakathi: Izikhulu ezinganakiwe kumele ziphendule kubavoti ukuba bahlale esikhundleni, kuholele ezimisweni ezibonisa izifiso zezenhlalakahle (isib., izinhlelo zenhlala - kahle, iziqondiso zendawo ezungezile).
  • [ Isinqumo sempi yokuthula: Izinqumo nezinkantolo zinikeza izinqubo ezingekho budlova ukuxazulula izingxabano, ukunciphisa ingozi yezimpi zombango.
  • Ukuguqula nokuvumelana nezimo:[ Imibuso ikhuthaza ukuphikisana nokuhlolwa, ivumela imiphakathi ukuba ishintshe ngezimo ezishintshayo (umzk., izinhlangano zamalungelo omphakathi, umthetho wezobuchwepheshe).
  • ukubonelela nokulandisa:[ ngokukhululekile nemithombo yezindaba ezimele idalula ukonakala, kuyilapho ukubheka nokuqondisa kunika izikhulu umthwalo.

Naphezu kwalamandla, idemokrasi ayiphelele. ukunganaki kwe-voter nokungakhathaleli okuphansi, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwezizukulwane ezisha, kungalulaza ukwakheka. ukwenziwa kwezezombangazwe[[[FLT:]], njengoba kubonwa emazweni amaningi namuhla, kungaholela ekunqandeni nasekungakwazini ukuxazulula izindaba eziphuthumayo. [[FLT:]] influence yemali [ emikhankanyeni yeminikelo , i-PUCCCC] ihlaneke ukwenziwa kwezezentengo, ukuthandwa kwabantu abacebile. Futhi kubhekenezinselele ezivela ekungeneni kwezwe kwamanye amazwe.

Izinzuzo Zobukhosi

Umbusi, ngokuvamile obhekwa njengophelelwe isikhathi, ulondoloza izinzuzo ezithile ezichaza ukuphikelela kwawo kwezinye izizwe.

  • Ukuqhubekeka nokuqhubekeka:[ inhloko efuzo yombuso inikeza iphuzu elimisiwe lobunye, ikakhulukazi emiphakathini enezigaba ezijulile zobuzwe noma ezenkolo. Izikhulu zikhonza ukuphila, zivimbela ukulwa ngesikhundla esiphakeme.
  • Ubunye bobuKhomanisi kanye nesazi sobuzwe: ombusi bamelela umlando wezwe namasiko amasiko, bedlula ezombangazwe zeqembu. Bangenza njengomphakathi ohlanganisayo phakathi nezinkinga (umz., izinkulumo zeNdlovukazi u-Elizabeth II phakathi ne-COVID-19).
  • Ukwenza isinqumo esiqinile: ezindaweni eziphethe imonarch, izinqumo ezisheshayo zingakwenziwa ngaphandle kwempikiswano yephalamende. Lokhu kungaba ngcono ezimweni eziphuthumayo noma ekuthuthukiseni ngokushesha kwezomnotho (umz., ukumiswa kwesimanje eSaudi Arabia).
  • Ukuhlela isikhathi eside: ngaphandle kwemijikelezo yokukhetha, amamond angathatha amasu anezingxenye eziningi ze-decede, njenge Saudi Embonweni 2030, ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuvotelwa.
  • Isilinganiso somthetho kanye nokulondoloza amasiko: umbusi ngokuvamile usebenza njengabagcini befa lenkambiso nemikhosi, uheha ezokuvakasha nokulondoloza izimpawu.

Nokho, ukungalungi kombuso wombuso kubaluleke kakhulu. Ukwehluleka kokumelela kusho izakhamuzi ezingenamthetho ekukhetheni umholi wazo. Ukusebenzisa amandla [ akunakulawulwa ezimisweni eziphelele, okuholela ekuxhashazweni kwamalungelo abantu, ukonakala, nokucindezelwa. [FLT:] [FLT]] SCCisecision insectstion quence [[[] insected uma i-mouse ingenamfangenwa phakathi kwamalungu omkhaya wasebukhosini. Ngisho okumkani bezomthetho-siseko bangagxekwa ngenxa yokukhuthaza ukungalingani nobunye nokwenzi.

