Isimiso Sokwahlulela: INsika Yokubusa Kwentando Yeningi

Isimiso sokwahlulela singenye yezisekelo zanoma yisiphi idemokrasi yanamuhla. Lesi sihloko sihlola isisekelo semithetho kahulumeni, izingxabano, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi ubulungisa buqondiswa ngokulunga nangokungaguquguquki. Ngaphandle komthetho oqinile nozimele, umthetho uyawa, futhi isivikelo izakhamuzi ezithembela kuso ekulondolozeni amalungelo azo. Lesi sihloko sihlola izakhi eziyisisekelo zesimiso sokwahlulela, imisebenzi yaso ebalulekile, kanye nezinselele ezibhekene nezwe elihlala likhona kwezombangazwe nezenhlalo.

Siyini Isimiso Sokwahlulela?

Ngezinga eliyisisekelo kakhulu, isimiso sokwahlulela siyiqoqo lezinkantolo nezindikimba ezisebenza umthetho emacaleni ahlukene. Sisebenza ngaphansi kwesimiso semithetho ehleliwe nencane eklanyelwe ukukhipha imiphumela engakhethi. Isimiso sihlanganisa yonke into kusukela kumabhunga amancane ezindawo eziphezulu, ngalinye elinegunya elihlukile nemisebenzi. Injongo eyinhloko iwukunikeza ukuthula, umthetho osekelwe ekuxazululeni izingxabano, //62 phakathi kweqembu labelungu, phakathi kombuso, noma phakathi kwamagatsha ohulumeni ahlukene.

Ngaphandle kwesinqumo esiphikisanayo, ijaji lenza indima ebaluleke kakhulu: lisekela umthetho-sisekelo futhi livikela amalungelo ayisisekelo. Ngokuhlola kokwahlulela, izinkantolo zingashaya imithetho noma izenzo zokuphatha eziphula izimiso zomthetho. Lamandla ahlukanisa isimiso somthetho wentando yeningi ngempela nethuluzi lombuso. Ngempela, impilo yentando yeningi ingalinganiswa ngokuzimela nokusebenza kwesimiso sayo sokwahlulela.

Umklamo wezimiso zokwahlulela uyahlukahluka emazweni, kodwa amasiko amabili avulekile abusa: umthetho ovamile kanye no-[FLT]] umthetho we-covil[. Ezimisweni zomthetho ezivamile (umzk., United States, United Kingdom), izinqumo zokwahlulela zidala izenzakalo eziqondisa imithetho yesikhathi esizayo. Ezimiyalweni yomphakathi (umz., eFrance, eJalimane], abahluleli basebenzisa ngokuyinhloko imithetho eqinisekisiwe, futhi umthetho uphethe amandla amancane. Amazwe amaningi ahlanganisa lezizici zombili izici zomthetho zibalulekile ekuqondeni indlela ubulungisa obulawulwa ngayo emhlabeni wonke.

Ukubhekisisa izakhiwo zokwahlulela zembulunga yonke, isimiso senkantolo kahulumeni wase-U.S. sinikeza isibonelo esicacile se-figrate, ebanzi yemithetho engokomthetho.

Ithonya Lamankantolo

Izimiso eziningi zokwahlulela zihlelwe zaba izikhundla zesigaba esivumela ukudluliswa kwezicelo nokuqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki ekuchazeni umthetho. Lesi sakhiwo esinezinhlonhlo sihlanganisa izinkantolo eziqulwayo, izinkantolo zecala, nenkantolo yokugcina yezindawo zokukhokha.

Izinkantolo Zokuqulwa Kwecala: Umthetho Wokuqala Wobulungisa

Izinkantolo zenkantolo, ezaziwayo futhi njengezinkantolo zesenzakalo sokuqala, ziqala lapho amacala eqala khona. Zizwa ubufakazi, zihlola ofakazi, futhi zenze okutholakele yiqiniso nomthetho. Ezindabeni zobugebengu, zinquma icala noma ubumsulwa; ezicabeni zomphakathi, zixazulula izimpikiswano ngezivumelwano, impahla, ukulimala komuntu siqu, kanye nezinye. Izilingo zingaqhutshelwa phambi kwejaji kuphela (ukuqulwa icala) noma ijaji, kuye ngesimiso somthetho nangesimo secala. Imfanelo yobulungisa enikezwayo ngezinga lokuqulwa ibalulekile, njengoba kunjalo ngephuzu lapho izakhamuzi eziningi zisebenzelana ngokuqondile nejaji.

