Isingeniso: Ukushintsha Intando Yeningi Ngezinombolo

Amapulatifomu ezokuxhumana ashintsha indlela izakhamuzi ezihlanganyela ngayo nokwaziswa okungokombangazwe, abafuna ukubhapathizwa, futhi zisebenzisana. Emashumini amabili eminyaka adlule, amapulatifomu anjenge Facebook, Twitter (manje uX), i-Instagram, i-YouTube, ne-Tik Tok ziye zakhula zisuka ezindaweni ze-webhrate zingene eziphakathi ezingosini zezokuxoxa ngomphakathi. Namuhla, izigidi zezigidi zabantu emhlabeni wonke zithembele emithonjeni yezokuxhumana ukuze ziqede izindaba, ziveze imibono yezombangazwe, futhi zihlanganise izinyathelo eziyinhloko. Lokhu kuveza izimpawu ezintsha zokuhlanganyela lapho kuveza izihloko zezokuxhumana ezingakazeki. Ukuqonda ukuthintana kwezicimbi zezindaba zomphakathi kubalulekile kumthetho, othisha, nezakhamuzi abafisa ukuqinisa izinhlangano zentando yentando yeningi.

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwezenhlalo nentando yeningi abuqondile. Kwesinye isandla, leziziteshi eziphansi ezivimbela ukungena kwenkulumo yezombangazwe, okwenza ukuba amazwi ancishiswe afinyelele izilaleli zembulunga yonke. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuhlobanisa kwazo izimpawu zemithetho, ukungalinganisi okusebenzayo, nokungaqondakali kokulawula, nokungagunyazi ukuvimbela, kungaqeda ukuthemba okhethweni, ukuphehla amandla, futhi kusakaze amanga ayingozi. Lesi sihloko sihlola kokubili amathuba nezingozi zezokubusa kwezentando yeningi, sidwebe ukucwaninga kwamuva, izibalo, nokuhlola izingozi eziwusizo. Ngokulinganisa izinzuzo eziphumelelayo, singabona amasu okuhlanganisa amandla angcono okhetho okhetho, ukuhlanganisa imithombo yezindaba yezenhlalo kuyilapho ifaka izinsongoso ezisongelayo embusweni zentando yentando yeningi.

Amathuba Anikezwa Imithombo Yezomphakathi Ezokuhlanganyela Kwentando Yeningi

Izokuxhumana zezokuxhumana zivule izindlela ezintsha zokuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe ezazingakholeki esizukulwaneni esidlule. Lamathuba awakho nje kuphela okucatshangelwa − aboniswe ezinhlanganweni eziphumelelayo, ezindaweni eziphambili zovota, nasezingxoxweni zomphakathi ezihlukene kakhulu. Ngezansi, sihlola izindawo ezine eziyinhloko lapho imithombo yezokuxhumana iqinisa khona izinqubo zentando yeningi.

Ukutholakala Okwandayo: Ukuvala Amagebe Okwaziswa

Izentengiselwano zezentengiselwano zezentengiselwano zezentengiselwano zinciphisa amathuba okuthola ukwaziswa kwezezombangazwe ngokuwenza atholakale kunoma ubani one-ie - Internet, kungakhathaliseki iholo, imfundo, noma indawo. Imithombo yezindaba yendabuko-mfundama(iintsha), amanyuziyamu, ithelevishini, umsakazo, umsakazo, idinga izindleko zokukhokhela isikhokhelo, amalayisense, noma abagcini bamasango abahleli abalinganisela ukuthi bangakhipha futhi baqede okugcwele. Ngokungafani, abezindaba bezenhlalo bavumela abantu ukuba balandele abezombangazwe, izintatheli, amaqembu ezokuxhumana, kanye nezakhamuzi ezikanye nabo ngokuqondile. U. Unyaka ka-202222 weSikhungo sokucwaninga sobunganiso sobuzwe se-U.

