Umbono womphakathi ungenye yezinsika eziyisisekelo zokubusa kwentando yeningi. Imelela izwi elihlangene lezakhamuzi, elinikeza isiqondiso nomthetho osemthethweni ezinqumweni zezombangazwe. Ebuthweni lentando yeningi elinempilo, ukugeleza kwethonya phakathi kwalokho abantu abacabangayo nalokho ohulumeni abakwenzayo kuqhubeke njalo futhi kunamandla. Nakuba umqondo ubonakala ucacile . Ubuza abantu lokho abakufunayo futhi ulandele lokho okuholayo. Umqondo womphakathi awuyona into eyinkimbinkimbi, awukho amandla aqinile; uyinkimbinkimbi, uchaza incazelo ejulile, izinkolelo, izindinganiso, nentando ezingashintsha izenzakalo, imibiko, imithombo yezindaba, nokuhlangenwe nakho kwayo. Ukuqonda isilinganiso sayo, isilinganiso, nethonya layo kubalulekile ezakhamuzini ezifuna ukubheka abaholi babo nesimiso sokubusa. Lesi sihloko sihlola ukubaluleka kombono ojulile, ukuchaza, ukuchaza, ukuhlola, ukuchaza, ukuchaza, izinselele, izinselele, izinselele, nokuchaza ithonya, izingxoxo, nezindlela, incazelo, izingxoxo.

Ukuchaza Umbono Womphakathi

Ingxenye enkulu yemibono yomphakathi ibhekisela ekuhlanganisweni kwezimo zengqondo noma izinkolelo ezibekwa abantu ezindabeni zomphakathi. Nokho, lencazelo elula ifihla izimfihlo ezicebile neziphikiswana ngomqondo. Izazi zihlukanisa phakathi kwezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zombono womphakathi: eminye imibono igxilile futhi iqinile, kuyilapho eminye ishintshwe kalula. Kukhona futhi ukungafani phakathi [[[FLT: 0] nombono osobala] owenziwe ezindabeni zomphakathi; [] [imibono]] [imibono engakakhuliswanga ngokugcwele noma iboniswe ngokwemibono esobala, [[ nombono ongathi awukaqondiswe kahle], [[FLT], futhi unjalo, owenziswa ngokucacile ezinhlelweni noma ezingxokweni zomphakathi. Umbono womphakathi awuyona nje ingqikithi yentando yomuntu ngamunye; futhi uhlanganisa nezinkozo, ezithandwayo, futhi ezinikezwa ngokwezicinezezezombangazwe zezombangazwe zezezentengo yomphakathi, ngokuvamile, ezinikezwa ngokuhlakanipha zokuhlakanipha zomphakathi, ezinikezwayo zokwahlulela komphakathi.

Isisekelo Somqondo Esingokomlando

Umqondo wokuthi izakhamuzi ezivamile kufanele ziphawule indlela ezibuswa ngayo phakathi nokuKhanyiselwa. Abacabangi njengoJohn Locke noJean-Jacques Rousseau baphikisa ngokuthi uhulumeni ongokomthetho uncike ekuvumeni kwababuswayo. Ngekhulu le-19, izingqapheli zezombangazwe njengo-Alexis de Tocqueville zaphawula amandla akhulayo omphakathi eUnited States, ukukuchaza njengamandla acuphekayo acuphekayo angenza imithetho nezindinganiso zezenhlalo ezivamile. Ukusungulwa kombono wesayensi ezindaweni ze-1930130 uGeorge Gallup nabanye baqala umbono womphakathi ongaziwa kahle embonweni we-quantable. Namuhla, ukucubukisa kuwukubaluleka okukhulu kwezentengo yomphakathi okuthinta yonke into elungiselelwe umkhiqizo. Kodwa umlando wokuhlola uqukethe futhi izihloko ezidumile kakhulu zezindaba zezindaba ze-U.[4] US, lapho uTreyman, ushod