Izinkantolo Eziqulwa Amacala: Ukubukeza Iphutha

Akuwona wonke amacala adluliswayo, kodwa ukutholakala kwendlela yokuhlola kuyisivikelo ephutheni noma ekusondweni. Izinkantolo zezenkantolo azibuzwi ubufakazi obusha noma zihlole amaqiniso; kunalokho, zihlola umbhalo ogciniwe ovela enkantolo equlweni lokuqulwa kwecala ukuze zinqume ukuthi umthetho wasetshenziswa ngokunembile yini. Zingasekela, ukubuyisela, noma ukulungisa isinqumo senkantolo esiphansi. Ezimisweni eziningi, izinkantolo eziphakathi zisingatha izikhalo ezivamile, kuyilapho izinkantolo eziphakeme zigxila ezindabeni ezibalulekile ezingokomthetho noma ezingokomthetho. Isinqumo sezinkantolo ezinkulu zenza izinkantolo ezinkulu kakhulu.

Izinkantolo Eziphakeme: Igunya Lokugcina

Isiphetho esiphezulu sabaphathi benkantolo ebusayo singumthetho omkhulu (noma olingana nawo, njengenkantolo engokomthetho). Lendikimba inamandla okudlula wonke okuchaza umthetho-sisekelo futhi ixazulule imibuzo ewumphumela. Imithetho yayo iyokugcina futhi ayinakudluliswa. Emthethoni ovamile, izinqumo zenkantolo eziphakeme zihlela ukuvela komthetho ezindaweni ezisukela elungelweni zomphakathi kuya ezinqunyweni zezinhlangano. Inqubo abahluleli abamiswe ngayo kulenkantolo ephakeme bayindaba yempikiswano enzima yezombangazwe, ngenxa nje yokuthi amandla abo aphakeme kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo Ephakeme kakhulu, izwa amacala asukela ezinkulungwaneni zezicelo, ikhetha lezo zimpikiswano eziphakamisa ukubaluleka kwesizwe.

Ukuze uthole ukucubungula okubanzi kwendlela inkantolo ephakeme esebenza ngayo, bheka indawo engokomthetho yeNkantolo ye- ye-United States.

Inkululeko Yokwahlulela: ISiphambano Sobulungisa Obungakhethi

Ukuzimela kokwahlulela kusho ukuthi abahluleli bakhululekile ukunquma amacala asekelwe emthethweni nasemaqinisweni, ngaphandle kokuphazamisa izikhulu, igatsha lomthetho, noma izithakazelo zomthetho. Akulona ilungelo kumajaji kodwa ilungelo lezakhamuzi (a) eliqinisekisa ukuthi ubulungisa buyoqondiswa ngokulunga. Ngaphandle kokuzimela, izinkantolo zifaka engozini yokuba amathuluzi amandla ezombangazwe, zisusa ukwethenjwa komphakathi futhi zilulaze ukubusa komthetho.

Izinqubo eziningana zokwakha zilondoloza inkululeko yokwahlulela:

  • Isivikelo se- Isivikelo:[ Abahluleli abaningi basebenza ukuphila konke noma kuze kube inkathi ephoqelelwe yomhlalaphansi, ivimbela ukususwa kwesinqumo esingathandwa.
  • [[QUT:0] Ukulondeka kobuSanta: Umthetho-sisekelo noma umthetho ngokuvamile wenqabela ukunciphisa umholo wamajaji lapho esehhovisi, ukuwavikela ekucindezeleni kwemali.
  • Izinqubo zokumisa: Eziningi zedemokrasi, abahluleli bahlukaniswa ngekhomishane ezimele noma baqinisekiswe ngenqubo edinga ukuvumelana, ukunciphisa ithonya labashokobezi.
  • Ukwehlukana okuvela emakweletini omphakathi: Abahluleli ngokuvamile abavikelekile emacaleni ngenxa yezenzo ezithathwayo ezingokomthetho, okubenza bakwazi ukunquma ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuziphindiselela komuntu siqu.

Noma kunjalo, ukuzimela kokwahlulela kubhekene nezinsongo ezingapheli. Kwamanye amazwe, abaphathi bafaka izinkantolo nabaqotho, bangazinaki iziyalezo zenkantolo, noma basebenzise uhlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali ukuze banciphise izinqumo zenkantolo zentando yeningi. Ngisho nasebuthweni lentando yeningi elimisiwe, ukuhlasela kwezombangazwe kubahluleli kanye nemizamo yokulinganisela ukubusa kwenkantolo kuyanda. I-World Justice Project’s ’SRUMLET] yeNKAMENDO [[] inikeza ukwaziswa kwaminyaka yonke ngenkululeko yokwahlulela futhi kunezinyathelo ezihlobene nayo emazweni amaningi, lapho isivikelo sinamandla khona nalapho zivuleka khona.

