Idemokrasi, ezimweni zayo eziningi, ilokhu iyisimiso esivelele sokubusa emhlabeni wonke, nokho izinqubo lapho izinqumo zedemokrasi zenziwa khona zihluka kakhulu. Izithombe ezimbili ezingafani .(consenusus democracy) nedemokrasi yentando yeningi (izindawo ezihlukene zokuhumushela intando yeningi). Ukukhetha phakathi kwalezi zici kunesimo esivelele sokulawula hhayi nje kuphela isivinini kanye nekhono lenqubo yokwenza kodwa kanye nokungalawuleki kwayo, ukufaneleka kwayo, kanye nokuzinza kwayo isikhathi eside. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuqhathaniswa okuningi kwezici zazo ezimbili eziyinhloko, amandla, ubuthakathaka, nokusetshenziswa kwezimiso ezizweni ezikhona ngempela. Ngokuqonda indlela isimiso ngasinye esisebenza ngayo, abenzi benqubo, izazi, nezakhamuzi ezingazisa ngayo ukuhweba okuyisisekelo ezinhlanganweni kwezenzwe ngokwentando yentando yentando yentando yeningi.

Ukuqonda Intando Yeningi

I-Consenus democracy iyisibonelo sokubusa okubeka phambili isivumelwano esibanzi nokufakwa kwezezombangazwe nezenhlalo ezinqunyweni ezihlukahlukene. Kunokuba incike kubantu abaningi ukuze kutholakale imiphumela, lendlela ifuna ukwakha imvume eseduze nomhlaba wonke, ngokuvamile ngokuxoxisana, ngokuyekethisa, nangokulawula. Izisekelo ezicatshangelwayo zokuvumelana kwentando yeningi zivezwa kakhulu usosayensi wezombangazwe nowezombangazwe u-Arendingphart, oziqhathanisa nentando yeningi yentando yeningi emsebenzini wakhe wethonya elinamandla. Izimiso ze-Contus zivame kakhulu ngokwesizwe, ngolimi, noma ngokwezenkolo, lapho ukubusa kweningi kungaholela khona ekunciphekeni okuhlala njalo kwempi yempi.

Izici Eziyinhloko Zentando Yeningi YaseConsensus

  • Amandla-abambe imifelandawonye:[ Ohulumeni bakhiwa amaqembu amaningi amelela izingxenye ezihlukene zomphakathi, kunokuba kube iqembu elilodwa eliwina iningi.
  • Ukumelelwa kwe-propaticate (PR) ezimisweni zokhetho: Izimiso zobuCwebi njengoluhlu lweqembu PR noma ivoti eyodwa edluliswayo iqinisekisa ukuthi indikimba yephalamende iveza ukusakazwa kwamavoti, inika amalungu amancane izwi.
  • Amakhabethe e-Multiparty: amandla aphethe anikezwa abantu abahlangene, ngokuvamile ngezivumelwano ezingokomthetho ezinikezela inkonzo nezimiso.
  • Ukuhlanganisa nokuhlela uhulumeni: izingxenye ezisezantsi (amazwe, izifundazwe, amacanton) zinenkululeko ephawulekayo, futhi izinqumo zezimiso zivame ukwenza amazinga amaningi kahulumeni.
  • UbuBicameral namavetoe amancane: amagumbi omzuzwana angathatha indawo engaphezulu yezifunda ezincane, futhi ngezinye izikhathi amaqembu amancane anegunya ezindabeni eziyinhloko ezinjengokuguqula komthetho-sisekelo noma amalungelo olimi.
  • Ukubukeza kokwahlulela: izinkantolo zomthetho-mthetho ngokuvamile zengamela umthetho wokuvikela amalungelo amancane nokuqinisekisa ukunamathela ezimisweni eziyisisekelo.

Amandla Entando Yeningi YaseConsensus Ekwenzeni Kwesimiso

Umboniso wokuvumelana unikeza izinzuzo eziningana ezibaluleke kakhulu emiphakathini eyinkimbinkimbi, ehlukene. Okokuqala, iveza izinqubo ezisemthethweni: ngoba abafaki bemigqomo abaningi baye bahlolwa futhi bavumelana ngomphumela, ukusetshenziswa kwezakhiwo kubhekene nobunzima obuncane futhi kujabulela ukusekelwa umphakathi obanzi. Okwesibili, ukuvumelana kwentando yeningi kunciphisa ingozi yokunciphisana kwezindawo kanye nobudlova bezombangazwe ngokunika amaqembu amancane isigxobo esimisweni. Okwesithathu, izimiso zithambekele ekuzinziseni okungaphezulu (hlwisana nomthetho), ngenxa yokuthi ziwumphumela wokuhlehla, futhi azinakali kakhulu ngemva kokushintsha kukahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, isimiso seze-Switzerland sokuvumelana kwezimiso zezenhlalo nezezomnotho esiyenze isilinganiso eside sokusekela kwezenhlalakahle nezomnotho.

