Umsuka Ongokomlando Wezinkinga

Impi eyaziwa ngokuthi iNyakatho Ireland ayizange ivele ngokungalindelekile ngasekupheleni kwawo-1960; yaba isiphetho samakhulu eminyaka ezombangazwe, enkolo, nezomnotho eIreland. Ngemva kokwahlulwa kwe-Ireland ngo1921, izibalo eziyisithupha zasenyakatho mpumalanga zasala ziyingxenye yeUnited Kingdom njengeNyakatho Ireland, kuyilapho ezinye zaba i-Irish Free State (kamuva iRiphabliki yase-Ireland). Izwe elisha ladonswa ngombuso owenyuswe yisinyunyana wempi yobuProthestani eyakhiwe ngaphakathi kwempi, eyabusa uhulumeni walo, amaphoyisa, nezinhlangano zomphakathi. Izizwe, ezazithanda kakhulu ubuKatolika futhi zifuna ukuhlanganiswa neRepublic Republic, zabhekana nobandlululo oluhlelekile ezindlini, umsebenzi, nokuvota. Kusukela ngo-192060, ukugqashuka kobudlova, kodwa kwaba yinhlangano yomphakathi efuna amalungelo alinganayo ka-1960.

Ekuqaleni kwawo-1970, lempi yayisiye yakhula yaba ukulwa okuthatha uhambo oluthathu phakathi kwempi yezempi yamaRepublican Army (impela i-Irish Republican Army, IRA), ibutho elithembekile (njengeUlster Lolotalance Force, UVF), kanye namabutho aseBrithani amasosha aseBrithani. Ukuqhumisa amabhomu, ukudubula, nezimpi zasemgwaqweni zasemgwaqweni kwabulala izinkulungwane zezinkulungwane. Ubudlova badlulela eGreat Britain naseRepublicland yase-Ireland. Eminyakeni engamashumi amathathu, abantu abangaphezu kuka-3 600 babulawa futhi kwalimala izinkulungwane. Izindleko zomuntu nezenhlalo zabangela ukulimala okukhulu, kwashiya izibazi ezingqondweni ezijulileyo nomphakathi. Imizamo yokufinyelela embusweni yezombangazwe yezentengiswa kakhulu, kanye nomzamo ophawulekayo wokuzama i-Sunvalday Convention of 1973.

Isimo sahlala sivuleke kwaze kwaba yilapho uchungechunge lwezinkulumo eziyimfihlo ngawo-1990, lulula ngezibalo ezinjengoJohn Hume (umholi we-Social Democratic and Labour Party, SDLP) noGerry Adams (umongameli weSinn Féin). Unyaka ka1994 wokuyeka ukudubulana kwe-IRA neqembu elithembekile, wadala ifasitela lokuxoxa. Ngemva kokuthatha izinkulumo eziningi ezihlukene ezazibekwa isihlalo u-US Senator George Mitchell, i-Govern Avement yasayinwa ngo-10 April 1998 ngoLwesihlanu. Lango-Goverday. Lavunyelwa kakhulu u-Revolute eNyakatho Ireland (79) kanye neRepublicracter of Ireland (99%) ngokulandelana.

Izimiso Namalungiselelo Omthetho

I-Good Wear Agreement iyincwadi eyinkimbinkimbi ehlanganisa izindaba zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo, iziqu, namalungelo abantu. Enhliziyweni yayo iqukethe umqondo owaziwa ngokuthi i-concociationism [] .nhlobo yamandla awenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi kokubili ubunye nemiphakathi yesizwe inezwi kuhulumeni futhi ayinakukhishwa yinye.

Isimo Somthetho - sisekelo

Lesi sivumelwano saphinde saqinisekisa ukuthi i-Northern Ireland iyingxenye ye-United Kingdom, kodwa futhi yavuma ukuthi kungenzeka ukuba i-Ireland ihlanganiswe uma iningi labantu eNyakatho Ireland neRepublic yase-Ireland livotela yona. Lesi simiso sokuvuma (-) ukuthi akukho shintsho lomthetho-sisekelo olungayenzeka ngaphandle kwemvume yabaningi, kwakuwukuhlehla okuyinhloko. Yavumela izinyunyana ukuba zihlale zilondekile e-Union kuyilapho zinikeza abalandeli besizwe indlela engokomthetho eqonde emgomweni wabo, ofuna ukuvumelana nenkomfa.