Lokhu kutholakala kuye kwaguqula ngokukhethekile izimiso zobuphoqeli noma ze-authority ezilawulwa uhulumeni. Abaqondisi basebenzisa iziqephu eziyimfihlo zokwaziswa kanye nezokuxhumana zomphakathi ukuze bahlanganyele ukwaziswa okungahlolwa. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nomthetho we-2019 eHong Kong, i-Telegram ne-Twitter zaba amathuluzi abalulekile okuhlela nokusakaza ngesikhathi sangempela. Nokho, ukutholakala kukodwa akwanele: ngaphandle kokufunda imithombo yezindaba, ukuveza izinhlelo ezifanayo kungenza abantu bachayeke kalula ekusebenziseni izinhlelo zobuzwilakhe. Ithuba likhona ekungeneni kwemfundo.

Ukuxhumana Kwangempela Nesikhathi: Ukusakaza Inkulumo Enamandla Yezombangazwe

Isimo sezenhlalo yezokuxhumana senza izakhamuzi zikwazi ukusabela enqubweni yezombangazwe njengoba zenzeka. Ukubheka phambili kwezimpikiswano, izikhawu zephalamende, noma imiphumela yokukhetha kuvumela ukucubungula umphakathi ngokushesha nengxoxo. Lesivinini singathuthukisa ukulandisa: abezombangazwe bazi ukuthi noma isiphi isenzo esingaqondile singabanjwa, sihlangane, futhi sihlukaniswe phakathi nemizuzu engu-20. Umongameli wase-U.S., ukukhetha kwangempela okulawula i-Twittertter ne Facebooka kwasiza ekutheni impande epheleleni, nakuba umzamo ungathathwa ngokugcwele, nakuba usengawutholangaphelele.

Ukuxhumana kwangempela ngesikhathi kusiza futhi ukuba kutholakale ukuganana okuqondile phakathi kwezikhulu ezikhethiwe nezihlangene. Amahholo edolobha, ayekade elinganiselwe yizwe, manje ayenzeka, avumela abenzi bomthetho ukuba bezwe ngokubanzi ohlangothini lomphakathi. AmaPlatform anjenge Instagram Live neYouTube aphilayo asetshenziswa abaholi bezombangazwe emazweni amaningi ukuphendula imibuzo ngokuzenzakalelayo, edala umuzwa wokukhanya. Noma kunjalo, isivinini sezenhlalakahle yezenhlalakahle singadlula futhi ukuhlaziywa okunengqondo, kuholele ekuthatheleni inqubo esheshayo naselungeni okusakaze kudluleni izigwebo.

Imibuthano Ephakeme: Izakhamizi Ezinezwi Eliqabulayo

Izembu jikelele seziyinjini yezenzo zobuphekula zanamuhla. Izinhlangano ezingase zihlale zisendaweni noma zingaqondakali zingathola ukunakwa kwesizwe namazwe ngamazwe nge-virus hashtags, amavidiyo ahlukene, kanye nokuhlangene kwemikhankaso ye-intanethi. # BlackLives Matter[ umzabalazo, owaqala ngo-2013 ngemva kokulahlwa kukaGeorge Zimmerman, osetshenziselwa ukuveza ubudlova bamaphoyisa futhi uhlele ukubhikishana kwe-o eUnited States nangalé. Ngokufanayo, [[FLTLT:]# Meo [[FLT]] abaxhaswe abagcini bentshozwe ekuhlaseleni ngokobulili ukuze bahlanganyele izindaba zabo, kuholele ezingokomthetho namasiko amaningi emazweni amaningi.

Lezinhlangano zibonisa ukuthi imithombo yezokuxhumana ingabhidliza ithonya elingokwesiko. Isakhamuzi esinendaba ephoqelelayo ne-cell phone singabangela ingxoxo ezwakalayo nezigidigidi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imithombo yezokuxhumana inciphisa ukuncika kubagcini bamasango abadumile bezezindaba, ivumela abashisekeli ukuba bahlele izinhlelo ngokuqondile. Nokho, izinhlangano zotshani nazo zibhekene nezingozi: ukubonakala kwazo kungaheha ukunyakaza, futhi intshiseko ye-Internet ayiguquleli phambili ekusebenzeni ngaphandle kolayini. Ithuba likhona ngempela, kodwa lidinga inhlangano ewusizo ngaphandle nje kokuthatha igciwane.

