Table of Contents
Enkantolo encane e-Madolobha ase-Melika, izakhamuzi ezivamile eziyishumi nambili zihlangana egumbini lokuhlobana ukuze zinqume isiphetho somakhelwane bazo abamangalelwa ngobugebengu. Enkantolo kahulumeni eNew York, abahluleli bahlola ubufakazi obuyinkimbinkimbi bezimali ecaleni lenkampani lokukhwabanisa. Ezindaweni eziningi zokukhombisa ngokomthetho kulo lonke izwe nsuku zonke, izakhamuzi zibekela eceleni ukuphila kwazo kwansuku zonke ukuze zihlanganyele kwenye yezenzo eziyinhloko zentando yeningi: njengejaji elisebenza ngejaji lenhlangano yezehlulelo laseMelika .
Isimiso sokuzama ujury [ imelela okungaphezulu kakhulu kwendlela yokuxazulula izingxabano − ihlanganisa isimiso esibonakalayo sokuthi ubulungisa busuka kubantu, hhayi kuhulumeni. Lenhlangano, enezimpande eziqala emuva emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka ngaphambi kokusungulwa kweMelika, iyaqhubeka isebenza njengesivikelo esinzima ekumelaneni nobushiqela, umkhohlisi oqotho, nokubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kobudemokhrasi bomuntu siqu. Kodwa naphezu kokuvelela kwayo nokubaluleka komthetho wedemokrasi, isimiso sokwahlulela sibhekene nezinselele ezikhulayo ezisongela ukusebenza kwayo nobukhona bayo.
Ukuqonda kungenxa yesizathu lapho ukuqulwa kwecala lejaji kuyindaba yentando yeningi kudinga ukuhlolisiswa hhayi nje kuphela abakhandi babo abangokomthetho kodwa injongo yabo ejulile yedemokrasi. Enkathini yokuncipha kokungenela komphakathi, ukungabaza okwandayo ngezinhlangano, nokukhathalela okuphikelelayo ngesimiso sobulungisa, ukuqulwa kwecala kuhlala kungezinye zezindawo ezimbalwa lapho izakhamuzi ezivamile zisebenzisa khona amandla kahulumeni ngokuqondile. Lo mbuso [“ukuzahlulela amaqiniso," ukusebenzisa umthetho, futhi ngisho nokuqeda ukuqulwa okungafanele, [1] kwenza isakhamuzi ngasinye sibe umgcini wenkululeko.
Ukuziphendukela Okungokomlando Kokuqulwa Kwecala NgoJury
Imvelaphi Yasendulo Nentuthuko YesiNgisi
Umqondo wokwahlulela wontanga yomuntu uqala ngaphambi komzamo waseMelika ngamakhulu eminyaka. I-Athene yasendulo yasebenzisa amajaji ezakhamuzi [ amakhulu noma ngisho nezinkulungwane zokulingwa okukhulu, ebonisa isimiso sentando yeningi sokuthi ubulungisa kufanele buvele emphakathini kunokuba kuvele umthetho we-autocratic. Leminyango emikhulu, nakuba ingenakuthathwa, yamisa isibonelo sokuthi izakhamuzi ezivamile zingahlulela izindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi zomthetho neqiniso.
Ukhokho oqondile kakhulu wesimiso samajaji aseMelika wavela eNgilandi enkathini ephakathi. IMagna Carta ka-1215 yamemezela ukuthi akukho muntu okhululekile ongazibopha, aphucwe amalungelo, noma abhujiswe ngaphandle "kokwahlulelwa okungokomthetho kontanga yakhe noma umthetho wezwe". Nakuba ekuqaleni kwakulinganiselwe ekwakheni kwezikhulu, lesimiso sanwetshwa kancane kancane sabanzi, samiswa yijaji njengenkululeko eyisisekelo yamaNgisi [.
Amajaji aseNgilandi asuka emaqenjini ofakazi bendawo ababewazi amaqiniso endaba engokwabantu abathola amaqiniso abangakhethi abezwa ubufakazi bunikezwa enkantolo. Ngekhulu le-17, amajaji athola amandla okukhipha izinqumo ezivamile zokulahlwa icala noma ukungabi necala, kunokuba aphendule imibuzo eqondile. Icala le-1670 lika-Case-Bushel [[ lathola ukuthi abahluleli babengajeziswa ngezahlulelo zabo, baqinisekise ukuthi imvume yokuzibusa ngecala elizimele.
Isimiso sabahluleli baseNgilandi sasingenampikiswano. Izehlo zezikhulu zezikhulu zezikhulu ngaphandle komthetho zaba izimpawu zobushiqela, kuyilapho imingcele yamajaji enkantolo yamajaji yakhuthaza ukuvukela kwemizwa yaseMelika. Icala likaJohn Peter Zenger [[FLT: 1] 1735] eboloni laseNew York, lapho ijaji lakhulula khona umnyathelisi owayemangalelwe ngokuvukela umthetho naphezu kokuphula umthetho okusobala, labonisa amandla abahluleli bokwenqaba isenzo sikahulumeni esicindezelayo.
Umsebenzi Womthetho - sisekelo WaseMelika
OFata Abasunguliwe, bebonele kokubili izinzuzo zecala lokwahlulela nobushiqela bokuphika kwabo, bafaka amalungelo abahluleli kulo lonke uMthetho-sisekelo. Lokhu kwakungekona nje ukuzikhethela okungokwesiko kodwa isibopho sefilosofi, abasunguli babebheka amajaji njengabalulekile ekuvimbeleni ukucindezelwa kukahulumeni futhi balondoloze ubukhosi obuthandwayo.
Article III, Ingxenye 2 yoMthetho-sisekelo ithi "Ukuqulwa Kwamacala Obugebengu, ngaphandle kwecala likaJury, kuzakuvela kuJury." Lelilungiselelo, elihlanganisiwe eMthethweni wokuqala phambi kweBill of Rights, libonisa ukuthi ukuqulwa kwecala kwabaQaphi bamajaji kuqala. Incazelo yokuthi ukuqulwa kwecala kwenzeka esizweni lapho ubugebengu benziwa khona ukuba kuvinjelwe khona umkhuba waseBrithani wokuyisa amakoloni eNgilandi ukuze ayoquliswa.
ISichibiyelo se- se-SIxth samalungelo anwetshiwe enkantolo yamajaji, siqinisekisa abamangalelwa abamangalelwa "ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala elisheshayo nelibanzi, linikezwa amajaji angakhethi aZwe nesifunda lapho icala lizobe seliwenziwe khona." Le sivumelwano senezelwa isivikelo esibalulekile: ilungelo lokwazi amacala, ofakazi, banenqubo ephoqelelwe yokuthola ofakazi, futhi sineseluleko esingokomthetho.
ISichibiyelo seshumi nanhlanu esilondoloziwe emacaleni ejaji ezindaba zomphakathi, sithi "Izilinganiso ezisemthethweni ovamile, lapho inani eliphikisanayo lizodlula amadollar angamashumi amabili nanhlanu, ilungelo lokuqulwa ngabahluleli." Nakuba umnyango wehreyibhini ubonakala uyinto ejwayelekile namuhla, lokhu kuhlenga-hlengiswa kwavimbela abahluleli ekuthatheni izinqumo ezindabeni eziyiqiniso, ukulondoloza indima yamajaji njengendathane engcono kakhulu.
Ukuziphendukela Kwemvelo Ngomlando WaseMelika
Ukumiswa kwecala lokwahlulela eMelika kuye kwaqala ngokuphawulekayo kusukela embonweni wabasunguli. Ekuqaleni, amajaji ayelinganiselwe kumadoda amhlophe aphethe impahla, ebonisa ukuvinjelwa kweMelika yokuqala. ukumiswa kwenkonzo yamajaji [ kufana nokwanda kwamalungelo ezakhamuzi, neqembu ngalinye elisanda kuqhakaza elithola amalungelo abasizi.
ISichibiyelo sokuvuselelwa kweZinqumo zombuso sichazwa njengesenkonzo enwetshiwe yamajaji ku-Afrika, kodwa ukusetshenziswa okuwusizo kwathatha elinye ikhulu leminyaka. Straud v. West Virginia ngo-1880 sanqabela ukukhishwa kwezinhlanga ezinkantolo, kodwa ngokuhlela ngendlela ehlelekile kwaqhubeka ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Batson v. Kentucky ngo-1986 iNkantolo Ephakeme yanikeza amathuluzi abalulekile okulwa nobandlululo lwezinhlanga ekukhetheleni ijaji.