Isiphephelo Sokuqala: Umhlangano WaseNyakatho Ireland Nokwengamela Isimiso

Isishaya-mthetho esine-devolved − i-Northern Ireland Assembly , yamiswa e-Tormont, enamalungu ayi-108 e-Legislative Assembly (MLS) ekhethwe ngokulingana. U-Crucily, izinqumo eziyinhloko zidinga ukusekelana okunqamule i-commony, okusho ukuthi iningi labo bobabili abanyunyana nabashisekela ubuzweni i-MLMLA kumelwe bavote. Isikhulu sihlanganisa nezikhonzi ezinhlangothini zabo. Isikhulu sihlanganisa nezikhulu (isikhulu se-Aquat) esiholwa yiNgqolo Yokuqala nesekela-Qumbhini Lokuqala esiphethe imibuso elinganayo-8 neqembu elikhulu kakhulu lesizwe.

Strand II: UMkhandlu Wenkonzo Wasenyakatho - Nyakatho

Ukuze kuqiniswe ubuhlobo phakathi kwe-Northern Ireland neRepublic of Ireland, lesivumelwano sadala uMkhandlu Wenkonzo WaseNyakatho-ningini. Le ndikimba ihlanganisa izikhonzi ezivela kuzo zombili izifunda ukuba zibambisana ezindabeni ezinjengokulima, ezokuthutha, nezokuvakasha. Ayiwona uhulumeni ohlangene kodwa i-interern Ireland ukuze ihlolwe futhi ithathe isinyathelo. Lomgoqo waqaphela i-Ireland futhi wanika abameli besizwe umuzwa wokuhlangana neRepublic kuyilapho iqinisekisa abahlangene ngokuthi awusongelanga ngendawo ye-Northern Ireland e-UK.

Isithathu: UMkhandlu WaseBrithani Nengqungquthela Kahulumeni

Lesivumelwano samisa futhi uMkhandlu waseBrithani ohlanganisa abameleli bohulumeni base-UK nabase-Ireland kanye nabaphathi abanciphisiweyo baseScotland, eWales, naseNyakatho Ireland. Lomkhandlu ukhuthaza ukubambisana kuzo zonke iziqhingi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwasungulwa i-Internestical Communist, njengezindaba ezinganciphisi, njengokhuseleko nobulungisa eNyakatho Ireland.

Amalungelo Abantu, Imithetho Nobulungisa Kuyashintsha

Ukusingatha izikhalo zomphakathi wesizwe kwakudinga izinguquko eziyisisekelo esimisweni sobulungisa. Isivumelwano sagunyaza uhulumeni waseBrithani:

  • Ushintsho lweRoyal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) , olwaluyiprothestani ngokumangalisayo futhi olwalubonwa yizazi zesizwe njengobuhlanga. iPatten Report (1999) yaholela ekusungulweni kweNkonzo yamaphoyisa aseNyakatho Ireland (PSNI), ngenqubo engu-50:50 yokubuthwa kwamaKatolika namaProthestani, kanye nendikimba entsha yelungu le-Policist Board.
  • Ukuqinisekiswa kweKhomishanti yamalungelo abantu yaseNyakatho Ireland ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho nezimiso zivumelana nezindinganiso zamalungelo abantu baseYurophu.
  • Indalo yeKhomishane yokulingana ukumisa imithetho elwa nobandlululo futhi ikhuthaze ithuba elilinganayo.
  • Ukukhululwa kwasekuqaleni kweziboshwa zezempi [, ingxenye eyimpikiswano kodwa ebalulekile yenqubo yokuthula, iziboshwa ezivela kuzo zonke izinhlangothi zikhululwa phakathi neminyaka emibili, uma nje izinhlangano zazo zihlala zicima umlilo.
  • [ Ukukhipha izikhali zezempi [ phakathi neminyaka emibili, umgomo owabonakala unzima kodwa ekugcineni wafinyelelwa ngemva kwezingxoxo ezinde.
  • Ukubekwa kwezimiso zokuphepha , kuhlanganise nokususwa kwezinqaba zempi zaseBrithani kanye nokwehla kwempi eNyakatho Ireland.

Ithonya Elisheshayo Ebudloveni Nasekuphileni Kwezombangazwe

Imiphumela ebonakala kakhulu ye-Good Wear Agreement yayiwukwehla okuphawulekayo kobudlova bezombangazwe. Eminyakeni yangaphambi kuka-1998, ukufa kwaminyaka yonke kusukela kulempi kwaqala kumashumi amaningi kuya emakhulwini; ngemva kuka-1998, inani lehla laba yizibalo ezihlukene. Ukunqamuka kwemililo yempi kwabekwa, futhi nakuba amaqembu ahlukene anjenge-Real IRA neContinnuty IRA aqhubeka nokuhlasela (ngokuphawulekayo ukuqhunyiswa kwebhomu i-Omahgh ngo-1998 eyabulala abantu abangu-29), ahlukaniswa futhi alahlwa yinqwaba yabantu. I-adistristism yangasayinwa futhi futhi yayeka imisebenzi eminingi, nakuba amanye ayelokhu ehileleke ebugebengwini obuhleliwe.