Imisebenzi Yombono Womphakathi Embusweni Wentando Yeningi

Izinqumo Ezicindezelayo Zesimiso

Izikhulu eziqashelwe, ngokuklanywa, kulindeleke ukuba ziphendule izinkathazo zabantu bazo. Uma umbono womphakathi uvumela kakhulu inkambo ethile yesenzo esithile, njengokuhlanganisa ukunakekelwa kwempilo okwandayo noma ukuchitha imali ekhudlwana yokuvikela `abenzi bezesayensi yezombangazwe ngokuvamile bazizwa becindezelwa ukuba bathathe isinyathelo. Ukuhlola kwezezombangazwe ngokuvamile kuthola ukuhlobana phakathi kombono womphakathi nezimiso, ikakhulukazi ezindabeni ezihlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, ukusekela komphakathi okwandayo kwesilinganiso somshado eNtshonalanga yedemocracy kwanikela kakhulu ekushintsheni okungokomthetho. Ngokufanayo, ukushintsha isimo sengqondo ngokuqondene nokwenziwa kwensangubo esemthethweni kuye kwaholela ekushintsheni inguquko ezindaweni eziningi zeU.S.

Ukufiphala Kwemiphumela

Ukukhetha kuyindlela eqondile kakhulu lapho umbono womphakathi uguqulela khona emandleni ezombangazwe. Ikhomishane ithumela imiyalezo yayo, iziteshi, namasu enkambiso asekelwe ekuhloleni nasekuqondiseni amaqembu embula ngezinto eziza kuqala. Umuntu ongazinaki izimvo zomphakathi ezinamandla ngendaba − njengokukhathazeka kwezomnotho noma ukufuduka − ngokuvamile ukhokha inani ebhokisini lezentengo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umbono womphakathi phakathi nemijikelezo yomkhankaso ungashintsha kakhulu ekuphenduleni ezimpikiswaneni, amahlazo, noma izenzakalo ezinkulu, ukwenza ithuluzi elibalulekile lokuvota langempela ngezikhathi ezithile kubaphathi bemikhankambiso. U. U. U. Umongameli wokhetho, ngokwesibonelo, wabona izinguquko ezinkulu ezihlobene nombono we-COVHOD-19. Ngokuvumelana nomthetho womphakathi wokuvikelwa kwemibono, njengoba abaholi abaholi befuna ukumiswa kwezindawo ezingokomthetho, izikhulu zehhovisi ezigunyaziwe.

Ukulandisa

Umbono womphakathi usebenza njengesehlo kumandla kahulumeni. Uma abaholi bephambuka kulokho okufunwa umphakathi, bafaka engozini yokulahlekelwa umthetho futhi ekugcineni, izikhundla zabo. Lokhu kulandisa kwenzeka hhayi ngosuku lokhetho kuphela kodwa futhi nakulo lonke igama lomholi, ngesilinganiso sokugunyaza, ngokubhikisha, ngokubhikisha, nangokuhlola. Izingatho eziphakeme zokungavumelani nemithetho zingakhuthaza amaqembu aphikisayo, ukubangela izinselele zobuholi, noma ukunqandwa kwezimiso ezisheshayo. Ezimisweni zephalamende, ukuncipha okukhulu kombono womphakathi kungabangela ngisho nokuvota kokungazethembi. Ngokwesibonelo, i-America Pentamenteon, iye yalongezwa ngehholo nokugeleza kokwa nokusekelwa komphakathi okunamandla okusekelwa umphakathi kuye kwakwazi ukusunduza izinhloso zobucukuthuku, kuyilapho labo abasekela impatho zabo.

