Umsuka Nokuziphendukela Kwezidili Zezombangazwe

Amaqembu ezombangazwe awaqanjwa muva nje; izimpande zawo zibuyela emuva kohulumeni abameleli bakudala. ERoma yasendulo, i- ithandwa kakhulu ne imele amaqembu azimeleyo [ amelela amaqembu angenazikhundla ezisemthethweni amaqembu akhona amaqembu akhona akhona. Iqembu lezombangazwe lanamuhla njengoba sazi ukuthi lavela enkathini yekhulu le-18 nele-19 eduze kokwanda kwe-suffgellary nentuthuko yezimiso zephalamende. EUnited States, amaFederarian and Democratic Republicans akha izilinganiso zezindawo ezingoko hlelo lokuqala, kuyilapho eBrithani, iWhigs ne-Touted Liber neConval. Lezi zinhlangano eziphambili zakuqala, kodwa zikhuliswe izinhlangano ezinkulu zezezezentengo yomlando, kodwa ziveza izilinganiso zezindawo eziqinile zezindawo ezikhona kodwa ezisekela izinhlangano zezombangazwe.

Namuhla, amaqembu ezombangazwe akhona cishe kuzo zonke imibuso yentando yeningi, nakuba izakhiwo zawo zihlukahluka kakhulu. Amanye amazwe, njenge-United States ne-United Kingdom, anezimiso ezimbili ezikhuthaza imifelandawonye emikhulu kanye nezinxusa ze-centrist. Amanye, njengase-Jalimane naseNdiya, asebenza ngaphansi kwezimiso eziningi ezifuna uhulumeni ohlangene nomelelo olulinganayo. Isimo seqembu elithile .

Imisebenzi Eyinhloko Yemikhosi Yezombangazwe

Amaqembu ezombangazwe enza imisebenzi ehlangene edingekayo ekubuseni kwentando yeningi. Lemisebenzi idlulela ngalé kokukhetha nokuthinta yona kanye isisekelo sezombangazwe nokulandisa. Ukuhlola ngokujulile isigaba ngasinye kwembula ukuthi kungani amaqembu ehlala ebalulekile.

Ukumelela Nokuhlangana Kwezithakazelo

Kumphakathi ohlukene, akukho muntu oyedwa noma iqembu elingakhulumela wonke umuntu. Iqembu lihlanganisa izithakazelo eziphikisanayo zezigaba ezihlukahlukene zezakhamuzi(_abasebenzi, abanikazi bezemvelo, amaqembu ezemvelo, futhi okungaphezulu-ka-(ukuhlanganisa izimiso) zezindawo zomphakathi. Le nqubo ayilula; ihilela ukuphikisana, ukuyekethisa, nokubeka phambili. Ngokwesibonelo, iqembu lezentando yeningi lezenhlalo lingase lidinge ukulinganisela izimfuneko zemisha ehlangene nezisebenzi ezingochwepheshe basedolobheni. Ngokwenza kanjalo, amaqembu alula indawo yezombangazwe ye-voluntelligation, abe esekhetha phakathi kwezinye izindlela ezimbalwa ezibanzi kunokuba ahlole amakhulukhulu embangozamuntu ngamunye noma ama-computerralicism. Lo mmeleli wezelicimbi oyinkimbinkimbi lapho idemodemocrali ewusizo.

Ukuhlalisana Kwezombangazwe Nemfundo Yesibalo

Imisebenzi futhi isebenza njengothisha. Ngemibuthano yemikhosi, ukubonakala, nokuhanjwa kweminyango, batshela izakhamuzi ngezindaba eziyinhloko, iziphakamiso zezimiso, nokusebenza kukahulumeni. Lemfundo yomphakathi ibalulekile esikhathini sokungaqondi kahle nakwezezombangazwe. Izifunda zisiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde ukuthutha kwezentengiselwano − ngokwesibonelo, ukuthi kungani intela ephakeme ingaxhasa izinkonzo zomphakathi ezingcono noma ukuthi kungani ukunqandwa komthetho kungabhebhebhethekisa ukuchuma kwezomnotho. Zibuye zifake izikhundla ezintsha zokuthatha iqhaza kweze yentando yeningi, njengokuvota, ukuphikisana, nokungavumelani imiphumela engokwezombangazwe. Ngaphandle kwemibuthano, izakhamuzi eziningi zingenza umzamo wokuqondisa isayensi yemibuso yanamuhla.

