Amaqembu ezombangazwe ahlanganisa imibuso yentando yeningi yanamuhla. Aguqula umbono womphakathi ube yizinqubo ezivumelanayo, abaholi abathatha izintambo, futhi anikeze izakhamuzi ukukhetha okucacile ebhokisini lokuvota. Ngaphandle kwamaqembu ezombangazwe, ukubusa kwentando yeningi kunganciphisa izimfuno zomuntu ngamunye nokushintshashintsha kwezivumelwano. Ukuqonda indlela amaqembu asebenza ngayo akubalulekile kubafundi besayensi yezombangazwe kuphela kodwa nakuzo zonke izakhamuzi ezibophekile. Lokhu kuhlola okukhudlwana kuqeda izindima eziyinhloko, izakhiwo, izinselele, kanye namathemba esikhathi esizayo ezombangazwe eziminyangweni yentando yeningi.

Ukuchaza Imikhosi Yezombangazwe

Iqembu lezombangazwe lingaphezu nje kweqoqo labantu abanezingqondo ezifana nezi. Liyinhlangano ehleliwe efuna ukulawula uhulumeni ngokuwina okhethweni nangokuthatha isikhundla somphakathi. Ngokwesazi sesayensi yezombangazwe GIOVANNI Sartori[, i-"linye iqembu lezombangazwe eliphawulwe ngelebula lemithetho enikezwa okhethweni, futhi elikwazi ukubeka ngokhetho, abamelelwe isikhundla somphakathi."" lencazelo igcizelela izici ezintathu eziyinhloko: [[FLT:] amalect [igama nohlobo], [[FLT:]], [FLT] noma ungwengwendo] olukhethekile lokuthatha ingxenye yecala.[FLD:]

Umsuka wamaqembu anamuhla ezombangazwe usukela emuva emuva ekhulwini leshumi nanhlanu namashumi asibhozo leminyaka, lapho amaqembu ezishaya - mthetho aqala ukuhlela imibono encintisanayo yokubusa (ngokwesibonelo, amaFederalist namaAntiFederalist eUnited States, noma iWhigs neTories eBrithani. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amaqembu asuka emaqenjini akhululekile ephalamendeni aba izinhlangano zezisebenzi ezihlala njalo, imisebenzi yokuqoqa izikhungo, nemisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi yangaphakathi.

Imicimbi yezentengiselwano ihlukile emaqenjini anesithakazelo noma ezinhlanganweni zezenhlalo ngendlela ebucayi: iba abafuna ukukhethwa futhi bamukele umthwalo wemfanelo wokubusa. Amaqembu anesithakazelo amukela izinqubo ezithile; amaqembu ahlongoza isikhulumi esibanzi futhi afune ukusisebenzisa ngamandla emithetho nangokweziphathi.

Umtapo womtholalwazi

Umsebenzi ngamunye usiza ekuvaleni igebe phakathi kwezakhamuzi nombuso, uqinisekisa ukuthi uzolandisa, futhi wenza kube lula ukuncintisana kwezombangazwe okunokuthula.

Umemo

Ihlanganisa izithakazelo, izindinganiso, kanye nokukhetha okuhlukene kweqembu elikhethwe ngokwezinketho zezimiso. Zinikeza izwi ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zomphakathi(izisebenzi, ibhizinisi, abalimi, izinhlanga, izinhlanga ezincane(ne) nokuhumusha lamazwi ezihlongozweni zomthetho. Ezimisweni eziningi zesigaba ngasinye, isigaba ngasinye simelela ukuhlukanisa okuncane kakhulu kwemiqondo ehlukene; ezimisweni ezimbili ezihlukene, amaqembu aba imifelandawo ebanzi ezama ukudlulisa “i-medivolution."

Ukushintsha Kwezombangazwe Nemfundo

Izindawo zifundisa izakhamuzi ngezindaba, imibono, nenqubo yokukhetha ngokwayo. Ngemibuthano, amapheshana, imikhankaso yezokuxhumana, nokuhlobisa izinhlelo zezokuxhumana, balula izimpikiswano zezimiso eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi basize abavoti ukuba benze izinqumo ezinolwazi. Lo msebenzi ubaluleke kakhulu kakhulu embusweni wentando yeningi lapho ukufunda kwentsha lapho kungase kube yindawo ephansi khona. Amaholide asebenza futhi njengendawo yokuqeqeshela abaholi besikhathi esizayo, ukufundisa, ukukhuluma obala, kanye necebo lezombangazwe.