Inkonzo yabesifazane yokucaba ilandela indlela efanayo yokuzimela. Naphezu kokuthola umsebenzi ofanayo ngo-1920, abesifazane babengaqinisekisiwe ngenkonzo elinganayo yamajaji kwaze kwaba ngo-1975 Taylor v. Louisiana isinqumo. Ezinye izifunda zazibakhiphe ngokuphelele abesifazane, ezinye zazenza inkonzo yazo zaba yizenziwa ngokuzithandela, futhi eziningi zazenza abesifazane ababoshelwayo ngemithwalo yemfanelo yokunakekela izingane. Laba baveza futhi baqinisa amanani obufandalane kuyilapho abamangalelwa bephika ngempela izigebengu.
Ububanzi bamalungelo amacala abahluleli nabo buye bavela ngokuchazwa. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yanquma ukuthi akumelwe kuqulwe icala labahluleli elithatha isigwebo esingaphansi kwezinyanga eziyisithupha, ukuthi inkantolo ingaba ncane kuneshumi nambili kwezinye izimo, futhi lezo zinqumo ezivumelanayo azidingeki njalo ezinkantolo zikahulumeni. Lokhu kulungisa kulingana kwezimiso eziwusizo, nakuba abacuphi bephikisa ukuthi zilulaza izikhungo zamajaji.
Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Sovivinyo LobuJuli
Ukuqonda ISichibiyelo Sesithupha
I- ISAHLUKO SESIXTY sesiqinisekiso sokuqulwa kwecala lobugebengu siqukethe izingxenye eziningi ezisebenza ndawonye ukuqinisekisa ukulunga. Isidingo sokuqulwa kwecala sivimbela uhulumeni ekubekeni amacala abamangalelwa ngokungenasiphelo, kuyilapho "umphakathi" uqinisekisa ukuvela nokulandisa. Imfuneko "ijaji elizimele" ifuna kokubili ukulunga nokumelelwa komuntu ngamunye.
Izimfuneko zendawo − zokuthi amajaji avela kuhulumeni nasesifundazweni lapho ubugebengu benzeka khona − kunezinjongo eziningi. Ziqinisekisa ukuthi izindinganiso zomphakathi zithonya ubulungisa, zivimbela ukuphangwa abashushisi, futhi zivikele abamangalelwa ukuba bangazanywa ezindaweni ezikude ezinonya. Le mfuneko ihlanganisa ubulungisa nomphakathi, yenza ukulingwa kwezindinganiso zendawo phakathi kwesimiso sikahulumeni.
Ukungakhethi akusho ukuthi izikweleti akumelwe zibhalwe ngaphandle kwemibono noma okuhlangenwe nakho. Kunalokho, kudinga abasizi bejaji abangahlola ubufakazi ngokulandelana naphezu kwenqubo edlulileyo. Abameli nabahluleli babuza ukuthi abamele ukuba abahluleli bangaba khona, bazama ukuhlukanisa futhi bakhiphe labo abakhethayo abangeke bahlonishwe ngokulunga. Lenqubo, nakuba bengaphelele, iyavuma ukuthi ukungathathi hlangothi ngokuphelele akunakwenzeka uma befuna ukuvuleka ngokwanele.
Ukuhlangana kwemidanti yempikiswano nokuqulwa kwecala labasizi kubaluleke kakhulu. Ikhono labalweli lokuhlangana nofakazi be-examine phambi kwejaji lisiza abahluleli ukuba bahlole ukuthembeka ngesimo, ukungaguquguquki, nangokusabela enkingeni. Lokhu kuyimfuneko ephilayo yobufakazi, ngaphandle kokulinganisela, kuqinisekisa izinqumo ezisekelwe ebufakazini obuvivinyiwe kunokuba kuqinisekiswe ukumangalelwa.
ISichibiyelo Sesikhombisa Nezinqumo Zombango
Nakuba izigebengu zidonsa ukunakekela komphakathi, izigebengu zifeza izindima ezibaluleke ngokufanayo zentando yeningi. ISichibiyelo seSember silondoloza amalungelo omthetho avamile abahluleli, sivimbela abahluleli ukuba bathathe indima yabantu ekuxazululeni izimpikiswano zangasese. Lokhu kuvikela kudlulela ngalé komonakalo olula owezentengiselwano eyinkimbinkimbi, ukudayisa icala lemiphumela, namalungelo omphakathi.
Umehluko phakathi kwemibango engokomthetho neyokulingana unquma ukutholakala kwe-avareji. Umthetho ovamile ongokomlando uthi “‘ ukuncishiswa kwesivumelwano, ukunganaki, ukuphambaniswa, ukuphambana kwecala, − uthatha amalungelo ahlukene ejaji, nakuba kunezici ezivumelanayo, ukwenza inguquko, ukuguqula u-(-injranctions, i-antact.) Umehluko obonakala ubalulekile: abakhisi bezakhiwo ngokuvamile bathi baqinisekisa noma bagwema ukuqulwa kwejaji okusekelwe ekuhloleni kwezimiso ezingokomthetho.
I-gamethi eliphinde lahlolwa livimbela amajaji ekugumbuqeleni amaqiniso atholwa abahluleli ngaphandle kwezindlela ezimisiwe njengezenzo ezintsha zokuqulwa kwecala ezisekelwe ekuhluleleni okungasizi. Lesivikelo siqinisekisa ukuthi ochwepheshe abaphezulu bezomthetho abanakumane bahlulele izinqumo zomphakathi abazithola zingavumelani.
Izehlulelo zomphakathi zisebenza imisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu yentando yeningi ngaphandle kwesinqumo esiphikiswayo. Zihlola amandla enkampani ngokuvumela izakhamuzi ezivamile ukuba zibone ukuthi amabhizinisi azolimala. Zimisa noma zenqabe izindinganiso zomphakathi zokuziphatha okunengqondo. Zinikeza ukufakwa kwentando yeningi ekulimazeni kwenani eliphansi, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokulimala okungathandekiyo njengobuhlungu nokuhlupheka okungathathwangathathwa hlangothi.
Ukuvivinywa Kwenkolo Yentando Yeningi
Isibopho sabasunguli sokuqulwa kwecala lokwahlulela sabonisa inkolelo - mbono yentando yeningi eyinkimbinkimbi, hhayi nje ukuzikhethela okungokwentando yeningi. Umbuso wezwe othandwayo .Isimiso sokuthi amandla kahulumeni asuka kubantu. Ngokufaka amandla azimele ezandleni zezakhamuzi, ukuqulwa kwenza abantu bahlanganyele ngokukhuthele ekubuseni kunokuba izihloko ezingenzi lutho.
IJuries futhi isebenza njengezinhlangano zokuxhumanisa [ phakathi kwabantu kanye nombuso kahulumeni. U-Alexis de Tocqueville waphawula ukuthi izijaji zaseMelika "zokuqala futhi eziphambili zaziyinhlangano yezombangazwe" okufanele zibhekwe njenge "hlobo olulodwa lobukhosi babantu"" lomsebenzi wezombangazwe udlula imiphumela, ukufundisa izakhamuzi ngomthetho, ukubusa, nomthwalo wemfanelo womphakathi.
Imfuneko yokwahlulela okungalinganiyo ibonisa kokubili izinkathazo zobulungisa nomthetho. Abalweli abahlulelwa abantu abalinganayo kunabaphathi bakahulumeni noma abaphezulu emphakathini bavame ukuthathwa ngokungakhethi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinqumo ezikhishwa ontanga zisemthethweni kakhulu kunalezo ezibekwa abaphathi abangochwepheshe, zikhuthaza ukwamukelwa ngisho nayizehlulwa yizikhundla.
Abalwa ne-antifederast mayelana nokuqulwa kwecala kwafakazelwa. Babesaba ukuthi amandla ayinhloko azokuqeda ukulawula nokuhlanganyela kwezakhamuzi. Isimiso sabahluleli sagcizelela ithonya lendawo ngaphakathi kwesimiso sikahulumeni, siqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho wesizwe uchazwa ngokuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi. Lokhu kulinganisela phakathi kwegunya likahulumeni nentando yeningi kusebalulekile kuhulumeni waseMelika.
Indlela Ukukhetha Ithumbu Kwanamuhla Okusebenza Ngayo
IChibi LaseJury Nenqubo Yokufingqa
Ukukhethwa kwejaji kwanamuhla kuqala ngokuveza amatheku ejaji akhishwe kuhlu lwezibhaliso, amarekhodi emvume yomshayeli kanye nezinye izinhlelo zikahulumeni. Le mithombo eminingi izama ukuthatha inani labantu abanqamule amacandelo abanzi, nakuba isalahlekelwa yizinhlangothi ezingezizo, izikhungo ezingaphandle, nalezo ezingaphandle kohulumeni. Ezinye izithasiselo ngemibhalo yenzuzo, imiqulu yentela, noma eminye imithombo ukuze ithuthukise ukumelelwa.