Ukuziphindiselela Nokukhetha Kwekhandidethi

Ama-parimen asebenza njengabagcini bamasango esikhundla sezombangazwe. Baveza, i-vet, isitimela, futhi bakhuthaza abantu abafuna isikhundla somphakathi. Lenqubo ayiphelele neze − ingababonisa umusa futhi ikhiphe abantu bangaphandle (kodwa inikeza indlela ehlelwe kahle yokuhola). Amaqoqo asebenza ngokusemthethweni e-United States, amakomiti okukhetha e-United Kingdom, futhi abalandelayo bahlela ezimisweni ezilandelanayo bonke abahleli bezombangazwe abakha ngokulinganayo. Imfanelo yedemokramende ngokuvamile ixhomeke engeni lababebebebebekuyo, futhi amaqembu anikeza iziyalezo eziyinhloko zokuwaveza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iziyalo zeqembu ziqinisekisa ukuthi izikhulu ezikhethiwe zinamathela epulatifomuni elilodwa, okwenza uhulumeni uhulumeni uhlale ungaba nesibopho futhi ube nesibopho.

Izinhlobo Zezinhlangano Zezombangazwe

Akubona bonke ababuswa ngentando yeningi abasebenza ngendlela efanayo. Inani nohlobo lwamaqembu ezombangazwe kuhlela indlela amandla asakazwa ngayo nendlela izinqubo ezenziwa ngayo. Ososayensi bezombangazwe ngokuvamile bahlukanisa izimiso zeqembu ngezigaba eziningana ezibanzi, ngayinye nezinzuzo zayo siqu nezintengantenga.

Izimiso zezingxenye ezimbili

Ezimisweni ezimbili ezihlukene, njengalezo zase-United States nase-United Kingdom, amaqembu amabili ayinhloko ancintisana ngokufuna ukubusa, futhi amaqembu amancane awayitholi i-ohulumeni abaqinile, izindlela ezicacile zokulawula, kanye nomphumela owenziweyo njengoba womabili encintisana nendawo. Nokho, abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi izimiso ezimbili ezingavimba amaphimbo amavoti amancane, zinciphisa ukukhetha, futhi ziholele ezombangazwe eziqaleni ukuwina ukubusa. Ngokwesibonelo, isimiso sobu - U.S. ezimbili ziye zagxekwa ngokuthuthukisa indawo ehlahlalisayo kanye ne-rockbock emashumini eminyaka amuva.

Izimiso ezinezingxenye eziningi

Izimiso zezindawo eziningi zivamile ezindaweni zedemokrasi zephalamente ezizimele ngokwesilinganiso, njengeJalimane, i-Italy, ne-Netherlands. Lezi zimiso zivumela ukuba imibono eminingi imelelwe ($inviron, sythrial, permist, noma izinhlangano eziphethe izifunda, zingazuza izihlalo nesimiso sethonya. Ohulumeni abasekela imibuso bawumthetho wombuso, okungamandla ayekethisayo nokwakha izivumelwano. Nokho, izimiso eziningi ezihlukene zingaholela futhi ekwakheni izivumelwano ezintengantengantenga, izingxoxo ezinde ezithathelanayo, kanye nokuziphendulela indivaniso eyenza kube nzima ukuba abavoti banikeze ityala noma isoko. I-Italy, ngokuhlangenwe nakho kwayo okusheshayo, ibonisa kokubili ukuhlelwa kwe-dynam ne-fragnoms.