Ukukhetha Nokukhetha Abaholi

Idemokrasi ngayinye idinga iphayiphi yabafanelekela ukuthatha isikhundla somphakathi. I-paries isho, imemoni, futhi ikhuthaze abantu abavumelana nezindinganiso zabo. Le nqubo ingahlanganisa nokhetho oluyinhloko, imihlangano yesifunda, noma izimpompo zangaphakathi. Emazweni amaningi, amaqembu asebenza njengezindlela zokuhlola, ukuhluza abashisekeli benkolo noma izithakazeli ezingafanele ngaphambi kokuba bafinyelele i-collet. Le nkonzo iqinisekisa ukuthi abavoti banensuntswana yezindlela ezithembekile.

Ukwenziwa kwenqubo

Izindawo ziveza iziteshi ezibanzi eziveza izixazululo zazo ezihlongozwayo zezinkinga zesizwe. Zihlola, zithintana nochwepheshe, futhi zixoxa ngokuvumelana phakathi kwamaqembu azo angaphakathi. Amaqembu awinayo abese esebenzela ukuguqula la mapulatifomu abe umthetho. Inqubo yokuhlela inikeza abavoti ukuqonda okucacile ukuthi yini iqembu elizoyenza uma likhethwa futhi linikeza amaqembu igunya lokuthatha isinyathelo kanye esikhundleni.

Ukuhlaselwa Yisixuku Nesivunguvungu

Ukhetho lwedemocratic luxhomeke ekuthatheni ingxenye kwezakhamuzi. Ama-paries akhuthaza abavoti ngokukhangisa, ngezenzakalo, ngokukhipha imishini ephumayo, nangokuthatha i-media yezezindaba. Izinhlangano zeqembu elinamandla zingandisa ngokuphawulekayo ukuvela, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwamaqembu agwedlwe ngokwesigaba. Lokhu kuhlanganisa nokukhuthaza izakhamuzi ukuba zingene emahholo amadolobheni, zithintane nabameleli, futhi zihlanganyele kwezinye izindlela zokuhlanganyela phakathi nokhetho lwezenhlalakahle.

Isithakazelo Nokuphatha Ingxabano

Emiphakathini ehlukahlukene, imibuthano isiza ekusingatheni izingxabano ngokufaka izimfuno ezincintisanayo emncintiswaneni ohleliwe. Esikhundleni sokulwa emigwaqweni, amaqembu ancintisana ebhokisini le-colleot. Amadili asebenza futhi njengama-officut, ukuhlehlisa iziphakamiso phakathi kwama-constitue ahlukene. Lo msebenzi ubucayi ikakhulukazi emiphakathini ehlukene kakhulu − njengaleyo enezinhlanga, inkolo, noma izilimi zolimi − lapho amaqembu angadabula khona noma anciphise izingxabano.

Ubuciko Bezidili Zezombangazwe

Izazi zivame ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwezinhlobo eziningana:

Wabambe - Yonke Imikhosi

Amaqembu anezigaba ezihlukene, igama elaqanjwa ngu-Otto Kirchheimer, lihlose ukunweba ukunxusa kwabavoli ngokuya enkabeni yesigaba sezombangazwe. Balulaza imibono elukhuni futhi bamukele izimiso ezidonsa ububanzi besiphambano sabavoti. Amaqembu amakhulu ezimisweni ezimbili ezihlukene .Njengoba amaDemocrates namaRepublican − ngokuvamile asebenza njengabamba wonke amaqembu, nakuba nawo futhi elondoloza izisekelo. Amandla awo ayazivumelanisa, kodwa abagxeki baphikisa ukuthi ahlukanisa kakhulu futhi afihle ukuhlukanisa nokuhlukanisa okuko okukodwa.

Imikhosi Eyimikhosi (Imikhosi Yamaholide Evamile)

Amaqembu ahamba ngeqembu elincane lamalungu aphezulu (_Sobhusayithi) abantu abavelele, imikhaya enethonya, noma abezombangazwe abamisiwe. Amalungu alinganiselwe, futhi leliqembu lithembele ezinhlanganweni zomuntu siqu nasemithonjeni yabaholi balo. Amaqembu anjalo ayevamile ekhulwini le-19 futhi asabonakala kwamanye amazwe angenazikhundla eziqinile. Azuza kakhulu okhethweni ngenxa yokuhlanganyela komphakathi.