Ukuhlanganyela Kwezomculo: Ukuhlasela Nokuthumba Ibutho

Amapulatifomu ezezokuxhumana ahlanganisa amathuluzi aklanyelwe ngokukhethekile ukuthuthukisa ukubhalisa nokujika. Ngokwesibonelo, iFacebook, iye yasebenzisa "Funa i Vote" izikhumbuzo, kuyilapho i-Instagram ne Snapechat iye yamisa izigxobo zokuvota namahluzo. Ngokokuhlola okungu-202020 kwabacwaningi eYunivesithi yaseCalifornia, iSan Diego, izikhumbuzo zeFacebook zandisa umvoti wabasebenzisi ngamanothi acishe abe amaphesenti angu-0, amaphesenti anika isilinganiso somgangatho. Ngokhetho lwama 202020.S, cishe abantu abayizigidi ezingu-17 basebenzisa i-facebooky ukuze bavote.

Ngaphandle kwezikhumbuzo, imithombo yezokuxhumana ivumela ukukhangisa kwezombangazwe okuqondiswe kakhulu. I-kampaignote ingenza amaqembu anezimo ezincane ahloselwe ukusekela isithakazelo samanani abantu, indawo, nokuziphatha kwakudala. Lokhu kulunga kungasiza abavoti abanganaki noma abangahloniphi ngemiyalezo elungisiwe. Ngokwesibonelo, eNdiya, i-Baratiya Janata Party isebenzise i-Aysapp ne Facebook ukuze ifinyelele abavoti basemaphandleni, futhi ifakthalele ekunqobeni kwabo okukhulu kwezehlulele. Nokho, lokhu kungasetshenziswa ekuhlukaniseni imiyalezo nakwaboshela, njengoba kubonakala kuyihlazo le-Cambridge Analycata. Ithuba lokuvota limele lihlolwe ngokumelene nento engenzeka ukuze i-face.

Izingozi Ezihlangene Nemithombo Yezomphakathi Ezinhlanganweni Zentando Yeningi

Nakuba imithombo yezokuxhumana inikeza izinzuzo ezicacile, uhlangothi lwayo olubi lusongela kakhulu izinhlangano zentando yeningi. Lezi zingozi azikho ngokombono − ziye zathathwa okhethweni emhlabeni wonke, kusukela emncintiswaneni womongameli wase-U.S. kusuka ku-2016 kuya kunyulo lwase-Brazil ka-2019 nangaphandle. Ukuqonda lezi zingozi kuyisinyathelo sokuqala ekwakheni izilinganiso eziphumelelayo.

Ukungaqondi Nokungaqondi: Ukwethembana Okukhulayo Emaqinisweni

Mistinfont − ukwaziswa okungamanga okuhlanganyelwa ngaphandle kwenhloso elimazayo − kanye nokudiliza ukwaziswa okungamanga ngokuqondiwe kwezenyuziyamu. Ukuhlolwa kuka-2018 kwe-MIT kwathola ukuthi izindaba ezingamanga ezisendleleni ze-Tuntratter zihambe kakhulu, zishesha, futhi zibanzi kakhulu kunezindaba eziyiqiniso, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokuthi zinezintsha kakhulu futhi zithathekile ngokomzwelo. Phakathi nomqedazwe we-COVHOVAD-19, izinkulumo ezingamanga ngemijovolo kanye nokwelapha kwanda eFacebook, Instagram, neWhay App, zaholela ekunciphiseni ukujovota futhi kunciphe izinkinga zempilo yomphakathi.