Izimiso zesigaba seDominitant

Kweminye imibuso yentando yeningi, omunye uwina ngokuphindaphindiwe okhethweni esikhathini eside, edala ukubusa okukodwa okunengxenye ngisho nanjengoba kuqhubeka ukhetho olulungile. Izibonelo zihlanganisa i-African National Congress e-South Africa (okwango-19994) neLiberal Democratic Party eJapane (1955-19933, futhi futhi futhi futhi enkathini yama-2010). Izimiso zesigaba esisodwa ezinganikeza ukuqhubeka nokuhlela isikhathi eside, kodwa futhi zifaka futhi engozini yokunganaki, ukonakala, nokucasha kwe-mfa komugqa phakathi kweqembu nezwe. UVoters angadumazeka uma ukuphikiswa kungakho nanini ukuze kulawule, kucunde izinga lokuncintisana kwentando yentando yeningi.

Indlela Izigaba Zezombangazwe Ezilawula Ngayo

Ukuqonda lezi zinqubo kwembula ukuthi kungani amaqembu ezindawo ezifuna ukuvelela kodwa ayizinhlangano eziyisisekelo zokubusa kwentando yeningi.

Ukumisa I - agenda Esemthethweni

Ezimisweni zephalamende, iqembu eliyala ukuba kube nenhlangano enkulu (noma umfelandawonye) likha uhulumeni futhi lilawule uhlelo lwemithetho. Abaholi beqembu banquma ukuthi yisiphi izindleko ezilethwa evotini, ukuthi singakanani isikhathi esibekelwa ukuphikisana, nokuthi iziphi izinguquko ezamukelekayo. Lobu mbuso bungasetshenziselwa ukwenza izinguquko ezinkulu − njengokuthi i-Affordcable Care Act e-U.S., idluliswa yi-democratic comfor-ase, ukuze ivimbele ushintsho, njengoba kubonakala ezikhathini zikahulumeni ohlukene. Ngisho nasezimisweni ezinamakomiti aqinile, iziswelo zingasetshenziswa ekuqinisekiseni ukugcinwa kwamalungu elayini, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uhlelo lukahulumeni luqhubekela phambili.

Isakhiwo Esiqinile Nokuhlehla

Ezimisweni eziningi, akukho mkhandlu othola ingxubevange ehlukene, ngakho abathathi-mqoka kumelwe baxhumane ngemifelandawonye. Le nqubo ihilela ukuthengiselana phezu kwezindawo ze-khathekhathi, izinqubo eziza kuqala, nezinqubo zemithetho. Isivumelwano esihambisanayo siba yibhukwana elihlanganisayo elichaza amacebo ahlanganyelweyo. Amahlelo angaveza imithetho eqinile nengaphelele ngoba acindezela amaqembu ukuba angenise imibono ehlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, “umfelandawonye omkhulu” waseJalimane phakathi kweDemocrates ne-Social Democrats Democrats (20) (203-2017) waveza ukutshala izimali ezinkulu ezihlelwa amandla avuselelwe kanye nomholo wesizwe. Nokho, imifelandawo eyodwa ingaholela nasenkabeni yemithetho yemithetho yecala lapho abangane bengavumelani kahle, njengoba kubhekwa ekwakhelwe embusweni kahulumeni waseBelgium ngonyaka ka-51 ka-2020 ngo-20 ngo - 2010.

Ukulandisa Nokuphatha

Amaqembu ezombangazwe afeza indima eyinhloko ekubekeni uhulumeni unecala. Amaqembu aphikisayo ahlola izenzo zikahulumeni, ahlongoza ezinye izindlela, futhi aqokomisa ukwehluleka ngenkulumo yezindaba nepalamende. Le mpikiswano enzima ibalulekile empilweni yentando yeningi(iqinisekisa ukuthi iqembu elibusayo alikwazi ukwenza ngokungenasijeziso. Kuzimiso zeskwele likaWestminster, “inkathi yokubuyisana” iwumkhuba wansuku zonke lapho ukuphikiswa kubekela khona izikhonzi inselele. E-U.S., amalungu amaqoqo amancane asebenzisa izindlebe zekomiti nemibiko ye-Achemistry ukuze adale ukudambisa ububi. Ngaphandle kwezenzo eziphikisa ezinamandla, ohulumeni abangesabeli kakhulu ekukhathaleleni komphakathi, ukwanda kwengozi yokuhlasela kwe-athoristrist.