Ubuthakathaka Bombuso Wentando Yeningi Ohlelweni

Naphezu kokungahlangani kwayo, ukubusa ngentando yeningi kungathatha kancane futhi kunciphe. Isidingo sokuxoxa phakathi kwabadlali abaningi siholela ekuvuselelweni, ikakhulukazi phakathi nezinhlekelele lapho ukwenza izinqumo ngokushesha kubalulekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukudlondlobala kwamandla kungafihla ukulandisa: abavoti bangase bakuthole kunzima ukuthola ukuthi iliphi iqembu noma ilungu lombangi elinecala lokuhluleka kwenqubo ethile. Isimiso futhi sithambekele ekusekeleni isimo, njengoba noma isiphi inguquko kumelwe sicacise amaphuzu amaningi. Emazweni anjengeBelgium, ukwakheka kwemifelandawonye okuthatha izinyanga eziningi noma ngisho neminyaka ethile.

Izibonelo Zezwe Langempela Zentando Yeningi YaseConsensus

Amazwe amaningana abonisa ukuvumelana kwentando yeningi, kuhlanganise Switzland, lapho uhulumeni wezwe usebenza khona ngemiphakathi eyisikhombisa eyilungu lekholijini ehlanganisa zonke izigaba ezinkulu; [ iBeligium[, nezivumelwano zayo eziyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwemiphakathi yamaDashi neyamaFulentshi; kanye iJarimaniya , lapho isakhiwo sombuso wezwe nomthetho wesishayamthetho unqandeze izisusa ezinkulu. Namazwe anjenge-Norway kanye ne-Sweden ahlanganisa khona izicingo zokulinganisa isilinganiso, izigaba zezindawo, nokuhlangana nokufunda isithakazelo esikhulu. [FT][5][5]

Ukuqonda Intando Yeningi Yombuso Weningi

Idemokrase yentando yeningi, eyaziwa nangokuthi idemokrasi yaseWestminster ngesibonelo saseBrithani, yakhiwe ngesimiso sokuthi izinto ezithandwa iningi kufanele ziqhutshwe. Kulesi simiso, iqembu noma umfelandawonye othola izihlalo eziningi ephalamendeni wakha uhulumeni futhi ungamisa izisekelo zawo ngokuhlola amandla awo amancane kakhulu. Le miklomelo yokunquma, amandla, nokulandisa okucacile, futhi ukulandisa okungakhokhwana kweqembu elibusayo kungayivuza noma ijezise isijeziso iqembu elibusayo kukhetho olulandelayo. Izimiso zezikhulu ezithatha indawo enkulu emazweni ahlukene ehlangene noma isiko eside semincintiswano ehlangene, njengeUnited Kingdom, i-Canada, i-New Zealand (kuze kuphele o 1990), kanye namakoloni amaningi amaNgilandi amaningi angaphambili.

Izici Eziyinhloko Zentando Yeningi Yabaholi Bezigebengu

  • uhulumeni wesigaba esisodwa noma umfelandawonye omncane: Iqembu elilodwa livame ukuthola izihlalo ezanele zokubusa yedwa, noma umfelandawonye omncane wakheka nomngane ophethe.
  • Isimiso sokhetho-kamuva-kwesinye (FPP) siqala-kamuva-kwesinye:[ izigodi ezinezingxenye ezizimele kanye nezinezingxenye eziningi zokuvota kuvame ukuveza isimiso esinezingxenye ezimbili futhi sibe nesabelo eseqisayo sesihlalo somnqobi.
  • Amandla aphezulu amisiweyo: Ikhabethe lithathwa cishe ngokuphelele eqenjini elibusayo, futhi undunankulu ulawula kakhulu uhlelo lwezishayamthetho.
  • I-Unicameralism noma i-bamerarist ebuthakathaka: amagumbi wesibili, uma ekhona, anamandla alinganiselwe okuvimbela umthetho, futhi umphathi uvame ukulawula isikhathi sephalamende.
  • Ukubusa okulawulwayo: Ohulumeni bendawo abanazikhundla ezitheni, futhi inkambiso inqunywe kakhulu ngokwezinga lesizwe.
  • Ukubukeza kokwahlulela okungaqondani: Izinkantolo ezivame ukuthobela iphalamende ezindabeni zesimiso, ikakhulukazi lapho kungekho khona umthetho-sisekelo owenziwe wamiswa (njengaseUnited Kingdom).