Emkhakheni wentando yeningi, ama-Platform angalulaza ukukholelwa ebuqothweni bokhetho. Ngemva kokhetho lwama-2020 e-U.S., ukusho okungenasisekelo kokukhwabanisa okusakazekile kwasakazwa kabanzi kwezenyuziyamu zezenhlalo, okwaphumela ekuhlaseleni kwe-Caltalog 6 2021 ngo-1901, kodwa kusekunzima ukulinganisela izinto ezikhona, kubambeke phakathi kwemibono yokukhuluma ngokukhululekile nesidingo sokuvimbela ukulimala. Imizamo yokukhokha i-regitamfecter ye-European Digitagement Service Act, ehloselwe ukuba izitejiyo zezingozi zesimiso somthetho, kodwa ukuvimbela ukuncintisana kudinga inselele. Ukumelana nomthetho wokuzimelwa kwemithetho emishano yokuxhumana kudinga ukuthatha izinguquko eziningi: ushintsho lwezente, ukuqamba ukuphumelela kobuphiselwano oluthuthukiselwa-s.

Ukukhanya: Ukuphula Indawo Evamile

Ukuthambekela kwe-algorithism ye-Social media kokubonisa abasebenzisi abakwaziyo ukukwenza kungakha amagumbi omsindo nama-asease. Abasebenzisi bachayeke kakhulu embonweni eqinisa izinkolelo zabo ezikhona, kuyilapho imibono ephikisanayo ihluzwa noma ibekwe ngendlela engathandeki. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lokhu kungaveza ukuhlaziywa kwezombangazwe, ukwenza ukuhleba nokuqondana kube nzima kakhulu. Ukuhlolwa kwamashumi amabili kwePew Research Center kwathola ukuthi abasebenzisi bezenhlalakahle kakhulu basengozini kakhulu yokubhekana nemibono yezezombangazwe evumelana nombono yabo, futhi baveza inzondo enkulu kakhulu ngakolunye uhlangothi.

Ukuhlaziywa kokukhanya akuyona nje inqubo yolwembu lwe-inthanethi; kungena ekusebenzelaneni kwangempela nesimiso sombuso. Emazweni anjenge-United States, Brazil, ne-Indiya, imithombo yezokuxhumana iye yahlotshaniswa nenzondo ekhudlwanayo nemithetho yentando yeningi enjengokumukela imiphumela ehlukanisayo. Abanye abacwaningi baphikisa ngokuthi ukuncishiswa komzimba kuyisici esiwumklamo, hhayi isiphazamiso: imithetho yesivumelwano ivuza intukuthelo nengxabano. Izimiso zezokuxhumana ziye zaqala ukunciphisa izimpawu zokwehlisa ukunweba kwezinto ezihlukanisayo, kodwa imiphumela ixube. Izakhamuzi kumelwe zifune ulwazi oluhlukahlukene futhi zihileleke ezingxoxweni zomphakathi ezibhekene nale ukuphikisana nale ngozi.

Ukusebenzisa Ithonya Nokusebenzisa Izikhali

Abadlali bezombangazwe baye bafunda ukusebenzisa kabi isimo sezenhlalo ukuze balawule umbono womphakathi. Phakathi nokhetho lwase-U.S., abashayeli baseRussia basebenzisa amarekhodi okukhohlisa kuFacebook, kuTwitter, naseInstagram ukuhlwanyela ukungavumelani nethonya labavoti. Badala izinto ezihlukene ezindabeni ezinjengohlanga, ukufuduka, nokulawula izibhamu, ukuhlukanisa. Ngokufanayo, kukhetho lwase-Nigeria lwama-2019, ukuziphatha okungavumelani nokuziphatha okungamanga ku-Twitter mayelana nabavoti. Lemisebenzi ivame ukusungula ukusungula izimpikiswano ze-bot, umuntu oyinkohliso, umuntu oyinkohliso, futhi izikhangiso zokukhangisa ukuze kufeze imigomo yabo.

Ngaphandle kokuphazamisa kwezizwe, abezombangazwe basekhaya basebenzisa imithombo yezomphakathi. EPhilippines, abaqondisi bakaRodrigo Duterte basebenzisa iqoqo lama-troll nabathonyeli abakhokhelwayo ukuba bahlasele abagxeki futhi basakaze inkulumo - ze. Ukungabonakali kokukhangisa kwezombangazwe nokungathandeki kwe-algorithism kwenza kube nzima ngezakhamuzi ukuhlola ukwaziswa ezikutholayo. Amaqumrhu anjengeZizwe Ezihlangene aye abiza ukulandisa okukhulu, kuhlanganise nokuveza inzuzo yezombangazwe nokuhlola izimiso zemithetho esemthethweni. Kodwa ukuzilawula kobuchwepheshe ngokuvamile kuye kwabangela ukuba kube nzima ukubheka ukwaziswa okunenzuzo kunokuba kube yizinhle.