Izinselele Zesikhathi Esizayo Ezibhekene Nezinxushunxushu Zezombangazwe

Naphezu kwendima ehlala njalo, amaqembu ezombangazwe emibuso eminingi ebusa ngentando yeningi abhekene neziphepho ezinkulu. Ukuthembela komphakathi emaqenjini kuye kwehla kakhulu emashumini eminyaka amuva, njengoba ukuhlola kwe - Pew Research, i - European Social Survey, kanye neminye imithombo kubonisa. Lokhu kuncipha kokwethembana kuvela ezinkingeni eziningi ezihlobene okumelwe amaqembu abhekane nazo ukuze ahlale ekhona.

Ukwehla Kwelanga Nokucwila Kwe - Grid

Enye yezinselele ezibonakala kakhulu ukuhlukana kwemibono. Emazweni anjenge-United States, igebe phakathi kwamaqembu amabili amakhulu liye landa ngokuphawulekayo kusukela ngawo 1970. AmaDemocrat namaRepublican manje awavumelani ngezindinganiso eziyisisekelo, futhi ngokuvamile abheka omunye nomunye njengezinsongo ezikhona kunokuphikisana okungokomthetho. Lokhu kuhlukanisa okuholela ekubekeni umthetho we-relactive, njengoba ukuhlehlisa kwezombangazwe kuyabiza kakhulu. Kuyandisa futhi kubangela ukuncitshiswa kwenkulumo yomphakathi futhi kululaza ukholo ezikhungweni zentando yeningi. Nakuba ukunciphisana kwezindawo ezizimele akuyona imikhawulo enzima yesigaba esikhona manje kunezingavumelani ezingokomthetho. Lokhu kubangelwa yimithetho yezentengiselwano yezentengiselwano yeze yezentengo, i-gerderniting, nezimiso eziyinhloko zokubushela ukulinganisela.

Ukonakala Nokuncipha Kokwethembana

Izenzo ezihilela ukuxhasa imali, ukufumbathisa, nokunye ukukhomba kuye kwalimaza idumela lamaqembu emhlabeni wonke. Ngokwesibonelo, eNdiya, amaqembu amaningana ayinhloko aye abhekana nezinsongo zenkohlakalo ezihlobene nezindawo ezinamalahle kanye namalayisensi e-telecom. EBrazil, i- “Lava Jato” (Carshay) yembula ukufumbathisa okuhleliwe okuhilela wonke amaqembu amakhulu. Lamahlazo awehlazisayo abangela ukugxeka futhi anciphisa ukuvota, ikakhulukazi izizukulwane ezishaye. Izivumelwano zingalwa nalokhu ngokwamukela imithetho eveza izimali ezibonisa ukuphakama kwemithetho, namakomiti eqinile ezokulwa nokubulala abantu. Nokho izisusa amandla okubusa kuhlala kuqinile lapho amandla ezombangazwe eguqula inzuzo yezomnotho.

Ukunganaki Nokuwohloka Kwamalungu

Ngaphesheya kwe-demokrati emisiwe, amalungu eqembu njengengxenye ye-volorate ancipha kakhulu. Ngawo-1960, cishe amaphesenti ayishumi nanhlanu abavoti ayengamalungu eqembu emazweni amaningi aseYurophu; namuhla lowo mphakathi uhamba cishe uhamba cishe 2-5%. Lokhu kuncipha kusho ukuthi amaqembu anezishisekeli ezimbalwa, abathekeli abambalwa abasekela imikhosi, nezimpande ezibuthakathaka kakhulu emiphakathini yendawo. Ngaso sinye, amavota ahlwile emazweni amaningi, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwentsha. Iqembu lentsha, izikhulu ezigxile ekulweni kwamandla kunasezingxandeni zotshani ngokuvamile zivezwa njengembangela. Ukuguqula lokhu, ezinye izimo ezihlukene zizama ukuvota, amalungu azimele, amalungu e-inthanetini, nokuxhumana nabasekeli abakanye nabasekeli abaphethe abaholi abaphethe noma abamele abasekeli abamele abamele abasekeli.