Ukuxutshwa Kwanamuhla: Imibuso Yomthetho - sisekelo Nezimiso Ze - Hybrid

Eqinisweni, amazwe amaningi asebenzisa izimiso eziyingxubevange ezihlanganisa izakhi zentando yeningi nezombuso wesimo esizimele. Okuvame kakhulu ukubusa kombuso wezomthetho-sisekelo, lapho inkosi ibusa khona kodwa ingabuyi. Lamazwe, njengeUnited Kingdom, iJapane, iSpain, neSweden, asebenza njengentando yeningi yephalamende. Indima yenkosi ngokuyinhloko ingokwesiko (ukuvula iphalamende, ukuhlangana kwezikhulu zangaphandle, nokunikeza igunya lombuso lombuso. Igunya langempela linesikhulu esingumphathisimemezeli okhethiwe nesikhulu esinomthwalo wokulandisa kumthetho wendlu yombuso.

Enye i-octroid iyi- i-bomast ekhethekile enezici zentando yeningi , njengoba kuboniswa eMalaysia nase Cambodia. Inkosi yaseMalaysia ikhethwa amankosi, kodwa izwe linomthetho- sisekelo wentando yeningi nondunankulu. I-UAE ihlanganisa umbusi ophelele ophethe umkhandlu ngamunye owenziwe ngemithetho.

Eminye imibukiso ephelele engokomlando iye yashintsha kancane kancane. Ngokwesibonelo, iBhutan yasuka ekubuseni kombuso wezomthetho-sisekelo yasuka kuhulumeni ngo 2008, yenza ukhetho lwentando yeningi iqhubeka ingumbusi njengenhlanganisela. Inkosi yaseMorocco iyaqhubeka iphethe izikhulu eziyinhloko kodwa ihlanganyela ekubuseni nephalamende elikhethiwe.

Lezi zingxube zibonisa ukuthi idemokrasi ʽmonarchy dichotomy ayiphelele. Izinga lokuhlanganyela kwezakhamuzi nenkululeko yomphakathi lihluka kakhulu emazweni, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ihlelwe kanjani.

Isiphetho: Ukwazisa Ubuciko Bokubusa

Intando yeningi nemibuso yamakhosi imelela amafilosofi amabili ahlukene ngokuyisisekelo egunya lezombangazwe − elinye elisekelwe ekuvumeni okuthandwayo, elinye ekutholeni ilungelo elingokwefa noma laphezulu. Nokho ukubusa kwanamuhla kuvikela amalungelo ayisisekelo kalula. Imibuso ingalwa nokungalawuleki nokungahlangani, kanti imibuso inganikeza ukuzinza kodwa ngokuvamile ngezindleko zenkululeko. Izimiso eziphumelela kakhulu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi igama liyini, yilezo ezihlonipha umthetho, zivikela amalungelo ayisisekelo, futhi zinika izakhamuzi izwi elibalulekile ngokuvota noma ngokuhlola amandla empathiwe.

Kubafundi nabafundisi, ukutadisha lezizimiso akuyona nje imfundo; kusisiza ukuba siqonde izindinganiso kanye nokungalingani kwemisebenzi okudala imiphakathi. Njengoba ukuma kwezombangazwe kwembulunga yonke kushintsha, amandla phakathi kokulandisa kwentando yeningi nesiko lombuso ayaqhubeka ethonya yonke into kusukela ekukhulumeni kwezizwe ngezingxoxo kuya ezinhlalweni zomuntu ngamunye. Ngokuhlaziya zombili lezi zimiso ngenkululeko, singabuqonda kangcono ubunkimbinkimbi bezinguquko ezithuthukisa ubulungisa, ukuhlanganyela, nesithunzi somuntu.

Uqhubekela ukufunda, ukuhlola i-Encyclopedia Britannica's compression yedemokrasi, umlando wentando yeningi yase-Athene[, kanye ne-United Nations ephethe idemocratial .]