Ngokwezombangazwe, isivumelwano sahlanganisa ababeyizitha kuhulumeni. Isimiso sokulawula saqala ukuhlangana ngo-1999 noDavid Trimble (Umanyano LwamaButho Ombuso) njengoMphathi Wokuqala noSemus Mallon njengesekela likaNgqongqoshe Wokuqala. Okokuqala, iSin Féin . Isikhundla sezombangazwe se-IRA /isikhundla sobuphathi. Lokhu kuhlelwa okuvamile kobuhlobo bezombangazwe kwakuyimpumelelo enkulu. Izifunda ezazingavunyelwe futhi ziqala ukulwa ngezimiso zikahulumeni, ngisho noma ukungathembani kakhulu.

Uhambo Olude Lokuthula

I - Good Wear Agreement yanikeza lesi sakhiwo, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwaso kwakudinga umzamo oqhubekayo nokuvumelana nezimo.

Ukuqina Nenhlekelele: Isivumelwano Esingcwele

Izinhlangano zamandla zamiswa izikhathi eziningana ngenxa yezinkinga. Impumelelo yaqala ngo-October 2002 kuya ngo-May 2007 lapho isikhulu sesikhulu se-Adminitist siwa phakathi kwendandanda ye-IRA e-Sponsont. Phakathi nalenkathi, i-Northern Ireland yabuswa ngokuqondile eLondon. Impumelelo yavela i-Andreas React [[FL: 1] [200] [200], eyaholela ekuvuseleni kwesikhululo se-Didemocratic Union Party (Dupuce) neSin Féin njengeqembu elikhulu kakhulu. Ian Féin, umholi othembekile owayenqabile ukunqaba ukukhuluma ne-Riphabliki, waba nguMphathiswakazi we-Fran (Fenin) ka-Martin (Prein) njengoba i-Crecenst"ist Chreackercedy, inqubo yokuthula.

Ukubhekana Nesikhathi Esidlule

Enye yezici eziyinselele kakhulu zokwakha ukuthula ngemva kokuthula okufihlekile ikhuluma ngefa lesikhathi esidlule. Izinkulungwane zokufa okungalungiswanga, ukulimala, nezinkumbulo ezibuhlungu zisasele. I-Good Friver Agreement yamisa i-Commission[ i-Vticts's Commission [[ nezindikimba zamuva [[FLT]]] nezindikimba ezinjengezimo ezithi [[FLT:] ezithiwayo] [[FLT]] [inkulu]. Kodwa, indlela ebanzi enjengeyokusingatha ukululama kokuqala , ukulungiswa kwezezomthetho, izisulu zezenzo nezokulandisa. [[FLTY:] i-Preglegment" ne-Uroundations (Nuvelkstrivel:]) inikeza amalungelo amaningi obulungisa, futhi izinhlangano eziningi eziphikisanayo, kodwa nezincukuveza amalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke, kodwa inikeza amalungelo okusekelayo, ngenxa yezenzo, ukuvikela kanye nezobulungisa, futhi

Ukushintsha Kwezenhlalo Nezomnotho

Ukuhlukana koxolo kwaletha ushintsho olukhulu lwezomnotho. Ukufakwa kwemali kwangena e-Northern Ireland, kuhlanganise ne-US ihamba nge-International Fund ye-Ireland. I-Tourism yachuma, i-Belfast yaqala futhi, futhi umnotho waseNyakatho Ireland wakhula ngokushesha kune-UK ephakathi eminyakeni eminingi. Nokho, ukungalingani okujulile kwezenhlalo kuyaphikelela, ikakhulukazi emiphakathini esebenzayo ebhekene nobudlova obukhulu. I-Sekonstanta emakhaya nasemfundoni ihlala iphezulu − izingane eziningi zikhona ezikoleni zamaKatolika noma ezilawulwa yizwe (amaProthestani amaningi). Izindawo ezihlukene kanye nezindlu ezihlukene zisezinziwa ngokuthula. Izindonganiso ezihlukanisa amaKatolika namakolo obuProthestani amaKatolika, nakuba ezinye zikhona eBelfast noma zisusiwe eminyakeni yamuva.