Imikhosi Eminingi

Amaqembu amakhulu avela ngokunwetshwa kwenani lamalungu ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 nasekuqaleni kwelama-20. Anemilungu emikhulu, ekhuthele, ngokuvamile ethathwe esigabeni esithile sezenhlalo noma iqembu (isibonelo, amaqembu ezenhlalo amelela izisebenzi zezezezimboni). Amaqembu eMisa athembele ezikweletini ezifanele amalungu nezisebenzi zokuzithandela, futhi alondoloza ubuhlobo obuqinile nezinhlangano ezihlangene njengezinhlangano zezisebenzi, izibopho ezibambisanayo, noma izinhlangano zenkolo. INhlangano yezenhlalakahle yezenhlalakahle yezezezezenhlalakahle (SPD) iyisibonelo esivelele.

Imicimbi Eyingxubenye

Lamaqembu agxila endaweni eyodwa eyinhloko yesimiso sokuvikela indawo ezungezile − njengokuvikela, ukunqanda ukufakwa kwe-cannabis ngokomthetho. Nakuba bengavamile ukuwina iningi, amaqembu angenacala elilodwa angathonya impikiswano yomphakathi futhi aphoqe amaqembu amakhulu ukuba amukele izikhundla zawo. Izibonelo zihlanganisa amaqembu aluhlaza eYurophu kanye neQembu lamaPirate kwamanye amazwe. Ukugxila kwawo okuncane kokubili kunamandla nokweqisa.

Imikhosi Yokucabanga

Izinhlangano zezenkolo zakhiwe ngeqoqo elihlangene lezinkolelo − isocialism, isobustrist, ubuzwe, ubufandamentali obungokwenkolo (*futhi zihlela ubumsulwa bezimfundiso ngempumelelo yabavoti. Zivame ukusebenza njengeziphakamiso zemibono ephambene futhi zingasusa ifasitela lengxoxo eyamukelekayo. Nokho, zingazabalaza ukwakha imifelandawo noma zilawule ngokuphumelelayo.

Imikhosi Yokuzilibazisa

Kwamanye amademokrasi, amaqembu azungeza umholi onamandla kunanohlelo lwemibono noma lwesimiso esisodwa. Lamaqembu angabantu abazimele ngokuvamile anezakhiwo ezibuthakathaka zangaphakathi futhi asebenza ngokuyinhloko njengezimoto zezifiso zomholi. Avamile emibusweni exubile nasebuthweni lentando yeningi elisencane, lapho ukwethembeka kwezinhlangano kungafinyeleli lutho.

Imikhosi Yezombangazwe Nezimiso Ezijabulisayo

Isakhiwo sesimiso seqembu sithonywe kakhulu isimiso sokhetho esisetshenziswa ezweni. Umthetho we-Duverger [, inkolelo yesayensi yezombangazwe edumile, ithi izimiso ze-dididificity eyodwa (njenge-U.S. kunye ne-UK) zivame ukuveza imincintiswano emibili eyingxenye eyodwa, kuyilapho izimiso ze-partums zivame ukuveza izimiso ze-PR. Umqondo: i-operation, amaqembu amancane “avoti"; ngaphansi kwe-PR, ngisho namaqembu amancane anganqoba izihlalo.

Ezimisweni ezimbili, amaqembu aba “amatende avulekile” okumelwe akhange emiphakathini ehlukene. Lokhu kungaholela ezimisweni ze-centrist kodwa futhi kuholele ekuhlukanisweni njengeqembu elilwela ithonya. Ezimisweni eziningi ezihlukene, ohulumeni abahlangene bavamile, bafuna amaqembu ukuba axoxe futhi avumelane ngemva kokhetho. Amazwe anjenge-Jalimane, iNetherlands, neNdiya afanekisa amandla omncintiswano ohlukene, kanye nezinhlangano ezakha izivumelwano kanye namandla okubambisana.

Imithetho ye-Electoral ithinta futhi ukukhethwa komsekeli, umkhankaso wezimali, nokuziphatha kwemithetho. Ngokwesibonelo, izimiso ezivaliweyo ze-PR ziqinisa ukulawula kwabaholi beqembu ekufakeni inani labavoti, kuyilapho izimiso ezivulekile zinikeza abavoti ithonya elithe xaxa kubantu ngabanye abazofuna ukubhapathizwa. Ukuqonda la makhenika kuyasiza ekuchazeni ukuthi kungani izigaba ziziphatha ngendlela ehlukile ngalé kwedemokrasi.

Indima Yezigigaba Ekubuseni

Lapho ukhetho selunqotshiwe, amalungu ashintsha asuka emkhankasweni wokubusa.