Ithonya Langaphandle: Imali, Imithombo Yezindaba, Namaqembu Anesithakazelo

Amaqembu anamuhla asebenza endaweni lapho amabutho angaphandle engaphazamisa khona izinhloso zawo. Indima yemali kwezombangazwe, ikakhulukazi ngemva kwezinqumo ezinjenge- Comizens United ebusa (2010), inikeza abanikeleyo abacebile nezinhlangano zezezinkampani ezishintshwayo ezisezikhungweni ze-ocet. Okwamanje, abemithombo yezindaba bakhipha imibiko yezindaba − zocingo kanye ne-ilayini yamagumbi (ngokuvamile) ifaka imibandela yenkulumo, isunduza amaqembu ezikhundleni zawo. Amaqembu anesithakazelo, kusukela ku-National Rifle Association ukuya e-Sierra Club, amaqembu angenisa ithonya ngokungananazi. Izindawo kumelwe zithole izindlela zokuzigcina zisekhona lapho zisekhona nalezi midlalo ezinamandla.

Ikusasa Lezidili Zezombangazwe: Ukuzivumelanisa Nezimo Noma Ukuhlala Ungekho Emsebenzini?

Ikusasa lamaqembu ezombangazwe aliqinisekile, kodwa umlando usikisela ukuthi ziyizinhlangano eziqinile. Ziye zasinda ekusungulweni kwemithombo yezindaba, ukuncipha kwezombangazwe ezisekelwe ezigabeni, nenselele ye-populist. Namuhla, izimo eziningi ziguqula indlela amaqembu ahlela ngayo futhi akhankase ngayo.

Ukuhlanganyela Kwezinombolo Nemikhankaso Yokwaziswa

Izindawo zezokuxhumana zezenhlalo njenge-Twitter, Facebook, ne-Awsapp ziye zaguqula ukuxhumana kwezombangazwe. Ama-paries angafinyelela abavoti ngokuqondile, adlula abagcini besango abavamile. Impumelelo ye-Barack Obama ka-2008 no-2012 ekusebenziseni ukwaziswa okungagunyazi abavoti abachazi abancane kakhulu, futhi kamuva umkhankaso we-Bretit asebenzise izikhangiso zezentengiselwano, abonisa amandla amathuluzi emishini yobuchwepheshe. Nokho, la mathuluzi aphakamisa futhi abangela ukukhathazeka mayelana nokungafihliwe, ukungafihliwe, kanye nokusetshenziswa kombono womphakathi. Izivumelwano ezithatha izivumelwano zemishini zingakhuthaza abaxhasi abanezinkokeli abachazi abachazi abachaziwe futhi ziphakamise imali kulayini, kodwa kumelwe zenze kanjalo ngokusemthethweni ukuze zilondoloze ubuqotho obusebukhoshazi obuse.

Ukusondelana Nokumelela

Ngokomlando, amaqembu aye agxekwa ngokubuswa amadoda amadala, acebile, amhlophe. Ekuphenduleni, amaqembu amaningi manje athatha izigaba kanye nezinyathelo zokuthatha izinhlobonhlobo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-UK Labour Party yasungula bonke abesifazane abathatha imingcele emibalweni ethile, futhi i-African National Congress ikhetha abesifazane abanezikhundla zobuholi. Amaqembu amasha, njengePodemos noma i-New Power Party yaseTawan, aye agcizelela ngokucacile ukuthatha iqhaza eliqinile. I-Inglarus ayiyona nje imfuneko yokuziphatha esemthethweni kuphela. Imicimbi ehluleka ukubonisa izinhlobonhlobo zemiphakathi yabo eyingozi ekhulayo, ikakhulukazi engabantu abambalwa nabasebancane.