Uma zibizwa, abameleli bejaji babhekene nezinqubo ezihlukahlukene zokuhlola. Ama-Purciographier aqoqa ukwaziswa okuyisisekelo mayelana nenani labantu, umsebenzi, nobunzima obungavela. Izindawo eziningi ze-website zivumela ukuqedwa kwemibuzo nokuhlelwa kwe-projekthi, ziqaphela ukuthi ukuvumelana nezinhlelo kuthuthukisa ukuvumelana. Ukuhluleka ukuphendula izimemezelo ezilandelayo nezijeziso ezingase zivele, nakuba ukuphoqelelwe kuhluka kakhulu.
Ukukhohliswa nezaba zenza umhlangano wabahluleli ube nzima. Ukungawi kwesigwebo kungasusa imisebenzi ethile − odokotela, othisha, abaphenduleli abaphuthumayo − bebhekwa njengebaluleke kakhulu enkonzweni yamajaji. Izaba zobunzima zomthwalo ongokwezimali, imithwalo yemfanelo yokunakekela, noma izinkinga zempilo zinciphisa amadamu amaqembu asebenza ngokulunga. Nakuba kudingekile, ukukhulula okukhulu kungavimbela abahluleli abambalwa ukuba bathathe umhlalaphansi kanye nabanethezekile ngokwezomnotho.
" Fair across-seart" imfuneko inikeza imvume yokuba ama-damu abonisa ukwakheka komphakathi, kodwa ayiqinisekisi ukuthi ukumelelwa kwezibalo kumelelwa ngokwezikhothi ezingokoqobo. Izinkantolo zisebenzisa izilinganiso zezibalo ukuze zibone ukususwa ngokuhlelekileyo kodwa zibekezelele ukuphambuka okukhulu ekumeleni okuphelele. Lokhu kulinganisela phakathi kokulinganisa okulungile nokuqondisa okusebenzayo kudala ukucindezeleka okuqhubekayo.
Ukudlala Ngeziqu Zombili: Ukukhetha I - Jury Yangempela
Inqubo yokubuza nokukhetha abasizi echibini(combines), i-Jot system , inqubo yokubuza nokukhetha abasizi bejaji edamu(combines), isayensi, nezindlela. Abahluleli nabameli bangabaza abangabameleli bezizinda, okuhlangenwe nakho, nezimo zengqondo ezihlobene nalendaba. Lenqubo, kusukela ekulandeni ngezwi eliphansi kuya ekujuleni, izama ukuhlukanisa kokubili ukuhlukanisa okungokomthetho nenzuzo ehleliwe.
Izinselele zembangela zisusa abasizi bejaji abangenakungakhethi ngenxa yobuhlobo, okuhlangenwe nakho, noma ukuveza ubandlululo. Owejaji owazi ummangalelwa, uye waba isisulu sobugebengu obufana necala elibekwe icala, noma uveza ukuthi akakwazi ukulandela umthetho kumelwe athethelelwe. Inselele yokubangela izinga elivamile(ukukhetha okusemthethweni) noma ukucwasana ngezimo − isivikelo sokulunga nokubukeka ngokungakhethi.
Izinselele zivumela abameli ukuba basuse abameleli ngaphandle kokusho izizathu, nakuba ubandlululo olusekelwe ngokohlanga, ubulili, noma ezinye izici ezivikelekile lunqatshelwe. Izinhlangothi zonke zithola izinselele ezilinganiselwe, ziphoqelela izinqumo ezisebenza ngokusemthethweni mayelana nezingozi ezinkulu. Inselele yesimiso semali, nakuba kucatshangelwa ukuthi ithuthukisa ukulunga ngokuvumela amaqembu asebenza ejurlamza ababonakala benobandlululo kodwa bengahlangani nemithetho elawulayo.
Imfundiso yeBatson, enqabela ukucwasa ubandlululo, yenza inqubo yamanqamu amathathu lapho kushiwo ukuthi ubandlululo. Umphikisi kumelwe abonise ubandlululo, umphikisi kumelwe anikeze izincazelo zohlanga-lunyelwano, futhi inkantolo inqume ukuthi ubandlululo lwenzeka yini. Nakuba impumelelo engokoqobo ye-Batson ilokhu iphikiswana, ngoba izizathu zokuthatha umbhalo ngaphambi komjaho zivame ukusinda ekuhlolweni.
Isayensi Nesu Lokukhetha I - yury
Ukukhethwa kwejaji kwanamuhla kuhlanganisa kakhulu ochwepheshe abasebenzisa ukusebenza kwengqondo, isimiso sokuhlalisana kwabantu, kanye nokwaziswa ukuze baphawule abahluleli abalungile. Ukuqulwa kwejaji okulungile, amaqembu aqondiswe, kanye nomphakathi kunikeza izinqubo zokukhetha. Izinhlu zamajaji . /_______Abantu abafana namajaji angokoqobo) agcina ukuqulwa kwecala.
Uphenyo lwezenhlalo lwezezindaba lwezezezesayensi yezesayensi yezenhlalakahle luphakamisa imibuzo emisha engokwezimiso newusizo. Abacwaningi bamanani angaphezulu abasebenza kuyi-website ukuze bathole ukwaziswa ngesimo sengqondo, izitho zomphakathi nokuhlangenwe nakho. Nakuba ukwaziswa komphakathi ngokuvamile kuwumdlalo olungile, kuthintana nabagwebi noma kusebenzisa iziphakamiso zezimiso zokuziphatha. Izinkantolo zilwa kanzima ukuze zilinganisele ukubonakala nokungafihli muntu ngenkathi yobuchwepheshe.
Ukucwaninga okuphelele kwembula ukuthi wonke umuntu ufukamela ubandlululo olungazi lutho oluthinta ukwenza izinqumo. Ezinye izinkantolo manje zisebenzisa imfundo ephelele yobandlululo kubaphathi bejaji, zithemba ukuthi ukuqaphela kunciphisa ithonya lobandlululo. Abagxeki baphikisa imfundo enjalo ngokuthi ibhujiswe ngokwenza abajaji baqaphele kakhulu uhlanga noma ezinye izici. Lenkulumo ibonisa ukulwa okukhulu ngokubhekana nobandlululo phakathi kwezimiso ngokusobala ezingathathi hlangothi.
Ukubaluleka kokukhetha kwe-jury ngokuvamile kudlula umbukiso wokuhlola . Abameli abaneziqu zecala bawina noma balahleke phakathi ne-voir, hhayi ukuvala izimpikiswano. Lokhu kuphakamisa imibuzo yokuthi ukukhetha amajaji ayinkimbinkimbi kufeza yini ubulungisa noma kumane nje kuzuzise amaqembu acebile angathenga omeluleki namavoiur amaningi ayingozi.
Amandla Nenqubo Yokuzikhulula Kwentsha
Ngaphakathi Egumbini Lejury
Uma ubufakazi buphela futhi abahluleli benikeza iziyalezo zomthetho, amajaji aqala umsebenzi wawo obaluleke kakhulu: i-diblicebration. Lenqubo, eqhutshwa ngasese ngaphandle kokuqopha noma ukuphawula, imelela ukwenza izinqumo zentando yeningi. Abafokazi abayishumi nambili (noma abambalwa) kumelwe bafinyelele ukuvumelana ezindabeni zenkululeko, icala, nobulungisa.
Ukuzimisela kuqala ngokukhetha umgqomi wesigungu ukuze kube lula ukuxoxa nokuxhumana nenkantolo. Nakuba ukukhetha umqondisi kungabonakala kuyinto elula, ukucwaninga kubonisa ukuthi abaqaphi banethonya elikhulu ekucabangeni. Ngokuvamile bangabantu abaphezulu kakhulu, abafundile, abaqeqeshiwe, abesilisa, abamhlophe, abamhlophe-bemhlophe naphezu kokulingana okungokomthetho.
Ukucwaninga kweqembu kwembula izindlela zokucabanga ezinqunyiweyo. Amavoti okuqala avame ukubikezela izinqumo zokugcina, njengoba izikhundla eziningi zivame ukuphumelela ngokunxenxa noma ukucindezela. Abalawuli baleyo jaji babhekana nokucindezela okukhulu komphakathi ukuze bavumelane, nakuba izimfuneko zokungalingani noma ukuguquguquki kobuningi zivikela izikhundla ezimbalwa ngandlela-thile. Isimo "seshumi nambili" sesinye selungu likajahoshosho oguqulele kwishumi elinanye sihlala singavamile.