Ukufinyelela Ebulungiseni: Ilungelo, Hhayi Ilungelo

Ukufinyelela ekulungeni kusho ukuthi wonke umuntu, kungakhathaliseki iholo, isikhundla sezenhlalo, noma isizinda, angasebenzisa isimiso sokwahlulela ngokuphumelelayo ukuze avikele amalungelo akhe futhi axazulule izingxabano.

Izithiyo Ezingatholakala

  • [ Imali ekhokhwayo engokomthetho, izindleko zenkantolo, nezindleko zokuqoqa ubufakazi zingavimbela. Ezindabeni zomphakathi, ngisho nokumangalela okulinganiselwe kungabiza amashumi ezinkulungwane zamaRandi.
  • Ukulandelana:[ izinqubo zomthetho nolimi ngokuvamile akufinyeleleki kubaqondisi abangavumelani nomthetho. Amafomu, izikhathi ezimisiwe, nemithetho kungakhungathekisa kakhulu ngaphandle kosizo lukachwepheshe.
  • Geography:[[FL:1] ezindaweni zasemaphandleni noma ekude, izinkantolo zingaba kude, zidinga uhambo olungenakuthengwa abaningi. Ilinganisela izakhi zokuhamba zomphakathi inkinga.
  • [[[Ulwimi:0] ulimi nokufunda: Izikhulumi ezingezona ezivamile kanye nalabo abangafundile kakhulu babhekene nezinye izithiyo ekuqondeni imibhalo engokomthetho nezinkantolo.

Izinyathelo Zokuthuthukisa Indlela Othola Ngayo

Ukuze kuvinjelwe igebe lobulungisa, amazwe amaningi asungule izinkonzo zokusiza ezinikeza iziteshi zomthetho zamapulatifomu zamahhala noma ama-website aphansi ukuze kufanelekele abantu. I-probono esetshenziswa abameli bodwa iyasiza, kodwa ayinakuhlangabezana nendinganiso egcwele yesidingo. Ubuchwepheshe budlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu: i-inthanethi yesinqumo se-i-inthaneti, ukuzwa kwenkantolo, kanye no-wedwa kwe-help esemthethweni kwenza kube lula kubantu ukuxazulula izinkinga ngaphandle kommeli. Isibonelo, i- i-National Centers for State Courts imikhondo enkantolo egcwele i-Internationaltionstionstions procestionsssss eUnited States.

Imitholampilo engokomthetho yomphakathi, imithola-lwazi yezemfundo yezomthetho, nezinqubo zomthetho ezilula zokusho okuncane, ezinye izindlela ezithuthukisa ukutholakala. Nokho, ushintsho lwesimiso ludinga ukuxhaswa kwemali okuqhubekayo nentando yezombangazwe. Uma isimiso sobulungisa sitholakala kuphela kwabacebile, ukubusa ngentando yeningi ngokwako kuyancipha.

Amasheke Nokulinganisela: Indima Yomjudisi Ekunciphiseni Amandla

Kwehlukana okungamandla angu-86ofømose, i-judiary isebenza njenge-cheke emagatsheni aphetheyo nawabemthetho. Lomsebenzi ubonakala kakhulu ngokuhlola . Amandla okumemezela imithetho noma izenzo zezikhulu ezingavumelani nomthetho. Icala lesifunda [marbury v. Madison [183]) wasungula ukubukeza kokwahlulela eUnited States, wamisa indima yeNkantolo Ephakeme njengomtoli wesiphetho somthetho. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, isimiso siye samukelwa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene ngezimiso ze-democraliveism.

Ukubukeza kokwahlulela akusho ukuthi izinkantolo zingayidlulisa intando yabantu ngentando. Kunalokho, kuqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho omningi usebenza phakathi kwemingcele yomthetho-sisekelo. Ngokwesibonelo, isishayamthetho wendlu yomthetho ngeke sidlulise umthetho ocindezela ukukhuluma ngokukhululekile noma omisa inkolo kahulumeni, ngisho noma iningi liyisekela. Izinkantolo zivikela amadlanzana nabantu ukuba bangagcwali ngomzwelo othandwayo [1] umsebenzi obalulekile kunoma yimuphi umphakathi ozibandakanya ngobukhulu.