Ukungalondeki Kusongela: Ukuvikela Ubuqotho Bokunqoba

Izindawo zezezindaba zezezenhlala-langa ziyizisulu ezivamile zokuhlaselwa kwe-inthanethi ezingathinta ngokuqondile izinqubo zentando yeningi. Ukungatholi imikhankaso yezombangazwe, ama-akhawunti okhetho, noma izisekelo zokuvota zingaholela ekuvuleni ukwaziswa okuyimfihlo, ukusetshenziswa kwe-data, nokungathembani esimisweni. Ngo-2016, i-imeyili ye-intelligence National Committee i-Ademoc National ex ex yabangela ukukhululwa kwezokuxhumana okusheshayo kuvela kumaWikiLeaks, kuphehla ukulandisa okuvela kuma-projectiva. Ngo-20202020, inani lamahhovisi ehhotela-nters abhekene yokuhlasela kwesihlengo, nakuba kungekho ukuvota okuphazamisa.

Imithombo yezokuxhumana ibuye ifake izinsongo zezokuvikela i-inthanethi ngokusakazeka okusheshayo kwezinto ezigonyiwe. Ngisho noma ukugawula kokuqala kungahlobene ngokuqondile nezakhiwo zokuvota, ukusetshenziswa kwezikhali kokwaziswa kwezebiwe kungathonya ukuqamba komphakathi. Imishini idinga izilinganiso eziqinile zokuphepha, iziphetho zezehlakalo, kanye nokubambisana nezinhlangano zikahulumeni ukuze zivikele lezi zinsongoso. Amavoter aphethe futhi anomthwalo wemfanelo: ukusebenzisa amagama aqinile, okwenza ukuqinisekisa okunelisa izakhi ezimbili eziphawulekayo, nokungabaza ukuvuza okuphawulekayo kungasiza. Ubuqotho bokhetho buxhomeke kuzo zombili izixwayiso zemishini kanye nezingasindonga eziqinile ezimelana nalezi zimo ezisemkhathini zomphakathi.

Ukulinganisela Ithuba Nengozi: Indlela Engaphambili

Ithonya lezezindaba embusweni wezentando yeningi alinqunywanga kusengaphambili. Izindawo ezifanayo ezenza izimpande zibuthene zingasakaza ulwazi. Isihluthulelo siwukuklama nokuhlakulela imikhuba ekhuphula izinzuzo kuyilapho inciphisa umonakalo. Lokhu kudinga isenzo esivela kubafaki bezesayensi, ohulumeni, umphakathi womphakathi, nabantu ngabanye.

Imisebenzi Yokulungisa Ifulegi

Ohulumeni emhlabeni wonke bazama ukulinganisela imingcele ukuze banciphise izingozi zezezokuxhumana. UMthetho we-EU weNkonzo yama-digita ubeka izibopho emapulatifomu amakhulu ukuze kuhlolwe futhi kuncishiswe izingozi ezilawulwayo ezinqubweni zentando yeningi, kuhlanganise nokuphazamisa kokhetho kanye nokungaqondi kahle. Ku-UK, i-Online Safety Bill imyacts plattings ukusingatha okungavunyelwe umthetho futhi ivikele abantwana. Okwamanje, i-U.S. ibilokhu ithatha kancane ukwenza, ngesigaba esingaphezu kuka- 230 se-Deccency Ective Act. Utect elinganiselayo i-act. Utect kumele ukulondoloza ukuveza ukulandisa ngecala ngemithetho esemthethweni yokulungisa nokusebenzisa kabi ulwazi.