Ukwanda Kwezimpi Zokuhamba Nezigaba Zokuzibusa

Izakhiwo zeqembu zamasiko zibhekene nenselele ngezinhlangano ezihlelwe ngokunganaki njenge-Occupy Wall Street, i-Yellow Vests eFrance, noma i-Five Star Movement e-Italy. Lezinhlangano zivame ukulahla izinhlangano zeqembu leqembu lezempatho yezokubusa ngentando yeningi futhi “ezingenamholi”. Ezinye ziye zaguqukela emaqenjini angokomthetho, kuyilapho ezinye zihlala zinoketshezi. Ama-Endependent ayazuza futhi i-transports , ngokwesibonelo, e-2020.S. izikhulu ezifuna ukuthatha izinhlangano ze-seastrator Bernie Sanderers zangena eqenjini kodwa zakhe uhambo ngaphandle kwalo. Uma amalungu engenakukwazi ukuthatha lamandla amashadio, angathathelwa indawo ngezinhlangano ezisheshayo, ezihlangeneyo ezihlangeneyo ezihlangeneyo ngokushekeleleka kangcono, ezihlangeneyo.

Izinkinga Zokuhwebelana Kwembulunga Yonke Nezezizwe

Impikiswano enjengokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukufuduka, ukuhwebelana, ukuhwebelana, nokubhebhetheka kwezindawo ezihlukene, icindezela abantu ukuba bacabange emhlabeni wonke. Amanye amaqembu aye akha izivumelwano ezizweni zonke, njenge European People’s Party noma i-Socialist International. Nokho, amaqembu amaningi ahlala egxile ngokwesizwe, ngokuvamile asekela ubuzwe obugcwele ukushisekela ukushisekela izwe ngenxa yamandla embulunga yonke. Ukushukuma kwembulunga yonke kanye nezindawo zendawo kungenza ukuncintisana kwezizwe emashumini eminyaka ezayo. Amadiliyubhu anganikeza amakhambi anokwethenjelwa kokubili amazinga emisebenzi yendawo neyo yonke, izikhundla, ukufuduka, kanye nesimo sezulu, kuyoba nesikhundla esingcono kakhulu sokuhola.

Isiphetho: Ukudingeka Okuhlala Njalo Kwemikhosi

Amaqembu ezombangazwe ahlala ehlangene nezindawo zokubusa kwentando yeningi. Amaqembu ahlanganisa izithakazelo ezihlukahlukene, abaholi abajoli, abavoti, futhi aphendule ohulumeni. Nakuba ukungapheleli kwawo kuningi, impoqo, inkohlakalo, i-elitism, inqubo ehlukile itholakele ukwenza lemisebenzi ngesilinganiso esifunwa izizwe zanamuhla. Ikusasa lamaqembu lixhomeke ekhonweni lawo lokuzivumelanisa: ukwamukela amathuluzi amanani kuyilapho egcina ukuthembeka, ephishekela ukuvumelana nomthetho wezwe lonke, futhi ehileleka ezinkingeni zembulunga yonke lapho nje kunezimpande zendawo. Uma nje kusekhona, kuzoba nesidingo samaqembu ahleliwe ayokwenza okuthandwayo emphakathini. Amaqembu ezombangazwe, ngenxa yamaphutha awo, asemahlombe amakhulu, asekhona izimoto eziphumelela kakhulu ukusekela umsebenzi obalulekile.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe ngendima yamaqembu ezombangazwe, bheka i- Prew Research Center’s ukuhlolwa kwezimiso zeqembu , ukufundwa kwemibuthano nge-Dalton et al., kanye ne ACEEctoral Network’s yemisebenzi yeqembu[[]. Lemithombo inikeza ukunyukela ngokujule kakhulu ezimisweni ezenza kokubili izinhlangano ezinamandla nezincintisanayo emhlabeni wonke.