Ukuthuthukisa Ushintsho Lwezenhlalo Nezombangazwe

Ngaphandle kokhetho nenkambiso, umbono womphakathi ubangela izinhlangano ezibanzi zezenhlalo. Uma izakhamuzi eziningi ezigxekayo ziqala ukubheka indaba njengengenabulungisa noma ephuthumayo, isenzo sokubambisana singaqala ukufuna ushintsho. Umzabalazo wamalungelo abantu, ukugadla kwabesifazane, ukulwa kwezemvelo, nokuphikisa kwamuva kokulunga kwesizwe konke kwathola amandla ekushintsheni umbono womphakathi. Izinhlangano zomphakathi ziveza umbono nokwakheka komphakathi, zisebenzisa imikhankankaso yezibalo, nemithombo yezindaba ukuze ziguqule isimo senkolelo. Uma nje umbono womphakathi ufinyelela iphuzu eliyindida, kunzima ngohulumeni ukugcina isimo somphakathi. Lokhu kubonisa indlela umbono onamandla ngayo ukuthi umane nje awubonisi futhi awubonisi inguquko yomphakathi kodwa ukwakheka kokuziphendukela kwentando yentando yeningi.

Izici Ezithonya Umbono Womphakathi

Indawo Ezungezile Yemithombo Yezindaba Nolwazi

Imithombo yezindaba ilokhu ingenye yethonya elinamandla kakhulu embonweni womphakathi. Ngezinhlelo, ukudayisa, nokuhlanganisa izihloko, izikhangiso zezindaba zingaphakamisa izindaba ezithile futhi zilolonge indlela abantu abazazi ngayo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlanganiswa okukhulu kobugebengu kungakhuphula umphakathi ukusakazeka kwakho, kuyilapho ukubikwa kokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kungavimbela ukukhathazeka. Kuleyonkathi yezokuxhumana, amathekishi ezokuxhumana akhuthaza lomphumela, avumela ukuqukethe amagciwane ukuba kwande ngokushesha, kodwa futhi kwakhe namakamelo lapho abasebenzisi bebhekana khona nemibono ebodwa kuphela. Imithetho Yomthetho yemithetho Yemithetho Yemithetho Yemithetho Yemithetho Yemithetho Ehlela izinto eziqukethe okukhona kungaguqula izinto eziza kuqala futhi kubangele abantu babukele. Naphezu kokukhathazeka “kwezindaba, izikhangiso zezezezezezindaba,” ezingokwesiko, nasematheni nasematheni ethelevishini asadlala indima enkulu, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabantu abadala.

Ukushintsha Kwezombangazwe

Umkhaya, imfundo, namaqembu ontanga yiwona ayinhloko ezenhlalo. Izingane zivame ukuzuza ifa lokuthambekela kobandlululo nezindinganiso eziyisisekelo kubazali bazo, nakuba zingaphendukela ekuchayekeni ezinkolelweni ezinhlamvwini ezihlukene esikoleni noma ngokuhlangenwe nakho kokuphila. Izinga lemfundo lihlanganisa izimo ezithile zengqondo .Imfundo ephakeme kakhulu ihlanganisa izibopho zezenkululeko nezokuhlobana kwezombangazwe. Ithonya lontanga, ikakhulukazi phakathi nobusha, lingaguqula futhi imibono ezimpikiswaneni ezinjengezinhlanga, indima yobulili, nezimiso zezomnotho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindinganiso zomphakathi nempucuko yakhona kudala umehluko phakathi kwezindawo zomphakathi, njengoba kubonakala ngokwehlukana phakathi kwabantu bamadolobha nasemaphandleni.

Izenzakalo Eziphawulekayo

Izenzakalo ezinkulu − izinhlekelele zezomnotho, ukuhlasela kwamaphekula, izinhlekelele zemvelo, izibhadane ezithathelwana ngokushesha. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlasela okungu-9/11 kwabangela ukudlondlobala kwesizwe nokusekela izinyathelo zokulondeka ezancipha kamuva. Izinkinga zezimali za 2008 zaholela ekungathembani amabhange kakhulu futhi zifuna ukulawulwa. Muva nje, umqedazwe weCOVID-19 washintsha imibono yomphakathi ngokunakekela impilo, ukungenela kukahulumeni, negunya lezesayensi. Okuhlangenwe nakho komuntu siqu, njengokulahlekelwa umsebenzi, ukuba ilungu lomkhaya liwe nokugula, noma ukuhlangana nezinkonzo zikahulumeni, futhi kwazisa umbono womuntu ngamunye. Lokhu kuvame ukuba kube nobunzima obungaphezu kokwaziswa okungaqondakali, ukwenza abashayeli balowo mthetho babe nombono onamandla.