Abagcini be-jervens basebenzisa amasu ahlukahlukene okwenza izinqumo. Amaqembu aneziqu zobufakazi ahlola ubufakazi obuhleliwe futhi abubonisi ngaphambi kokufinyelela iziphetho. Amajaji anezigqizo athatha amavoti akuqala bese ahlela ubufakazi obusekela izikhundla. Izikhangiso zokwakha ukulandisa okuchaza ubufakazi, nendaba efundeka kahle kakhulu. Lezizindlela ezihlukene zingaholela emiphumeleni ehlukene evela ebufakazini obufanayo.
Ukuqonda Iziqondiso Eziwujuqu
Iziqondiso ze Jury `Imithetho engokomthetho yamajaji inikeza ``ifuna kakhulu kodwa eyinkinga. iziyalezo zemithetho , zisungulwe ukuqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki nokunemba okungokomthetho, ngokuvamile zisebenzisa ulimi oluyinkimbinkimbi olungokomthetho kubagcini-jaji. Ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi abagcini beziyalezo ngokuvamile abaziqondi kahle iziyalezo ezibalulekile mayelana nomthwalo wobufakazi, ukubonakala kobumsulwa, kanye nezincazelo zezici ezithile.
Ukungabaza okunengqondo kuveza izinselele zokufundisa. Izincazelo zisukela "eziqinisekisiwe" ku "ukuziphatha okuqinisekile" kuya "ezingeni elicacile" ezihlabeni ezibalulekile zokuphila. Abaqondisi balwa nokuhumusha lemiklamo engabonakali ezindinganisweni eziqinile. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi lokhu kungabi naluzwela kuwe, kuvumela ukuvumelana nezindinganiso zomphakathi, kuyilapho abanye bekubona njengokululaza ubulungisa obungaguquguquki.
Iziqondiso ezilinganisela ubufakazi obusetshenziswa ngezinjongo ezithile", zicabangela ukukholeka kwangaphambi kwezinkolelo kuphela, hhayi ukukholisa ingqondo ngengqondo egqibile. Ukucwaninga okuphathelene nokusebenza kwengqondo kubonisa ukuthi abantu abanakukushaya indiva ukwaziswa abakutholile. Lemiyalo elinganiselwe ingaba yinganekwane engokomthetho egcina induduzo yasenkantolo kunokuqinisekisa ukuthi ilungile.
Imizamo yokulungisa ihlanganisa iziyalezo zolimi olucacile, amakhophi abhaliwe okuhlobana, kanye nokufundiswa ngaphambi kokunikezwa kobufakazi. Ezinye izinkantolo zivumela abahluleli ukuba babuze imibuzo ngemiyalo, nakuba abahluleli benqaba ukucacisa ukuguqulwa kokwesaba ukumiswa. Inkinga yemfundo iqokomisa ukuqina phakathi kokuthatha isinyathelo okungokomthetho nokuthatha isinyathelo ngentando yeningi.
Isigwebo Nemiphumela Yaso
Ukuhanjiswa kwe-Verdict kumele isiphetho samandla okwahlulela. Umphathi omemezela "icala" noma "angenacala" ukuvivinya amandla kahulumeni ngokuqondile, ngaphandle kokuxhumana. Lomzuzu uhlanganisa ubukhosi obuvamile − izakhamuzi ezivamile zikhuluma nohulumeni, isinqumo sazo sithwele imiphumela ephoqelelwe uhulumeni.
Izimfuneko zesinqumo ezihlukene − ukuvikela, ukuqapha okukhulu, noma izinkolelo-zentando yeningi ezihlukene . Izimfuneko zokungalingani zivikela amazwi amancane futhi zifune ukuvumelana kwangempela kodwa zivumela ukubambelela okukodwa ekubhuntshiseni ubulungisa. Imithetho ephakeme ilingana nokuvikela okuncane nokusebenza. Ukuqaphela kwamuva kweNkantolo ePhakeme ukuthi amacala ezigebengu angathi sína adinga ukugomela isivikelo esikhethekile sabamangalelwa.
Ijaji eliboshelweyo (ahhn jumper) lapho abagcini bengenakufinyelela khona isivumelwano esidingekayo . "Iziphetho ezihlukene."Iziphetho zomthetho ezinganikeza u-Allen iziphakamiso ezikhuthaza ukuqashelwa okwengeziwe, nakuba iziyalezo zokubambisana zifaka izingozi eziphoqelelwe. Izinkantolo ezingekho ezinqunyweni ezilengiswe enkantolo zivumela ukuba kuqulwe kabusha, nakuba iziqu zamacala amaningi alengayo zingasheshisa ukukhishwa. Izinga lokuqulwa kwejaji elivamile, elivame ukusikisela inqubo yokuphenya inqubo evame ukuveza ukuvumelana.
Ukuxhumana kwangemva kwesigwebo kuphakamisa izindaba ezingokwezimiso neziwusizo. Omajukumende bangase baxoxe nabasizi bejaji ukuze baqonde izinqumo futhi bathuthukise ukusebenza kwesikhathi esizayo. Abadali bezindaba bafuna imibono ezinkantolo eziphambili. Abanye abasizi bejaji bamukela amathuba aphazamisayo, kuyilapho abanye befuna ukubuyela ekuzifihleni. Izinkantolo zifuna ukulinganisela kokubonana nokufunda kuzuzisa ekuqondeni kwezindaba zomuntu siqu nezindaba zokugcina.
I - “Jury Nullification: I - Democratic Century Edlule
Amandla Okwenqaba Imithetho Engalungile
Ukuchitha izikhali [ `ukungalungi'] naphezu kwecala elicacile ngoba umthetho noma isijeziso kubonakala kungalungile, kumelela amandla esimiso samajaji aphikisanayo. Leligunya, nakuba linganikezwanga ngokuqondile, ligeleza ngokungagwegwegwesi ngezinqumo eziqondiwe nezivikelo eziphindwe kabili. AmaJuries angabheka ukumangalelwa njengokucindezela, ngisho nalapho abamangalelwa bewuphula ngokucacile umthetho.
Izibonelo ezingokomlando ezichithayo zibonisa ukubaluleka kwaleligunya. Izikhulu zasemaNyakatho zabakhulula njalo labo abamangalelwa ngaphansi koMthetho we-Fugitive Slave Act, ngokuphumelelayo ukuqeda ukubuya kwezigqila eziphunyukile umthetho kahulumeni. Izikhulu zezembubhiso zivame ukukhulula abavikeli abasobala be-ostegger, okunezela ekulungiseni umkhosi wamuva. iJavania ngezinye izikhathi abavini abagwebi abagwebi abagwebi abagwebi bempi bekhululiwe naphezu kokuphazanyiswa okusobala.
Ukuchitha izindleko kwenzeka ngokuyinhloko emacalani ezidakamizwa, ikakhulukazi ukumangalelwa ngensangu ezifundazweni eziphoqelela ukuqashelwa ngokomthetho. AmaJuries angase akhiphe izigwebo ezigwetshwa ngokungafanele, abhekane namacala angenakulinganiswa, noma athole izigwebo ezeqisayo. Lokhu kulahlwa kungaphawula ukulahlwa komthetho kuqala noma imithetho yokugwetshwa.
Amandla okuchitha adlulela ngalé kokulahlwa ukuze ahlanganise ukuqiniseka ngamacala amancane naphezu kobufakazi obusekela amacala amakhulu. AmaJules angakhululeki ngemigwebo elinganiselwe ephoqelelwe angawalahla emacaleni amancane ukuze abangele izijeziso ezinzima. Lokhu "ukuchitha okulinganiselwe" kuvumela amajaji ukuba afake inaliti phakathi kokulandela umthetho nokuvimbela ukungalungi.
Impikiswano Yokulwela Ukuthula
Amampikiswano asekela ukuchithwa kombuso wedemokrasi nesivikelo sikanembeza . Uma amajaji emelela izwi labantu esimisweni sobulungisa, kumelwe abe negunya lokwenqaba izinqubo zomthetho ezingalungile. Ukulwa nejaji lokulahla unembeza kungcolisa isisekelo sokuziphatha sokulawula. Umthetho unikeza i-palve yokuphepha ngokumelene nomthetho oweqisayo nowesigebengu.