Izinselele Zanamuhla Nokungaqiniseki

Cishe amashumi amathathu eminyaka ngemva kwesivumelwano, ukuthula eNyakatho Ireland kubhekene nezingcindezi ezintsha. Briet ibiyisici esiphazamisa kakhulu. Ukusuka kwe-UK eEurope Union kwakha umngcele phakathi kwe-Northern Ireland (osasele emakethe eyodwa yempahla ngaphansi kwe-Northern Ireland Protocol) neGreat Britain. Lokhu kuye kwayicasula inyunyana, eziyibona ilulaza i-Union, futhi iye yabangela ukungahleleki kwezombangazwe. I-DUPP yasusa amandla-atlerguement kahulumeni iminyaka emibili 202222,2020) phezu kwemithetho engokomthetho, ukuduma kombuso. Nakuba ukubuyela ebudloveni obukhulu i-Great Britain kuye kwaqala ukuthembana kusukela ngo-1998.

Ezinye izinselele ezikhuthazelelayo zihlanganisa:

  • Ithonya lempi : Nakuba umlilo ubambekile, amaqembu amabutho asesebenza, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezisebenzayo, ukulawula ubugebengu futhi ngezikhathi ezithile nokuhlasela.
  • Ukuhlukanisa okubanzi kwezenhlalo: Imiphakathi eminingi ihlala ihlukene, ineflagi, imidwebo, futhi imikhankaso ebangela ukucindezeleka.
  • Ukubekwa kwemithetho yengozi : Izinkinga zempilo yengqondo, kuhlanganise nokuphazamiseka kokucindezeleka kwangemva kwe-traumatics, zigcwele kakhulu phakathi kwalabo abaphila phakathi kwezinkinga.
  • Ukuhla kwezindawo ezibandayo: Ukwehla kwemicimbi elinganiselwe (i-SDLP ne-Ulster Union) neqembu leDup ne-Sinn Féin kubangele ukunyuka kwe-Dup ne-Féin ukuba kube nzima ukuhlehla.

Ukubaluleka Nezifundo Zembulunga Yonke

Isivumelwano esilungile sangoLwesihlanu ngokuvamile sicashunwa njengesibonelo sezinqubo zokuthula emhlabeni wonke, kusukela eMpumalanga Ephakathi kuya eZweni laseBasque. Izifundo zaso eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • Ukubaluleka kwezinkulumo ezihlanganisayo eziletha zonke izingxenye ezinkulu etafuleni, ngisho nalezo ngaphambili ezazibhekwa "amaphekula"
  • Inani le-[QT:0] i-pantional faciation, kulokhu kubhekiswa e-United States, eyanikeza i-parter engathathi-hlangothi (Isazi se-George Mitchell) kanye nokusekela kwezombangazwe.
  • Isidingo se [[Umthetho:0] esilinganisiwe [[[QT:1] esikhuluma ngezindaba eziyinhloko zohlangothi lonke(izinga, ukulondeka, kanye ngokomthetho.
  • Imfuneko ye [[QL:0] umshini wokulondoloza amandla [, njengokubukeza imihlangano njalo kanye neziqu ezizimele.

Nokho, lesi sivumelwano siyisikhumbuzo futhi sokuthi ukuthula kuyinqubo, hhayi indawo okuya kuyo. Kudinga ukunakekelwa njalo, ukufisa kwezombangazwe nokuzimisela ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezishintshayo. I-Good Friver Agreement ayizange ixazulule zonke izinkinga; yakha uhlelo lapho izinkinga zingasingathwa khona ngokuthula. Yilokho okungafezwa futhi kulinganiselwe.

Isiphetho: Ifa Elihlala Njalo

I-Good Wear Agreement isalokhu iyimpumelelo engokomlando, (i-Good Wear Agreement) eqede ubudlova obukhulu obusesilinganisweni, yadala idemokrasi esebenzayo, futhi yanika izigidi ithemba. Yabonisa ukuthi ngisho nezingxabano ezigxilile zingaxazululwa ngokuxoxa, ukuyekethisa, nangokuba nesibindi. Kubafundi bomlando, ezombangazwe, nezifundo zokuthula, inikeza isifundo esicebile sendlela yokwakha ukuthula ngemva kwempi. Abantu baseNyakatho, isisekelo abaqhubeka ngaso ikusasa elihlukene, kancane kancane nangokudabukisayo, kodwa ngokuqiniseka ukuthi okunye akunangqondo. Njengoba isizukulwane samanje sikhula singenankumbulo eqondile yezinkinga, isivumelwano sangempela siyoba sikhona ukuthi kungaba yini ukuthula okungathandeki nje ukunyamalala kwempi, kodwa njengokukhona kobulungisa.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, bheka [[[QULT:0] Isivumelwano esihle sangoLwesihlanu ku Britannica, BBC's ububanzi besikhathi [[, kanye nombhalo ogcwele wesivumelwano eCIIN.