Amandla Entando Yeningi Yombuso Ozimele Ekwakhiweni Kwemithetho

Uhlelo oluyinhloko lwezinqubo lungcono kakhulu uma kuthathwa isinyathelo esisheshayo, esiwujuqu. Ezikhathini zempi, inhlekelele yezomnotho, noma izimo eziphuthumayo zempilo yomphakathi, uhulumeni oyingxenye eyodwa ungaphoqelela ngomthetho ngaphandle kokuxoxa kade. Ngokwesibonelo, ama-cofficwown e-United Kingdom asheshayo phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVID-19 alula ukuncedwa yi-athonsi enkulu kahulumeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukulandisa kuqondile: abavoti bayazi kahle ukuthi ubani onecala noma umvuzo wemigomo. Lokhu kugcizelela kungaqinisa izivumelwano zentando yeningi futhi kukhuthaze amaqembu ukuba anikeze izithembiso zomkhankaso. Izimiso eziphambili zivame ukuveza umqedaniso owodwa ohulumeni abangasebenzisa isimiso esingokomthetho esingokomthetho phezu kwesikhathi esiphelele.

Ubuthakathaka Bentando Yeningi Ekwakhiweni Kwezimiso Eziyinhloko

Uhlangothi olufiphele lokunquma lungabangela ukuncishiswa kweqembu elincane namazwi okuphikisa. Ngenxa yokuthi umkhakha owinayo anganqoba ukuphikisa, izinqubo zingangazinaki izidingo noma amalungelo ezakhamuzi ezinhlobo. Lokhu kungaholela ekuvukeleni kwezenhlalo, njengoba kubonakala eNyakatho Ireland phakathi nenkathi yokubusa kobuProthestani nobuthakasha ekhulwini lama-20. Izimiso zobufundisi nazo zithambekele ekunqobeni “izinto ezithathe izithuba zonke” eziphazamisa umsebenzi kahulumeni wangaphambili, ukubangela ukuntengantengantengi kwesimiso somphakathi kanye ne-CPPTPPporavial. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-FPPtProvital sym ngokuvamile iveza imiphumela engaphezulu kakhulu ngekhulu lama-20. Ngokushoshoyo, amaphesenti angu-35 evotamstiki inganqoba ingxenye enkulu yezihlalo zezindawo ezikahhhhhhhhhhhhhh enkulu kuneyokubusayo.

Izibonelo Zezwe Ezingokoqobo Zentando Yeningi

Izibonelo ezilandelanayo zihlanganisa i- Kingdom , lapho iPhakathi elihlangeneyo noma elinamagalelo libusa khona lilodwa; [ i-Canada[, esebenzisa i-FLTP futhi ikhiqiza iningi lohulumeni be-Literal noma abahlangeneyo; [[FLT:] [FLT]] i-India[[FT:]][FLT], lapho i-Bharatiya i-Janyatatatam's eningi eLob Sabhaha; ne-[FLT] futhi [umper:] [[3] [uful]] [uhlu], [uhlelo olukhulu] [FT] [FT] [unyunyu]] [unyunyu]

Ukuhlaziya Ukuqhathanisa Inqubo

Ukuze sihlole ukuphumelela kwesibonelo ngasinye, kumelwe sicabangele indawo elawulayo, umongo wezenhlalakahle, kanye nezimiso zokuphumelela. Ukuhweba okuyisisekelo kakhulu kuphakathi kokungalawuleki nesivinini. Isimiso sokubusa ngentando yeningi sithambekele ekusunguleni izimiso ezamukelekayo futhi eziqinile, kuyilapho idemokrati yentando yeningi ingamisa izinqubo ngokushesha kodwa izingozi ezibaluleke kakhulu. Ngaphansi siqhathanisa izibonelo ezimbili ezibhekene nezici eziningana ezibucayi zokwenza.