Ukuphikiswa kokuchitha umthetho kuphakamisa ukukhathalela komthetho. Ukuvumela ukuba izijaji zingawunaki umthetho kudala ukungaqiniseki nobandlululo olungase lube khona. Umbuso osetshenziselwa ukuvikela izigqila ezibalekayo uphinde uvikele izixuku ze-lynch. Ukubekwa kwe-unific kungalulaza ukubusa ngentando yeningi ngokuvumela izakhamuzi eziyishumi nambili ukuba zithathe izinqumo zabameleli abakhethiwe. Ukusetshenziswa ngokuguquguqukayo kusho ukubhekana nemiphumela ehlukene esekelwe ekuqulweni kwamajaji.
I- Itshe eligcwele Inhlangano ye-Jury abameleli bemfundo elulazayo, abaphikisi-mali abaphikisayo kufanele bazi amandla abo angempela. Izinkantolo eziningi zinqabela izimpikiswano ezichithayo, azifundisi ngamandla, futhi zingasusa abajaji abaveza injongo yokuchitha. Lokhu kudala indida yamandla akhona kodwa angenakuvunywa, eyaziwa ngabamangalelwa abangochwepheshe kodwa abafihlekile kakhulu.
Izinkantolo zisebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuchitha izinqubo. Abahluleli bayala abasizi bamajaji "kumelwe" balandele umthetho kuyilapho bazi ukuthi abanakuwusebenzisa lomyalo. Imibuzo enzima iveza futhi ikhiphe abashiyi abangase baphele. Izinqumo ezikhethekile ezidinga amathuba okuncishiswa kwamathuba athile aqinisekile. Lemizamo ilondoloza inganekwane yokuthi amajaji ahlala elandela umthetho kuyilapho egcina isivalo sokuphepha sichitha.
Icala Elidumile Elathonya Intando Yeningi YaseMelika Ngokuvivinywa Kwamajukujwayezi
Ukuqulwa Kwecala LikaJohn Peter Zenger (1735)
Icala lezenger [ lamisa izenzakalo ezibaluleke kakhulu zombili ezithi inkululeko nokuzimela kokwahlulela. UZenger, umshicileli waseNew York, wabhekana namacala okuvukela uhulumeni wokusakaza ukugxeka umbusi wamakoloni uWilliam Cosby. Ngaphansi komthetho okhona, iqiniso lalingesona isivikelo kuvukela umbuso − `ubuGakela' bukahulumeni bebuyisele ubugebengu kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bunembene .
Ummeli kaZenger, u-Andrew Hamilton, wanxusa abahluleli ukuba bakhululwe naphezu kwecala elisobala elingokomthetho, ephikisa ngokuthi abantu abakhululekile kumelwe babe nelungelo lokugxeka uhulumeni. Ukulahlwa kwejaji kwamelana neziyalezo zomahluleli futhi kwamisa isimiso sokuthi amacala ahlulele umthetho kanye namaqiniso. Lesi sibonelo sakuqala sokulahla icala sabonisa indima yamajaji njengesehlo esithandwayo emandleni kahulumeni.
Imiphumela yesinqumo yadlulela ngalé kwenkululeko kaZenger. Yamisa izimiso zenkululeko yokunyathelisa kamuva ezihlanganiswe eSichibiyelweni Sokuqala futhi yabonisa ukuthi amajaji amakoloni ayezomelana negunya laseBrithani. Icala laba yinkulumo - ze yenguquko, ebonisa ukuthi amakoloni avamile ayengadelela amandla ombuso ngenkonzo yamajaji.
Icala Lika - Anthony Burns (1854)
UAnthony Burns ukuqulwa kwecala ngaphansi koMthetho we-Fugitive Slave Act kwabonisa ukumelana kwamajaji aseNyakatho ekuqeshweni kwezigqila. UBurns, owasinda ebugqilini eVirginia, waboshwa eBoston futhi wabhekana nokubuswa ebugqilini. Nakuba ukudalelwa kwakhe ekugcineni kwanqunywa yikhomishane kunokuba ijaji, ukuqulwa kwamacala okulandiswayo kwabonisa ukulahla amandla abahluleli.
Lapho iziphathimandla ziqunga labo ababezama ukukhulula ukuBurns ekuboshweni, abagcini bamajaji baseBoston benqaba ukubopha iziboshwa naphezu kobufakazi obucacile. La maphutha alahla umthetho kahulumeni owephula umthetho odinga usizo lwezakhamuzi ekubambeni izigqila ezibalekile.
Indaba kaBurns yabonisa indlela ukuqulwa kwecala labahluleli okwakungaba ngayo izinhlangano zezezombangazwe ezithuthukisa umphakathi. Abashisekeli bezenkolo basebenzisa ukuqulwa kwamacala njengezindawo zokumela izimpikiswano zokulwa nezigqila, bazi izigijimi ezinozwela zingakukhulula kungakhathaliseki ubufakazi. Lokhu kusetshenziswa okungokomthetho kokuqulwa kwamacala abahluleli njengoba izigilamkhuba zezombangazwe ziqhubeka ezimpikiswaneni zanamuhla.
IScottsboro Boys Cases (1932 - 1937)
Amacala aveza indlela ukuqapha kwabahluleli okuthinta ngayo ubulungisa. Izinsizwa ezingu-9 ezimnyama zabhekana namacala okudlwengula e-Alabama ngenxa yobufakazi obungatshazwa. Zonke izigebengu zabelungu zasheshe zawathola nakuba ayenobuthakathaka bokuqulwa. INkantolo Ephakeme yazilahla kabili izinkolelo, yamisa izandulela ezibalulekile ngokuphathelene nezeluleko eziphumelelayo kanye nobandlululo lwamajaji.
Powell v. Alabama wasungula ukuthi abamangalelwa abakhonzi abakhonzi abaphumelelayo, hhayi nje ukumisa iseluleko. Norris v. Alabama[ wayenqabela ukukhishwa kwe-Afrika esabelweni sokwahlulela, nakuba ukumiswa kwemisebenzi okusebenzayo kwathatha amashumi eminyaka. Lezi zimo zabonisa ukuthi ukungakhonziwe kungalinganiswa kanjani kunokuvimbela ukungabi nabulungisa.
Icala likaScottsboro lembula ukuthi iNyakatho nezwe laseNingizimu kunezindawo ezingafani ekuziphatheni kwejaji. Uma indawo yashintshwa yaba indawo ehlukene kakhulu, abajaji bavala icala kunokuba bafake icala. Lokhu kuhluka kwezwe kumajaji kwaveza indlela ubandlululo lwendawo oluthonya ngayo ubulungisa futhi kwaphakamisa imibuzo yokuthi ukungakhethi kwangempela kungenzeka yini emacaleni agcwele.
Icala LeChicago Lesikhombisa (1969 - 1970)
Icala iCicago Sevention ngemva komthetho womthetho weDemocratic Convention [1968] i-Democratic Convention yabonisa ukuqulwa kwamacala abahluleli njengezindawo zempi zezombangazwe. Abalweli babhekana namacala ozungu ngenxa yokubhebhethekiswa kwesiphithiphithi, nakuba abaningi babebheka ukuquliswa kwecala njengokuphindisela kwezombangazwe kwempi.
Icala laba isekisi, abamangalelwa besebenzisa amasu emidlalo yabashokobezi ukuze badalule lokho ababekubheka njengokuwumthetho. UBobby Seale wayeboshwe futhi abekwe enkantolo. U-Abhie Hoffman noJerry Rubin babegqoka izingubo zokwahlulela. U-Allen Ginsberg wafakazela ngokwanda kobuhlakani. Umbukwane ohloselwe ukuthonya kokubili abahluleli abahleli phansi kanye nomphakathi omkhulu "impisi".
Naphezu kwalesiya siyaluyalu, abahluleli bathatha indima yabo ngokungathi sína, bakhipha icala izinsuku eziningi futhi bafinyelela isinqumo esiyinkimbinkimbi. Bakhulula bonke abamangalelwa bozungu − ukulahla inkolelo - mbono kahulumeni eyinhloko − kuyilapho belahla amanye amacala. Lesi sinqumo esifushanisiwe sabonisa ikhono lamajaji lokuhlukanisa ngokucophelela ngisho nasemoyeni omangalelwa ngokwezombangazwe.
ISimpson Cristial Inkantolo Ka - O.J. (1995)
Icala Simpson laba yisici esivamile esiveza ukuhlukana okujulile kobuhlanga emphakathini waseMelika. Icala labahluleli abamnyama abaningi naphezu kobufakazi obuqand ’ ikhanda bashaqisa amaMelika amaningi amhlophe kuyilapho abantu abaningi abamnyama baseMelika bekubona njengokungasolwa okungavamile ngenxa yokuziphatha okubi kwamaphoyisa.