Umthwalo Wemfanelo Wokwenza Ifoliji

Izinkampani zezobuchwepheshe kumelwe zithathe izinyathelo zokuthuthukisa impilo yazo yedemokrati. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuthuthukisa izindlela zokulinganisela ezikuqukethe, ukwandisa ukubonakala kwezentengiselwano zezombangazwe, ukuhlela ukunciphisa ukwehla kwezindawo ezihlukene, nokusebenzisa i-algorithism. Ezinye izinyathelo, njenge-Meta’s Oversy Board, zinikeza isibonelo sokubukeza okuzimele izinqumo ezikuqukethe. Nokho, abacusumbuli baphikisa ngokuthi ngokuvamile amapulatifomu angenisa inzuzo enkulu emphakathini, njengemitayela yokukhokha imali engaphezulu. Ukucindezela kwabasebenzisi, abashicinezeli, nabaqondisi kudingekile kudinga ukuguqula izinto eziza kuqala.

Ukufunda Ezezindaba Nemfundo Yesibhamu

Ukunika izakhamuzi amandla okuhlola ukwaziswa kuyi-website ngokuhluzekile kuyisivikelo esiqinile ezingozini zezokuxhumana. Izinhlelo zezokuxhumana ezifundisa ukufundela ubufunda ezikoleni nasemiphakathini zingafundisa abantu ukuqinisekisa imithombo, ukuveza amasu avamile okuxhaphaza, nokucabanga ngaphambi kokuhlanganyela. Amazwe anjengeFinland aye asebenzisa kakhulu ulwazi lwezokuxhumana futhi njalo anezinga phakathi kwezinamandla kakhulu zokulahla ulwazi. Ukusakaza izindaba eziphuma ezingeni ezihlukahlukene, ezithembekile nasemaqini asolwayo kungakha izimboni eziphambili. Amathala, amathala ezinto, izinzuzo, futhi namapulatimende ezokuxhumana ngokwawo angasiza ekunikezeni le mithombo efundisa.

Isiphetho: Ukusakaza Imithombo Yezomphakathi Elwela Intando Yeningi

Imithombo yezindaba ayilungile noma ayilungile ngokwemvelo ngentando yeningi; iyithuluzi elihlanganisa ukuthambekela okukhona emphakathini nasezinhlanganweni. Amathuba eliwanikezayo andisa ukutholakala, ukuthembisana kwangempela, izimpande zotshani, ukuhlanganisa, nokuvota (izeqiniso nebalulekile). Nokho izingozi `misformation, ukuphambanisa, ukuphambanisa, nokusongela /ukungalingani kwe-inthanet . Ikusasa lokubusa kwentando yeningi enkathini yobuchwepheshe liyoxhomeke ekukhetheni kwethu ngokwenani: indlela esilawula ngayo amapulatifomu, indlela esiklama ngayo izimiso zabo, nendlela ngamunye wethu asebenzisa ngayo ulwazi futhi ahlanganyela ngayo ulwazi.

Ukuze sivikele idemokrasi, kumelwe silahle kokubili ukunqanda ukulawulwa kwezesayensi kanye nethemba elingenangqondo. Izenhlalo zezokuxhumana azisoze zazenza ziqinise idemokrasi, futhi ngeke ziyibhubhise ngokungenakugwenywa. Kunalokho, sidinga indlela elinganiselwe, esekelwe kubufakazi evuma ukuthi kungenzeka futhi kuyingozi. Ukutshala ulwazi lwezezindaba, ukufuna ukulandisa ngezethekhilimu, nokusekela ukubukelwa kwezincwadi ezizimele kuyizinyathelo ezibalulekile. Ngokwenza kanjalo, singazibeka phambili ekulinganiseleni emathubeni nasezingeni, siqinisekise ukuthi imithombo yezokuxhumana iba amandla okuvuselela idemokhrasi kunokuba ilahle.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, bheka i- Umbiko we-Pew Research Center mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwezindaba ngokwezezokuxhumana ngokwezezenyuziyama, ukuhlolwa kokusakazwa kwezindaba zamanga[, kanye ne-[FLT] ye-Eupanean Services Services Act [.