Ijubane Nokuzimisela

Intando yeningi yentando yeningi iwusizo olusobala uma isikhathi sisesimweni esiyisisekelo. Uhulumeni oyingxenye eyodwa ungakhipha uhlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali, umemezela isimo esiphuthumayo, noma ukufeza izinguquko zokwakha phakathi namasonto ambalwa. Ezimisweni zokuvumelana, izingxoxo ezihlangene kanye nesidingo sokusekela okuphambanayo kungabambezela isinyathelo izinyanga eziningi. Ngokwesibonelo, ukwakhiwa kukahulumeni waseBelgium ngo-2019-202020 kwathatha izinsuku ezingu-494 (ukukhubazeka okukhulu phakathi nobhadane. Nokho, ijubane ngaphandle kokuthenga okukhulu kungabangela ishwa: ukudluliswa kwemithetho emikhulu yokusekelana noma ukubekelwa inseleleka enkantolo, ekugcineni ukumiswa kombuso we-20191920202022.

Ukusondelana Nokumelela

I-Consensis democracy iphakeme kakhulu ngokunganaki. Ukumelelwa kwezentando yeningi kuqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho namaqembu amancane amele amaqembu aphansi − njengamaqembu amaqenjana ezinhlanga ezimbalwa, abesifazane, noma abenzi bezindawo ezizungezile − anesihlalo etafuleni. Lokhu kungaholela ezimisweni ezilinganayo, njengamalungelo olimi kubantu abambalwa abakhuluma izilimi ezithile noma abesilisa nabesifazane. Ezimisweni eziyinhloko, amaqembu agcwele ezifundeni ezithile zendawo angathola ukumelelwa, kodwa asakaze amaqembu ahlukene anganakwa. Umphumela yizimiso ezibonisa ukuthandwa yi-vota yezindaba eqenjini elikhulu, zibheke izidingo zabanye abantu.

Ukuqina Nokubikezelwa

Ngokudidayo, izimiso zezikhulu zingaveza kokubili ukuzinza nokungaguquguquki. ESwitzerland, kulungiselelwa ohulumeni abahlukene phakathi kwesigaba esisodwa, kodwa izimiso zishintsha ngemva kokwakha ukhetho lwe-SECONCE(enziwa nguhulumeni wonke omusha ongase alungise umsebenzi wangaphambili. Izimiso ze Consensius, ngokuphambene, zikhuthaza ukuqhubekeka kwezingxoxo zokuyekethisa okusindayo kuhulumeni. ESwitzerland, imithetho eminingi ihlala ingaguquki amashumi eminyaka kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-scrongngngngngngngs. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, , i-Antilitive yezimiso ezinkulu zezimiso zokulwanisa zingancishiswa izinyawo uma iziphelo zizizwa zikhishwa ngokuphelele, njengoba kwenzeka emazweni amaningi ase-Afrika ngemva kozimele.

Ukulandisa nokubona ngale

Idemokrasi yentando yeningi inikeza imigqa ecacile yokulandisa: abavoti bangajezisa iqembu eliphethe embusweni okhethweni olulandelayo. Ezimisweni ezivumelanayo, abangane abahlangene bangasolana, okwenza kube nzima ngabavoti ukuba banikeze umthwalo wemfanelo. Nokho, ukulandisa okukhulu kuvela ngezindleko: ngoba iqembu elibusayo lilawula amaphuzu, ngokuvamile akunandawo yokuhlola nokuphikisana. Izimiso ze-Consensus ziveza izinqubo eziningi zokuhlola (amakomiti ahlukene, imikhandlu yeze, izigebengu ezihlangene, izikhulu zikahulumeni, ezingandisa ukucaca kwezindawo kodwa futhi zinciphise izinqumo.