Izigaba Ezingokomlando

Ubudala, ubulili, ubulili, ubuzwe, izenhlalo, kanye nenkolo konke kuhlangene nezindlela ezihlukene zombono. Ngokwesibonelo, izizukulwane ezisha zivame ukuthuthuka kakhulu ezindabeni zezenhlalo futhi zikhathazeke kakhulu ngokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, kanti abavoti abadala bavame ukumisa izisekelo zezomnotho nezindinganiso ezingokwesiko. Igebe lobudoda ekuvotelweni liye labonakala phakathi kwemibuso eminingi yentando yeningi, nabesifazane abathambekele kakhulu eqenjini labesobunxele esiphakathi emashumini amuva. Izinhlanga nezingamaqembu ezihlukene ngokuvamile zisekela imibono ehlukene ngezokuthutha, ukufuduka, nokucwasana ngokwemiphakathi eminingi. Le miphakathi yesizwe ayihlazinziwa njengemiphakathi, yenza kube yimfuneko ekucupheni kwezindawo, nabengososayensi ukuba bahlukanise ulwazi oluvamile kunokuba bathathe umbono womphakathi njengelungu eliyilungu elilodwa.

Ukucabangela Umbono Womphakathi: Izindlela Nezinselele

Ukungcoliswa Kwezinto Ezingokwesayensi

Ukuhlola kwanamuhla kuncike kakhulu ekuboneni ukuthi iqembu elincane labantu abahlolwa lingamelela inani labantu abaningi kakhulu. Ukuhlola izingcingo, amabhodi e-inthanethi, nokuhlola iposi ngakunye kuvela ezindaweni zokuhweba. Izinga lokuphendulwa liye lehla kakhulu, liholela abahloli ekwazisweni kwenani labantu abahlolwayo futhi lilungise imingcele yephutha. Ingxenye yephutha, ngokuvamile ebikwa kanye nemiphumela, ibonisa izinga elithi inani labantu beqiniso liyokwehla. Izibalo ezishaye zaphumelela zingabikezela imiphumela yokukhetha nokuthambekela kombono wemikhondo ngokunemba okuhlaba umxhwele, njengoba kubonakala ezinhlanganweni eziningi zesizwe njengePew Research Center ne-Gallup.

Amaqembu Agxile Nezindlela Zokuthuthukisa

Nakuba ukuhlolwa kunikeza ububanzi, amaqembu agxilayo. Amaqembu amancane abantu aholwa ngezingxoxo ezilinganiselwe ngesihloko esithile, embula hhayi nje lokho abantu abakucabangayo kodwa isizathu sokuba bakucabange. Lokhu kuqonda okungathwini kusiza abezombangazwe nabadayisi ukuba baqonde imizwelo kanye nokulandisa okusemibonweni. Amaqembu aqondiswe kakhulu ekuhlolweni kolimi, ukudayisa, nokuthumela imiyalezo phambi komkhankaso omkhulu. Nokho, awameleli ngokwezibalo futhi kufanele asetshenziswe eduze kokwaziswa okunemininingwane enqunyiweyo.

Imishini Yezokuxhumana Neyezokuxhumana

Ukuqhuma kwama-tectture kuma-tecture kuye kwaveza izindlela ezintsha zokuhlola umbono womphakathi esikhathini sangempela. Ukuhlola okuhlangeneyo kwe-tweet, izinkulumo, nokuhlanganyela kungabonisa ukusabela okusheshayo ezinsukwini zezenzakalo. Nokho, abasebenzisi bezokuxhumana abameleli benani elivamile lezakhamuzi, − bavame ukuba basha, bamatasa kakhulu kwezombangazwe, futhi bahluke kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imikhankaso ehlangeneyo ye-otholist ne-revolution ingaveza umbono oweqinisiwe noma ujikijekile. Ngakho, nakuba i-alytics inikeza isivinini nomthamo, idinga ukuqinisekiswa ngokuhlola okungokwesiko.