Isinqumo saqokomisa indlela imiphakathi ehlukene echaza ngayo ubufakazi ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene . Lapho abashushisi babona khona ubufakazi obungokwesayensi becala, abameli baveza ukungabaza ngokuphumelelayo ngokusingatha amaphoyisa futhi basikisela ubandlululo lobuhlanga ekuhloleni. Ukugwetshwa ngokushesha ngemva kokuqulwa isikhathi eside kwabonisa izahlulelo ezibanzi ngezimiso zokwahlulela zobugebengu.
Icala likaSimpson labonisa ithonya lezezindaba zanamuhla enkantolo yamajaji. Ijaji elisodongeni lathola ukuthi cishe akunakwenzeka. Ukuhlukaniswa kwabahluleli ababoshwe ngecala izinyanga ezingaphezu kwezingu-8 kwaphakamisa imibuzo ephathelene nokulahlekelwa kwekhono lenkonzo yejaji ezingqondweni ezicini eziphakeme ze-profile. Ukwamukela kwesinqumo kwabonisa indlela izinqumo zejaji ezingavusa ngayo izingxabano kunokuba zixazulule izingxabano zomphakathi.
Izinselele Zesikhathi Esizayo Ezibhekene Nesimiso Sobubhongo
Ukuqulwa Kwecala LaseJulini Elishabalalayo
Mhlawumbe usongo olukhulu kakhulu ekuqulweni kwentando yeningi enqunyweni yamajaji luyi- yesimiso esicishe sinyamalale. Icala lobugebengu elingaphezu kwa 95% libangelwa ukucela ukuxoxiswa, hhayi ukuqulwa. Ukuqulwa kwamacala ejaji kwangaphakathi kuye kwehla ngendlela efanayo, futhi amacala amaningi akhiwe noma axazululwe ngesinqumo esihlukile sempikiswano. Ijaji lishintshe kusuka kulokhu kusetshenziswa ngendlela engavamile.
Izici eziningi ezibangela ukunqamuka kokuqulwa kwecala. Imithetho eqinile yokugweba idala izingozi ezinkulu phakathi kwezicelo ezinikezwayo nezigwebo zangemva kwecala, iphoqelela abamangalelwa ukuba bamangalelwe ukuba baphendule icala kungakhathaliseki ukuthi banecala. Izinga eliphansi zokwahlulela zisusa amajaji, zivimbela amajaji ekubekeni izijeziso zokuqulwa kwecala. Isigwebo sokuqulwa kwecala . ."Isijeziso sokuqulwa kwecala `Isijeziso sokusebenzisa amalungelo okuqulwa ```Intengo'' ngokufanelekile intengo yentengo yemithetho esemthethweni.)
Izindleko zomphakathi zenza ukuqulwa kwezinkinga zemali kube yize ngokwezimali. Izindleko zokwaziswa, ofakazi abangochwepheshe, nemali ekhokhwa abameli zingadlula amazinga amacala. Izikhokhwa ezigunyazwayo ezithengwayo ezithengwayo nezigunyaza imisebenzi ziphambukisa amacala ezinkantolo. Ngisho nalapho amacala ekhona, abadlali abanengqondo bezezomnotho ngokuvamile bakhetha ukubhekana nengozi yokuqulwa kwecala.
Lokhu kunciphisa izinto ngoba ukuqulwa kwecala kufeza imisebenzi elawulayo edlula isinqumo somthetho ngasese . Baveza inqubo engokomthetho, badalula ukuziphatha kukahulumeni ekuhlolweni komphakathi, futhi bagcine ukuxhumana kwezakhamuzi nezimiso zobulungisa. Ngaphandle kokuqulwa njalo kwamajaji, umthetho uya ngokuqhubekayo ubekwa phambili futhi ususwe ethonyeni lentando yeningi.
Ithonya Lobuchwepheshe Ekulingweni Kwethu
Ubuchwepheshe bezezinombolo buguqula zonke izici zecala lokwahlulela, budala amathuba nezinselele. manje bulawula ubufakazi obuyi-Ectronic [ manje obugcwele izenzakalo eziningi(emails, imibhalo, iziteshi zezokuxhumana, imininingwane yendawo yamangqamuzana, nemishini ye-operactics. Abaqondisi-mini kumelwe bahlole ubufakazi obuyinkimbinkimbi obungatholakali lapho izimiso zamajaji zisunguleka.
Ubuchwepheshe bokuveza bushintsha ukuzama. Imishini ye-computer, izintshumayelo ze-media, kanye nokwakha kabusha izinto ezingokoqobo kungathonya kakhulu emajajini. Nakuba ubuchwepheshe bungacacisa ubufakazi obuyinkimbinkimbi, bungasebenzisa futhi ngokukhetha noma ngethonya elingokomzwelo elidlula inzuzo. Ukutholakala kobuchwepheshe obungcono kakhulu kuphakamisa izinkathazo zokulunga.
Ukutholakala kwe-Internet phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala kudala izinkinga ezintsha. Naphezu kweziqondiso zokugwema ukucwaninga noma ingxoxo, abahluleli bangathola kalula ukwaziswa ngokuphathelene namacala, amaqembu, noma umthetho ngomakhalekhukhwini. Izikhungo zezezokuhlalisana ngenkonzo yamajaji zingaveza izingxoxo noma zimemeze ithonya langaphandle. Izinkantolo zizama ukulinganisa ukulawulwa kolwazi ngenkathi ehlangene.
Umqedazwe we-COVOID-19 waphoqelela ukuthatha ngokushesha ama-catel asemajukujukwini, kuhlanganise namanye amacala abahluleli aqulwa kuyi-intanethi. Nakuba ubuchwepheshe benza ukuba kuqhutshekiswe inqubo yasenkantolo, ukuqulwa kwecala kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka okukhulu ngokunakwa kwejaji, ukuqashelwa komshoshaphansi, kanye nokungathathi hlangothi oluqinile lokuthatha izinqumo. Imiphumela ende yezenzakalo ezivamile ayikaqiniseki.
Ukuhlukahluka, Ukumelela, Nezinsimbi Eziphelele
Naphezu kwezimfuneko ezingokomthetho zemikhankaso yabameleli bamajaji, izinhlobonhlobo zamajaji ezisemthethweni ziseyinkinga. Izinhlanga ezincane, abantu abasha, nezakhamuzi ezithola imali ephansi zivezwa ngenxa yokulinganiselwa kohlu, izindlela zokukhulula, kanye nemingcele yezezomnotho enkonzweni. Lokhu okungamele kululaza kokubili ukuqulwa komthetho olungile nomthetho wentando yeningi.
Ubandlululo oluphelele luthinta ukwenza isinqumo sokwahlulela ngezindlela abahlanganyeli abangaqapheli. Ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi abamangalelwa bezinhlanga ezihlukahlukene babamangalela kalula kakhulu, bahlulela ubufakazi obuhlukile obusekelwe ezicini zokumangalelwa, futhi basebenzisa abantu abavamile naphezu kwemizamo yangempela. Lokhu kucwasana kusebenza kancane kakhulu, okwenza kube nzima ukubhekana nezindlela ezingokwesiko.
Izinguquko ezihlukahlukene zizama ukuthuthukisa ukumelelwa nokuncishiswa kobandlululo. Ezinye izifundazwe zisebenzisa izinhlu zemithombo , zinikeza imbuyiselo engcono, futhi zinciphisa ukukhulula. Ukuqeqeshelwa ukucwasa okuphelele kwabameleli, nakuba kuphikiswana, zizama ukuphakamisa ukuqaphela. Ezinye zisikisela izimfuneko zokuhlela noma izinselele zokulungisa izinselele ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amajaji ahlukene.
Inselele ihlanganisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokucabanga nokuhlela ukwaziswa. Izindawo zokwahlulela, ngisho noma zihlukene ngokwenani labantu, zingahlanganisa imibono efanayo yomhlaba elinganiselayo. Ukubusa ngentando yeningi kwangempela kudinga izigijimi eziletha okuhlangenwe nakho okuhlukahlukene ekuphileni, izindlela zokucabanga, kanye nemibono engokwesiko ukuze zihlolwe.