Ngaphandle kokubukezwa kokwahlulela, izinkantolo zihlola futhi amandla aphethe ngokubukeza imithetho yezinhlangano, izinqumo zokuphatha, ngisho neziyalezo zomongameli. Kwamanye amazwe, izinkantolo ezikhethekile zomthetho-sisekelo (njengeNkantolo ye-Federal Constitutional) zisingatha lezizindaba ngokukhethekile. Ukudlala phakathi kwezinkantolo namanye amagatsha kunamandla futhi ngokuvamile kuyaphikisana, kodwa yilokhu kucindezeleka okugcina ukulinganisela ekubuseni kwentando yeningi.

Indima YabaHluleli Namaphupho

Abahluleli bangabasizi abayinhloko esimisweni sokwahlulela. Bengamela ukuqulwa kwecala, babusa ngezenzo, bafundise abahluleli, futhi babhale imibono echaza ukucabanga kwabo. Izimfanelo zomahluleli, isimo, kanye nomqondo kuthinta ngokuqondile izinga lobulungisa. Ezimisweni zomthetho ezivamile, abahluleli ngokuvamile bamiswa ngemva kweminyaka eminingi yenqubo engokomthetho; ezimisweni zomthetho, bangase babe izisebenzi ezisebenzayo ezisebenza enkantolo ezingenela izinkonzo zokwahlulela ngokuhlola umncintiswano.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amaJuries ayisici esivelele sezimiso zomthetho ezivamile, ikakhulukazi emacaleni obugebengu nasemacaleni aphakeme. Ijaji lisebenza njengesehlo ekwahluleleni kokwahlulela, liletha izindinganiso zomphakathi enkantolo. Ilungelo lokuqulwa icala yijaji lifakwa emithetho-mfucumfucu eminingi (umzk., iSichibiyelo seSithandathu e-U.S. Constitution). Nokho, ukuqulwa kwamajaji akuvamile kwezinye izindawo; amazwe omthetho womphakathi ngokwesiko athembele kumajaji abaqeqeqeshi abango ochwepheshe noma ezinhlangothini ezixubile zabahluleli nabahloli abahleli. Inkulumo - mayelana nokuphumelela kwemiyalo yokwahlulela iyaqhubeka, kanye nabagxeki abaveza ukubonakala kobandlululo nomthwalo ezakhamuzini, kuyilapho abavikeli begcizelela uphawu lwawo lwentando yentando yentando yeningi.

Izinselele Zangesikhathi Esidlule Ezibhekene Nesimiso Sokwahlulela

Izinkantolo emhlabeni wonke zilwa nezinkinga ezingalapheki ezilulaza ukuphumelela nokufaneleka kwazo.

Izenzakalo Zecala Nezikhathi Zokulibala

Ezimisweni eziningi zokwahlulela, umthamo wamacala udlula kakhulu izinga lezinkantolo, okuholela eminyakeni yokulibala. Lokhu kukhulu kakhulu emazweni asathuthuka lapho izakhiwo zibuthakathaka, kodwa ngisho namazwe acebile elwa kanzima. Ukulibala kuphika ubulungisa obufike ngesikhathi, ukunqanda ukukhohlakala, nokuqeda ukwethemba umphakathi. Amakhambi ahlanganisa ukwandisa inani labahluleli, ukuthuthukisa izimiso zezenkantolo, nokukhuthaza ezinye izindlela zokuphikisana (ADR) njengemidiyansi ne-arbitation.

Ukuhlonishwa Kwengoma

Lapho ukumiswa kokwahlulela kuba izinkundla zempi yezombangazwe, ukuzimela kwezinkantolo kuyantengantenga. Eminyakeni yamuva, kokubili i-United States nezingxenye zeYurophu ziye zabona ukulwa okumelene nokulwa okungahleleki. Kwamanye amazwe, ohulumeni baye baqhubeka, besusa abahluleli abakhipha izinkantolo ezingemthetho noma abapakisha izinkantolo ezihlangene. Ukuncishiswa kwethemba lomphakathi ezinkantolo njengabavikeli abangathathi hlangothi kungukuthambekela okuyingozi kwentando yeningi.