Izinselele Ezizilinganiselayo

Naphezu kwentuthuko yendlela yokusebenzisa, ukulinganisela umbono womphakathi kuhlala kugcwele izinkinga. [[FLT:]] Ukuguqula ubandlululo kuba khona lapho amaqembu athile ekhonjiswa noma edluliswa ngokweqile, imiphumela eguquguqukayo. [[[FLT:]]] ukuveza amagama [[[FLT:]]] [[FLT:]]] [ukuphendula] kuholela ekunikezeni izimpendulo ezithiwayo, zikholisa, ikakhulukazi ukubuza nge-“ishumi” vs. [kuveza imiphumela ehlukeneyo]. [[FLT:]] ubandlululo] [FLT] luveza ukuvumelana ukunikeza izimpendulo ezinikezwayodwayo, kunokukholisayodwa, ikakhulukazi imizwa yabo ethinta inhliziyo efana neyokufudukayo. [FT] ekugcineni] [FT] kuchaza ukuthi insectivemote, insectumgomo ongathi insetton, futhi idinga ukuqandayo, kokubili inselele inseti, namuhla, namuhla, futhi ifuna ukuqalwe

Ithonya Lombono Womphakathi Ekumisweni Kwemithetho

Abenzi bomthetho bavame ukuveza umbono womphakathi njengesizathu esiyinhloko sokumisa noma ukuvala umthetho. Kuyintando yeningi, inqubo yokumelela iklanyelwe ukuhlanganisa ukuthatha isinyathelo sikahulumeni nezakhamuzi ezithandayo. Nokho, ukucwaninga kubonisa ukuthi amandla alolu hlelo ayahlukahluka. Ezindabeni ezithinta ukuna nokuqashwa kwezibhamu ezisakazekile − njengokulawula izibhamu ngemva kokudubulana kwabantu noma amalungelo okukhipha isisu ngemva kokukhipha umthetho wenkantolo. * Umbono womphakathi ungabangela ukusabela okusheshayo kwemithetho yezomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, ekuvuselweni kwe-partland ngo-201818, isishaya-mthetho saseFlorida sadlulisa ngokushesha iphakethe yemikhawulo yemigomo yokuphepha, sibonisa umbono womphakathi. Ngezimpikiswano ezimbalwa, umthetho ungase uthathe emuva noma uphikise umbono wenkantolo, ikakhulukazi lapho amaqembu noma abagconsile ithonya elikhulu, ikakhulukazi lapho amaqembu amaqembu abaphathi besebenzisa ithonya eliphikisanayo.

Umbono womphakathi futhi uthinta inqubo ngokuthatha imvume nokuthatha izinyathelo, lapho izakhamuzi zivota khona ngokuqondile ngemithetho ethile. Isimiso sentando yeningi esiqondile saseSwitzerland sivame ukubeka izimpikiswano kuyivoti yomphakathi, siqinisekisa ukuhleleka okuseduze phakathi kwesimiso nentando ethandwayo. Ezizweni zase-U.S., izinyathelo zomthetho zokushaya impova ngokomthetho, ukwanda kweholo elilinganiselwe, nokunakekela impilo kuye kwadlula naphezu kokungathathi hlangothi, kubonisa indlela umbono womphakathi ongadlula ngayo izinhlangano ezimelelini ezimelelayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuzwa nokwethunye ukuphawula izikhathi kuvumela izakhamuzi ukuba ziveze imibono ngezimiso ezihlongozwayo, zinikeze izinhlangano zezokuqondisa isilinganiso esiqondile sokubonisa imizwelo.