Ukusetshenziswa Komphakathi Nokulahlwa Kwezimpahla
Isimo sengqondo somphakathi ngenkonzo yomphakathi ngenkonzo yamajaji siye sasuka ekuqhosheni komphakathi saya ekugwemeni umthwalo. Izakhamuzi eziningi zibheka umsebenzi wokwahlulela njengethuba lokubalekela [[FLT: 0] kunokuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi ukuba uhlangabeze. Izikweletu zansuku zonke, ukucindezela komqashi, nokuphazamisa ukuphila kwenza ukuba abaningi bangakwazi ukukhokha inkonzo yamajaji.
Icala eliphambili livame ukuphazamisa ukuqonda komphakathi ukuqulwa kwamacala abahluleli. Imithombo yezindaba igxila kakhulu ezinqumweni ezicacile, ukuphenya okungalawuleki, nemiphumela ephikisanayo kunokuba ichazwe ngokunempumelelo. Le ngxoxo eqanjiwe inciphisa ukuthembela ezimisweni zamajaji futhi ivimbela ukuthatha isinyathelo ngokuzithandela.
Imfundo ye-CUVIC ephathelene nenkonzo yamajaji ayizange iphele kakhulu ezifundweni zesikole. AmaMelika amaningi awazange afunde ngomlando wabahluleli, injongo, noma inqubo kuze kube yilapho ethola izimemezelo. Lokhu kungazi kubangela ukukhathazeka ngenkonzo nokungaqondiwa kahle ngamandla nomthwalo wemfanelo wejaji. Ngaphandle kokuqonda ukubaluleka kwedemokrasi yejaji, izakhamuzi azinaso isisusa sokuhlanganyela okunenjongo.
Ukuqanjwa komthetho kunezela ekuhlukanisweni kwezakhamuzi. Izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi, iziyalezo ezingaqondakali, kanye nezigebengu zomthetho zenza abasizi bejaji bazizwe njengabangaphandle esimisweni sabo sobulungisa. Uma izakhamuzi zizizwa zilulaziwe kunokuba zithonywe yinkonzo yamajaji, ukuhlanganyela ngentando yeningi kuba amasiko ayize kunokuba kube ukubusa okunenjongo.
Ukuqinisa Uvivinyo Lwejuli Lokuzimela Ngokubusa Intando Yeningi
Ukukhetha Nokukhonza I - Jury Okushintshayo
Inguquko enenjongo ifuna ukubhekisa izithiyo zezezomnotho ezivimbela ukuthatha uhlangothi okuhlukene. Imali yamuva yansuku zonke, ngokuvamile uR5-50, ayisondeli eholweni elilinganiselwe, yenza ukuba inkonzo ibe nzima kuzisebenzi zehora ngalinye. Abaqashi abafuna ukunikeza ikhefu elikhokhelwayo, njengoba ezinye izifunda, bangenza ukuba ukuthatha iqhaza kukhulu. Inkokhelo enele ingaguqula inkonzo yamajaji ekuhluphekeni kwemali kube ukukhokha izivumelwano zezakhamuzi.
Ubuchwepheshe bungasiza ekusebenziseni i-compactives uma buthuthukisa ukumelelwa kwe-Online common ebuzayo, izimiso zohlelo ezivumelanayo, kanye ne-voir enzima yokuhlola kokuqala inganciphisa ukuhambelana kwenkantolo. Izikhumbuzo zokuthumelelana imiyalezo nezincwadi zemishini zingathuthukisa ukuvuma nokuvumelana. Lezi zinguquko zingazuzisa ngokukhethekile labo abanezinselele zokuhamba noma izimiso ezingaguquki.
Izimiso zomqulu zinciphisa ukuphazamiseka ngokulinganisela inkonzo ezinsukwini ezingashadile ngaphandle kokuba zikhethwe ukuqulwa. Lendlela, ethathwa ngama-oversity amaningi, yenza inkonzo yamajaji ikwazi ukutshelwa futhi ilawuleke. Ihlanganiswe nohlelo olungcono lokuvimbela ukulinda okungadingekile, lezi zinguquko zihlonipha isikhathi sabagcini bejaji lapho benakekela isimiso esidingayo.
Imfundo yezemfundo yejaji ye-octer ingathuthukisa ukwenza izinqumo ngaphandle kokuyekethisa. Izinhlelo zokuqondisa inqubo yokuhlola izinqubo zovivinyo, ubufakazi, kanye nohlongozo olunamandla kungalungiselela abagcini bemali ukuze baphumelele enkonzweni. Ama-preter-triefaging angasiza abagcini bejaji ukuba bahlele futhi banikeze inzuzo yentuthuko yesimiso.
Ukuvikela Nokuvuselela Ilungelo Lokuqulwa Kwamacala
Ukubuyiselwa kwecala lokwahlulela kudinga ukubhekana namandla ashukumisa ukunxusa nokuhlaliswa. Ukuncishiswa kwenguquko [[FLT: 1] ukuncishiswa kwezijeziso zokwahlulela kungabuyisela ukukhetha okunenjongo ngokuphathelene nokusebenzisa amalungelo ejaji. Ukukhomba noma ukulinganisela isigwebo sokuqulwa kungavimbela ukuphoqelelwa ngezinqumo eziboshelwa abashushisi.
Izimali ezisekela umphakathi ezanele zingaqinisekisa ukuthi abamangalelwa baphumelela ekufakeni isigwebo. Izimiso zamanje zicindezela abavikeli ukuba bakhuthaze ukunxusa kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuyini. Abavikeli abalinganiselayo bangavumela ukuba bahlole, balungiselele futhi bazame izindaba kunokuba bamane badlulisele izicelo.
Izinguquko zomthetho zingabuyisela ukutholakala kwecala lokwahlulela. Ukunciphisa ukunqanda ukugcinwa okuphoqelelwe, ikakhulukazi kubathengi nasemisebenzini, kungabuyisela amacala ezinkantolo. Izinqubo ezilula zamacala amancane zingazenza ukuqulwa kwecala kusebenze ngokwezomnotho. Amalungiselelo okulungisa angenza abaphikisi abaphakathi basengozini yokulingwa ngokumelene nabaphikisi abangcono.
Ukusinda ekuxhumaneni komphakathi ekuqulweni kwecala lokwahlulela kudinga ushintsho lwamasiko olungaphezu kokuguqulwa okungokomthetho. Izinhlangano ze-COVICO zingagubha inkonzo yamajaji njengengxenye yentando yeningi. Abaqashi bangaqaphela inkonzo yamajaji njengemisebenzi yobuchwepheshe yokwakha intuthuko nobuchule bokwenza izinqumo. I-medi ingahlanganisa ukuphatha komthetho okuvamile, hhayi amacala avusa isithakazelo nje kuphela.
Ukuvivinya Kwanamuhla Abasekeli Besikhathi Esizayo
Izinkantolo kumelwe zivumelanise izinqubo zokwahlulela nezindlela zokuxhumana zamanje. Ingxenye esebenzayo , ivumela imibuzo ebhaliwe, inikeza izinto ezibhaliwe, futhi ivumela abafundi banamuhla abajwayelene nokuhlola ukwaziswa. Ezinye izifundazwe zivumela abagcini bejaji ukuba banikeze imibuzo yofakazi, bathuthukise ukuqonda lapho begcina imingcele efanelekile.
Iziqondiso zolimi olungenasihloko zingathuthukisa ukuqonda nokwenza izinqumo. Iziyalezo ezilandelwayo ezisungulwe yizazi zezilimi nezazi zokusebenza kwengqondo zingalondoloza ukunemba okungokomthetho kuyilapho ziqinisekisa ukuqonda. Ukunikeza iziyalezo ezibhaliwe nokuvumela ukuhlelwa kwencazelo engokomthetho kunganciphisa ukudideka futhi kuthuthukise ukuthembeka.
Ubufakazi obubonakalayo obuqashelwa ukuqashelwa kokufunda imithombo yezindaba yanamuhla bungathuthukisa ukuqonda kobujukuju. Kunokuba zivimbele ubuchwepheshe, izinkantolo zingabusebenzisa ukuze zikwazi ukuxhumana ngokucace. Imishini yokuxhumana, izinhlelo zokubhala amazwana, namathuluzi okuhlela angazisiza abagcini bejaji basingatha amacala ayinkimbinkimbi. Ukuqeqesha abameli ekusebenziseni ezobuchwepheshe okuphumelelayo kungasiza ekuthuthukiseni izinkundla zokudlala.
Izinsuku zokulingwa ezimfushane kanye namakhefu avamile kungagcina ukunakekela kusesikhathini sokungagxili kahle. Kunokuba kube nezikhathi ezivivinya ukukhuthazela, ukulingwa kungahlelwa ukuze kusebenze kahle ingqondo. Lokhu kungasho izinsuku eziningi zokulingwa kodwa izinqumo ezingcono, ukudayiswa okufanelekile kwezinga lobulungisa.