Ubuchwepheshe Nezinkantolo

Inguquko yezobuchwepheshe iguqula indlela izinkantolo ezisebenza ngayo. I-electronic ehlelayo, ukuqulwa kwezindlebe, nokucwaninga okusekelwe e-Alē kuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle, kodwa futhi kuphakamisa nokukhathazeka okusha. Izingozi ze-cybersecurity, isilinganiso samanani, nesidingo sokulondoloza ukungaguquguquki komthetho osebenza nge-intanethi zonke izindawo ezidinga imithetho ecophelelayo. Izinkantolo kumelwe zilinganisele intuthuko nemfuneko engathi sína yenqubo efanele.

Ukuhlukahluka Nokumelela

Ijaji elingabonisi izinhlobonhlobo zenani labantu elilisebenzisayo lingase lingafaneleki. Ukucwaninga kubonisa ukuthi amabhentshi ahlukene aletha izinhlobonhlobo zemibono futhi angathuthukisa ukwenza izinqumo. Amazwe amaningi aye athatha izinyathelo zokwandisa ubulili, ubuzwe, nezinhlanga ezihlukene ezinhlanganweni zokwahlulela. IKhomishane yezizwe zonke yamaJURT [ inikeza iziqondiso zokuthuthukisa izivini ezihlanganisa amaqembu ahlukene kodwa ilondoloze ukukhethwa okusekelwe ekwakhelweni.

Imibono Eqhathaniswayo: Indlela Izimiso Ezihlukene Ezifinyelela Ngayo Ubulungisa

Ukuqonda izimiso zokwahlulela ezihlukahlukene kusiza ekukhanyeni amandla nobuthakathaka bomuntu siqu. [[FLT: 0] isiko lomthetho ovamile], isimiso sombambeli silwa namaqembu amabili phambi komahluleli ongathathi hlangothi. [ umthetho , umahluleli uthatha indima esebenzayo, uphendulisa ubufakazi, ubuza ofakazi, futhi uqondisa izenzakalo. Zombili lezi zici zinezinzuzo nezithiyo. Isitha sicatshangwa ukuthi sivikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye, kodwa singaba nokwesheshisa kakhulu. Isibonelo sokuququbuka izikhulu zokwahlulela ngokuvamile siphumelela kakhulu, kodwa sibeka ukuthemba okukhulu ezikhulwini zokwahlulela.

Emhlabeni wonke, izikhungo ezinjengeNkantolo yezeMahlulelo yeNkantolo yezizwe zonke kanye ne [[FT:2] Internationalral Criminal Court zisingatha izimpikiswano phakathi kwezizwe nokuqulwa kwabantu ngenxa yokuqothulwa kohlanga, ubugebengu bempi, nobugebengu kubantu. Lezi zinkantolo zimelela isibopho sembulunga yonke sokulandisa, nakuba zibhekene nezinselele zezombangazwe. Inkantolo yezentengiselwano yeSigebethi yeSigebethi yezembo sezembo sezenteyo yeSizwe ichaza indlela izingxabano ezithiwezwe ezithiwe ezithiwe ezithiwe abantu.

Amazwe amaningi aphethe nezinkantolo ezikhethekile, njengezinkantolo zemikhaya, izinkantolo zentela, nezinkantolo zomthetho - sisekelo, ngasinye sivumelana nemibuzo eqondile engokomthetho esiyisingathayo.

Isiphetho

Isimiso sokwahlulela singaphezu kakhulu kweqoqo lamankantolo; siyisisekelo esiphilayo sobulungisa. Izimfanelo zaso ezibaluleke kakhulu `ukuncika, ukufinyelela, namandla okuhlola amanye amagatsha' kuveza ukuthi yini eyenza kube yimfuneko ekubusweni kwentando yeningi. Uma izinkantolo zisebenza kahle, zivikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye, zigcina ukuhleleka kwezenhlalo, futhi zinika izakhamuzi izindlela zokuxazulula izingxabano. Uma zintengantengantenga, umthetho uyawohloka, futhi zisekela isisekelo sombuso wentando yeningi ngokwawo.

Izakhamuzi, abakhi bemithetho, nochwepheshe bezomthetho bonke basengozini ekulondolozeni ubuqotho bamajaji. Lokhu kudinga ukuqapha njalo ekuphazameni kwezombangazwe, ukusekela imali eyanele ukuze kunikezwe usizo olungokomthetho nemisebenzi yasenkantolo, kanye nokuzimisela ukuvumelanisa isimiso ukuze sihlangabezane nezidingo zanamuhla. Ikusasa lentando yeningi lixhomeke kakhulu empilweni yesimiso salo sokwahlulela.