Isenzo Somthetho

Izindawo ezimisa umsebenzi womthetho. Bahlela amakomiti, bahlela izinqumo, futhi bavote ukuze badlulise imithetho yabo abayithandayo. Ezimisweni zephalamende, iqembu elikhulu (noma umfelandawonye) limisa uhulumeni futhi lilawule ikhalenda lomthetho. Ezimisweni zobumongameli, iqembu likamongameli lingase lingabambi iningi, okuholela ekuhlukaniseni uhulumeni nesidingo sokuhlukanisa. Izeluleko zeqembu `Iqembu' lizimisele ukuvota neqembu labo(craves), kusukela ekulawuleni okuqinile kwe-UK kuya ekuhlwiseni i-codern ku-unitorism eU.S.

Izindawo futhi zinikeza ukubikezelwa. abenzi bomthetho namaqembu esithakazelo bazi ukuthi yini okumelwe bayilindele eqenjini elisekelwe eqophelweni elisesiteji nasezincwadini zokuvota ezidlule. Lokhu kunciphisa izindleko zokuhweba ekuhlelweni kwezimiso futhi kuvumela ukuba kuhlelwe isikhathi eside.

Ukuqondisa Nokulandisa Okuphethe

Amaqembu aphikisayo anendima ebalulekile. Ahlola izenzo zikahulumeni, abefundisi ababuza imibuzo, futhi ahlongoze ezinye izinqubo. Ezimisweni zephalamende, amaqembu aphikisayo akha "ikhabethe lesithunzi" elilungele ukuthatha isikhundla. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ngamandla ukuthi izenzo zikahulumeni zihlala ziphikiswa, kunciphisa ingozi yokuxhashazwa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amalungu kahulumeni anecala kumavoti awo phakathi nokhetho oluzayo

Ukumiswa Kokwahlulela Nethonya Lezinhlangano

Izindawo zokwahlulela futhi zithonya izinhlangano ezizimele ngokumisa amajaji, amakhomishane, nama-aprince. Emazweni amaningi, ukumiswa kokwahlulela kuyizindaba ezihlukanisayo ezingaguqula incazelo engokomthetho amashumi eminyaka. Lokhu kugcizelela ukuncintisana okuthatha isikhathi eside kweqembu, okungashintsha indawo yokukhetha.

Izinselele Ezibhekene Nezidili Zezombangazwe Zanamuhla

Naphezu kwendima yawo ehlala njalo, amaqembu ezombangazwe abhekana nosongo olukhulu ekhulwini lama - 21.

Ukwehla Kwelanga Ne - Gridlock

Kuyidemokrasi eminingi, amaqembu aye adlulela ekweqisa kwemibono, anciphisa indawo yokuvumelana. E-United States, izilinganiso zokuhlanganisa izifundazwe ziye zafinyelela eqophelweni eliphezulu elingokomlando, okuholela ekuvinjelweni kukahulumeni, ukunqamuka komthetho, nokuncipha kokuthemba umphakathi. Izimiso eziningi zesigaba azinazo isivikelo sokuzivikela; ukuhlukana kwezindawo ezingase ziqhekene futhi ziveze ohulumeni abaguquguquki.

IPopulism Nesabelo Esimelene Nesigaba

Izinhlangano zePopulist ngokuvamile zizichaza ngokumelene namaphathi asungulwe, ziwamangalela ngenkohlakalo noma nge-athomust. Abaholi bePopulist bangase badlulise izimo zeqembu, besebenzisa ukuxhumana okuqondile nabalandeli nge-methodis yezencu. Lokhu kwenza ukuba ukusebenza kwemicimbi kungabi namiphumela efanelekile. Ukuvela kwemikhosi enjenge-Alternate for Germany (AfD) kanye ne-Five Star Movement e-Italy kubonisa lomkhuba.

Ukunganaki Nokuwohloka Kwamalungu

Amalungu eqembu ancishisiwe embusweni wentando yeningi omisiwe. Izakhamuzi azizimisele ukujoyina izigigaba, ukuya emihlanganweni, noma ukuvumelana kakhulu negama leqembu. Lokhu kuqeda amandla akhudlwana akhulisiwe emicimbini futhi kuyenze incike kakhulu kubantu abacebile abanikela ngenkonzo noma ngokwezimali kahulumeni. Ukucweba phakathi kwabavoti abasebasha kuyakwehlisa ukuhlobana phakathi kwamaqembu namatikiti.

Imali Kwezombangazwe Nethonya Lezithakazelo

Izindleko zemikhankaso ziye zanyuka kakhulu, okwenza amaqembu athembele eminikelweni emikhulu evela ezinhlanganweni, ezinyunyana, nakwabantu abacebile. E-U.S., iNkantolo Ephakeme iCitizens United[ isinqumo esikhutshwe ngokungenamkhawulo yizinkonzo ezinkulu zamaPAC. Lokhu kungaza kuqala ezinhlanganweni ezinikelayo kunokuba zifake izikhalazo, ukugxeka nokonakala.