Izinselele Endimeni Yombono Womphakathi

Ukungazi Nokungakwazi Ukubhekana Nezimo

Inkolelo-mbono yedemokrasi ivame ukuthatha ukuthi izakhamuzi zihlelwe kahle futhi zinemibono evumelanayo. Eqinisweni, abavoti abaningi banolwazi olulinganiselwe ngemininingwane yesimiso futhi bangase babe nemibono ephikisanayo noma engaguquguquki. Kusukela ngawo-1960, ososayensi bezombangazwe baye bafaka phansi la manani “angenazici ezizimele,” lapho abantu bephendula imibuzo yokuhlola ngaphandle kombono wangempela. Imibono enjalo engajulile ingathonywa yize kube nokwehluleka kwezehlakazo noma izenzakalo zamuva, izenze zibe iziqondisi ezingathembekile zenqubo. Lokhu kuphakamisa umbuzo: Abaholi kufanele balandele umbono womphakathi ngisho nalapho usekelwe ekutheni ikuphi okungaqondile noma imibono esheshayo?

Ukukhohlisa Nenkulumo - ze

Umphakathi awuqali nje ubala. Abefundisi bezombangazwe, abanikazi bezindaba, namaqembu esithakazelo basebenza ngenkuthalo ukulolonga ngokukhangisa, ukuphoqelela, nokuguqula. Ukwanda kwe-algorithm yezenhlalo yezenhlalo kuye kwenza ukuba imikhankaso yokuguqula izimpawu ezingaphazamisa ukuqonda komphakathi. Ohulumeni abagunyazi-ohulumeni baziwa ngokukhiqiza izimpande zotshani zenkohliso (“ukuzifaka”) noma ukuvimbela ukuphikisa ukudala inkohliso yokuvumelana. EDemocraticism, lokhu kungalulaza ubuqiniso bombono womphakathi njengenkulumo yentando eqotho. Izakhamuzi kumelwe ziqapheke ngemithombo yolwazi nezisusa ezishukumisayo.

Ukuphehla I - populism Nokuphola Kwegazi

Izinhlangano zePopulist zivame ukuthi zimelela “iningi” ngokumelene nezicukuthwane ezisemqoka. Nakuba igcizelela umbono womphakathi, i-populist ingayisusa futhi isuse imibono ephikisanayo futhi isuse inqubo yentando yeningi. Ukuhlukana okukhulu kusho ukuthi umbono womphakathi uba ngokwandayo, abalwayo bemukela izikhundla ezisekelwe ekuzibonakaliseni kweqembu kunokuba baphikise izikhangiso. Lokhu kukwenza kube nzima ukuthola isisekelo esifanayo futhi kungaholela ekuhleleni isimiso senqubo. Ezimweni ezinjalo, abezombangazwe bangase basekele izikhundla zabo ezimelene nomthetho ezisekela ukuma kwabo kuyilapho bebushaya indiva ubufakazi obuphikisanayo, ukuphazamisa ubuhlobo phakathi kombono nenkambi.

Isiphetho

Umbono womphakathi awuyona ikhampasi ephelele yentando yeningi, kodwa uhlala ubalulekile. Unikeza izwi kwababuswayo, abaholi, futhi unikeza izinto ezingalungiseki zokuguqula umphakathi. Ukuqonda isimo sawo − , indlela esikwazi ngayo ukulinganiswa, nendlela okuthonya ngayo uhulumeni − kugxeka noma ubani ofisa ukuhlanganyela ngokunenjongo ekuphileni kwedemokrasi. Impilo yanoma yimuphi umbuso wentando yeningi ixhomeke engxoxweni eqhubekayo phakathi kwezakhamuzi nabameleli bazo, ukuxoxisana okusekelwe yinkulumo yomphakathi esekelwe yinkulumo-mpikiswano esobala esekelwe ulwazi kanye nendlela enembile yokucabanga nokufuna kwabantu.

Ukuhlola okwengeziwe ngenkolelo-lwazi nangendlela yombono womphakathi, cabangela ukufunda i-Pew Research Center yomphakathi ihlaziya [, Imibono iveza ingosi [[, ne-[FLT] Encyclopedia ye-STAN [FLT] ingena embonweni womphakathi [[. Lemithombo inikeza ukuqonda okujule kakhulu emniningweni, emlandweni, kanye nezimpikiswano zefilosofi ezilawula ukuqonda kwethu lamandla abalulekile entando yeningi.