Ukwakha Ukuqonda Komphakathi Nokuhlanganyela
Imfundo esemthethweni yesizwe kumelwe ihlanganise ukuqulwa kwesimiso sokwahlulela. Abafundi kufanele bafunde umlando wabasizi bejaji, bagcine amacala, bahlanganyele enkantolo yobuxoki, futhi baqonde imithwalo yabo yemfanelo yesikhathi esizayo. Lemfundo kufanele igcizelele inkonzo yamajaji njengokusebenza ngamandla, hhayi ukuthwala umthwalo, futhi bahlanganise amalungelo abahluleli ekuhlanganyeleni okukhulu kwentando yeningi.
Icala lasenkantolo yePublic lingatholakala ngokugoqoza, izinqolobane, nokubhala ngezinhlamvu zemiyalezo. Uma kuvikelwa ukufihla imfihlo, ukubonakala okukhulu kungasusa ukulingwa futhi kubonise ukuphatha kobulungisa. Ukuhlola ngokucophelela ukulingwa kungabuyisela ukholo olunenhlonze ngokuphindwa.
Izinhlelo zezivumelwano zomphakathi ezixhumanisa izinkantolo nezakhamuzi zazingakha ukuqonda nokuthembana.
Ukuguqula inguquko kudinga isakhiwo esihlangene phakathi kwababambi bezimali abahlukahlukene. Abashisekeli bomthetho bobugebengu, abasebenzela inzuzo yomphakathi, izithakazelo zebhizinisi, nezinhlangano zomphakathi bonke baneziphakamiso eziseminyangweni esebenzayo yabahluleli. Ngokugxila ekuthakazeleni isithakazelo esifanayo ngokukhetha okulungile, okuphumelelayo, nokuvumelana okungokomthetho, izinqumo ezinkulu zinganqoba ukumelana okugxilile nenguquko.
Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Kokulingwa Kwamajukusha Ekuvikeleni Intando Yeningi
ukudluliswa kwecala lokwahlulela ekuvikeleni idemokrasi idlula indima yayo ecaleni ngalinye. Ijaji ngalinye lihlanganisa isimiso sokuvukela ukuthi amandla kahulumeni aphelele ahlala nabantu, hhayi izikhulu ezingochwepheshe noma iziphathimandla zezombangazwe. Uma izakhamuzi ezivamile zihlangana ngamabomu ngenkululeko, impahla, nobulungisa, zisebenzisa ubukhosi ngesimo sazo esimsulwa esiphelele.
Kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, amajaji aye asebenza njengonembeza wentando yeningi, ahlola izindinganiso zikahulumeni zomphakathi ezikhohliswayo, futhi aphoqelela umthetho ukuba uvumelane nobulungisa. Kusukela ekumelaneni nemibuso yamaNgilandi ngokuthuthukisa amalungelo omphakathi ngokuthuthukisa intuthuko yomthetho wobugebengu bamanje, amajaji aye anikeza izivumelwano zokuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi lapho ezinye izinhlangano zehluleka. Lomlando ubonisa ukuthi ukuqulwa kwecala akuyona nje inqubo yezentando yeningi kodwa kuyizinhlangano zentando yeningi ezifanelwe yisivikelo nokuvuselelwa.
Izinselele ezibhekene nezimiso zejaji zangalesosikhathi ." Ukuqulwa kwamacala, ukuhluleka kokumelelwa, ukuphazanyiswa kwezezobuchwepheshe, nokudideka kwezesayensi, . Zisongela kakhulu ukunqamula ukuhlobana kwezakhamuzi ngokuqondile nezobulungisa, ziguqula umthetho usuka ekukhulumeni kwentando yeningi uye ekuthatheni i-technocraticism. Uma ukuqulwa kwejaji kunyamalala, idemokhrasi ilahlekelwa inqubo ebalulekile yokubusa.
Nokho lezinselele ziveza futhi amathuba okuvuselelwa kwentando yeningi. Izimiso zejaji eziguquliweyo zokuqinisekisa ukuthatha isinyathelo esibanzi, izinqubo ezilungile, kanye nokuthembisana okunenjongo kungavuselela ukuphila komphakathi ngalé kwenkantolo. Izakhamuzi ezihlanganyela ngokulandela intando yeningi ngenkonzo yobujaji zingafuna amandla afanayo kwezinye izimbulunga zikahulumeni. Imikhuba yokuzihlobisa, ukuhlola ubufakazi, nokwakha ukuvumelana ngokusebenza kwe-computerism kuqinisa impucuko yamasiko entando yeningi.
Indlela engaphambili idinga ukuqaphela ukuthi ukuqulwa kwecala kufeza izinjongo ngaphandle kokunquma icala noma icala. Bafundisa izakhamuzi ngomthetho nokubusa, bakha inhloko - dolobha yezenhlalo ngokwenza izinqumo ezihambisanayo, futhi balondoloze ukufaneleka ngokuhlanganyela okuthandwayo. Lemisebenzi yentando yeningi ivumela ukutshala imali esimisweni samajaji ngisho noma abahluleli abangochwepheshe benganquma kahle kakhulu amacala.
Kuzakhamuzi ngazinye, ukubizwa kwenkonzo yamajaji kumelela kokubili isibopho namathuba. Nakuba umsebenzi wokwahlulela ungaphazamisa inqubo futhi ubeke izindleko, kunikeza amathuba amancane kakhulu okusebenzisa amandla kahulumeni oqobo. Wonke amajaji aba umgcini wentando yeningi, avikele izakhamuzi ezikanye nazo ekungabini nabulungisa kuyilapho zihlanganyela ekuzisebenziseni komphakathi. Lomthwalo wemfanelo ufanelwe inhlonipho, ukulungiselela, nokuthembisana ngenhliziyo yonke.
Ikusasa lentando yeningi yaseMelika lingase lixhomeke ekuzimiseleni kwezakhamuzi ukwamukela inkonzo yobujaji njengesibopho sobukhoma sentando yeningi kunokuba kube umthwalo osindayo. Enkathini yokuncipha kwesivumelwano somphakathi nokungathembani kwezinhlangano, ukuqulwa kwecala kuhlala kuyindawo eyodwa lapho abantu abavamile babumba khona ubulungisa ngokuqondile. Ngokuqinisa, ngokuvikela, nangokuhlanganyela ekuqulweni kwecala, amaMelika angaqinisekisa ukuthi ubulungisa buhlala ngempela busezandleni zabantu, hhayi nje emfundisweni yomthetho ngokomthetho kodwa nasekwenzeni nsuku zonke.
Isimiso sabahluleli siyisivumelwano sokholo oluqinile lwentando yeningi entwini ephelele, ekwazisweni, nasekuhluleleni. Naphezu kokungapheleli kwayo, ukuqulwa kwecala kuyaqhubeka kuhlanganisa inhloso yentando yeningi amandla kahulumeni athathwa abantu futhi kumelwe ahlale enecala kubo. Uma nje izakhamuzi zihlangana emagumbini amele amaqembu ejaji ukuze zigcine ngamabomu ukudalelwa komakhelwane bazo, idemokrati igcina inkulumo yazo eyisisekelo kakhulu, abantu bazibusa ngokwabo ngesizathu, ubufakazi, nonembeza kunokuba zibophelele, iziphathi, izikhundla, noma amakhono.
Ukuze intando yeningi iphumelele, izakhamuzi kumelwe ziqonde, zibaluleke, futhi zihlanganyele ekuqulweni kwecala labahluleli. Lokhu kusho ukuphendula izimemo zokuzithandela, ukusebenzela ngokucabangela, nokuvikela isikhungo ekukhukhulekeni kwezwe. Kusho ukusekela izinguquko ezandisa ukuhlanganyela kuyilapho ulondoloza ubuqotho. Okubaluleke kakhulu, kusho ukuqaphela ukuthi zonke izinqumo zamajaji zimelela idemokrati ngesenzo , ngezinye izikhathi eziwukungalungi, kodwa ekugcineni zibonakalisa ubukhosi obuthandwayo obuchaza imiphakathi ekhululekile. Ukubaluleka kokulingwa kwamajaji ekuvikeleni idemokhrasi akunakumiswa kakhulu: zona ngokwazo ziyintando yeningi, yenza ngecala elilodwa ngezakhamuzi ezisebenzisa amandla asabekayo okwahlulela ngegama lentando yeningi.