Ukungaqondi Kwezinombolo Nokuhlukana Kwezokuxhumana

I-social Wetwork isishintshe indlela i-social exhumana ngayo, kodwa futhi incinza i-openthist. Imithetho-mthetho yenza amagumbi okunanela, okwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuba iziteshi zifinyelele izilaleli ezibanzi. Imikhankaso ye-Diffary ingalawula okhetho. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amathuluzi obuchwepheshe amasha avumela ama-create ama-cread ukuba aqoqe ngokushesha, anzima. Ama-partum kumelwe ajwayelane nendawo lapho ukunaka kunciphile khona futhi kunciphe kakhulu.

Amathonya Angaphandle Nokungenela Kwamanye Amazwe

Imibuso yezizwe iye yabhekana nemizamo yemibuso yokuthonya okhethweni, ngokuvamile ngokusekela noma ngokuhlasela amaqembu athile. Ukungenela kweRussia okhethweni lwase-U.S. kanye nokungenela kwayo okhethweni lwaseYurophu kuqokomisa ukuchayeka komncintiswano osekelwe eqenjini. Imali yakwamanye amazwe, ama-akhawunti omgunyathi, nama-imeyili okucushwa kungasonta izinqubo zentando yeningi.

Ikusasa Lezidili Zezombangazwe

Izazi eziningi ziphikisa ngokuthi izigaba zisebalulekile, kodwa kumelwe zishintshe. Izindawo zihlanganisa ukwehlisa izithiyo zokungena eqenjini elisha, ukuqondisa umkhankaso ngezimali ngokulandelana, ukukhuthaza idemokrati yangaphakathi (umz., amakhofi kanye namavoti eqembu enqubo), nokusebenzisa amapulatifomu emishini ekuthatheni isinqumo sokuzinqumela. Amanye amazwe aye azama ukuveza iziteshi (ukuvumela abavoti abazimeleyo ukuba bakhethe iqembu) kanye [FT:] nemihlangano yesifunda [FLT] ukwenza isinqumo sokunezela.

Enye inqubo ukunyuka kwamadipoyithi ahlela ngokuyinhloko kuyi-inthanethi, njenge-Prate Party noma i-Podemos eSpain. Laba babheki basebenzisa amathuluzi okudlulisela iziphakamiso enqubweni yobuchwepheshe kanye nokukhetha abazothatha izinketho, behlose ukudlula ama-hierarchy angokwesiko. Nokho, babhekana nezinselele zabo siqu nge-trolls, isithembiso esiphansi, kanye nokukhubazeka kwesinqumo.

Uma amaqembu entando yeningi ehluleka ukumelela izakhamuzi, ukunciphisa imingcele, futhi alondoloze ukulandisa, sonke isimiso siyahlupheka. Kodwa lezo eziguqulayo (ukuvula izibuko) nokuveza kabusha ukuxhumana, nokuvuselela ukuthembana kotshani, ziyoqhubeka zifeza indima ebalulekile ezinayo amakhulu eminyaka.

Isiphetho

Amaqembu ezombangazwe awaphelele, kodwa abalulekile. Ahamba ngentando ethandwayo, ahlela ukhetho, indlela yokuhlela, futhi abeke ohulumeni icala. Ukuqonda imisebenzi yabo, izinhlobo, nezinselele kunika izakhamuzi amathuluzi okuhlola isimiso sazo siqu sezombangazwe ngokuhluzekile. Njengoba idemokhrasi ibhekene nezingcindezi ezintsha − kusukela ekuncipheni kwezindawo ze-athomu kuya ekuphazamiseni kwe-mitualture . Kulabo abafundisayo futhi bafunde ngezakhamuzi, leli qembu lihlala lingenye yezakhiwo ezibaluleke kakhulu zezezomuntu siqu.

ifunda ngokuphindaphindeneyo: Ukungena ngokujule kakhulu ezimisweni zenhlangano, bheka ukungena kwezezombangazwe . Kumthetho we-Duverger, hlola [ i-Encyclopedia yefilosofi[[FLT:] [FLT]]. Ikhomba lanamuhla, [[[FLT:] [[FLT]] [[5]] Ithemba kuHulumeni linikeza ukwaziswa okuwusizo. Ekugcineni, [[FLT:][FLT]][5][FLT]][FLT][FLT][5]]