Isinqumo Esingqubuzanayo Nokuhlangana Kwezenhlalo

Emiphakathini ehlukene kakhulu, ukuvumelana kwentando yeningi kubhekwa kakhulu njengokungcono ekulawuleni izingxabano. Ngokunikeza wonke amaqembu abalulekile isigxobo sokubusa, kunciphisa isisusa sobudlova noma i-secession. I-Good Frever Agreement yase-Ireland yasungula i-amandla alawulayo aqeda amashumi eminyaka engxabano yamahlelo. Ngokungafani, idemokrati yentando yeningi eFiji phakathi no-1990acérbate ukungezwani kwezinhlanga phakathi kwamaFiji nama-Fijian, okuholela ekuvukelelweni umbuso. Nokho, ukuvumelana akuyona i-paceacea: ukudiana okungapheliyo ngokwako kungadala ukukhungatheka, futhi izimiso ezinkulu zezenhlalo eziphakathi kwe-consitudensitution (g. Denmark)

Ukuhlolwa Kwezimo

I - Pandemic Reference: Ijubane eliphikisana nomthetho

I-COVOVID-19 yahlola zombili izimiso. Ohulumeni bama-Majortalia e-United Kingdom, e-South Korea, kanye ne-Israel bamisa ukuvalwa kwezindawo, ukuvinjelwa kokuhamba, kanye nokugunyazwa komjovo ngokushesha. Ikhono labo lokuthatha isinyathelo esiqinile ekusindiseni ukuphila ngokunokwenzeka esikhathini esifushane. Nokho, ezinye izinselele zabhekana nezinselele ezingokomthetho noma ukuphoqelela umphakathi lapho ucingo lungatholakali. Izakhiwo zentando yentando yeningi njenge-South Africa (enza isimiso se-quasi-sensenus ngaphansi komthetho wokhetho oluneze-actal) zabona ukuphumelela kancane kodwa ukuvumelana okukhulu ngenxa yokuthi imithetho yasungulwa ezinyulwayo ngezinhlangano zemisebenzi, amaqembu ezamabhizinisi, nahulumeni besifunda. Isakhiwo sombuso saseJalimane sasidinga ukubambisana kwezinhlangano ezifundazweni ze-16, kubangela ukulibala kodwa ezilinganisweni zezindawo ezisezifundazwe ezisamukele kahle.

Umthetho Wendawo Ezungezile: Ukulondolozwa kwezindawo ezihlala kude

Isimiso sendawo ezungezile sidinga ukubopha isibopho eside kanye nokuvumelana okubanzi kwezenhlalo − arereas lapho kuvuleka khona ukuvumelana kwentando yeningi. Ukushintsha kwamandla eSwitzerland, kuhlanganise nokuphuma kancane kancane enkathini yamandla enuzi, kwafezwa ngeminyaka yokuxoxa nokuthatha ama-parence, okuphumela enkambisweni eqinile eyasinda ezinguquko kuhulumeni. Izimiso ze-Mataritarianism zingadlulisa imithetho efuna ukuvelela eluhlaza, njenge-UK’s Climate Change Act (2008), kodwa umthetho onjalo ungaba sengozini yokuphinde ulungise uma iqembu elibusayo lishintsha. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho we-carbon crimetic project washing syn enziwa nguhulumeni olandelayo, bese ubuyiselwa kwenye, udala ukungaqiniseki kwezethembisi.

Inguquko Yezomnotho: Ibhizinisi

Izimiso zezikhulu zibonakala zingcono kakhulu ezilungele izinguquko zezomnotho ezibuhlungu kodwa ezidingekile, ngokwesibonelo, ukusika ukuxhasa izimali, ukunqanda izikweletu zomphakathi, noma ukunciphisa izikweletu zomphakathi, ngenxa yokuthi uhulumeni ungathola izindleko zezombangazwe futhi uphoqelele umthetho. I-Chile ngaphansi kwe-Pinochet umbuso (kungekhona wentando yeningi) iyisibonelo esinzima kakhulu, kodwa izenzakalo eziningi zentando yeningi zihlanganisa igagalelo le-United Kingdom’s priqualitation ngaphansi kukaMargaret Learch. I-Consenus democracracy ithola izinguquko ezinjalo : Imizamo yempesheni yenguquko yemali iye yahluleka kaningi ngenxa ye-Rocestery. Nokho, izinguquko ezidlula ezimisweni zokuvumelana kwezimiso zomthetho zibonakala ziqinile ngenxa yokuthi ziqiniswa nabaholi abaningi. “isimo esiphambili se-magentertivey'irtivey'ir .

Isiphetho

Akuvumelani ngentando yeningi noma ngentando yeningi yezikhulu zentando yeningi kukhulu; ngayinye inikeza izinzuzo ezihlukene nezingadingekile ezixhomeke emongweni. Izimiso zokubusa ngentando yeningi ziphumelela kakhulu ngokuhlanganisa, ngokuzinzile, nangokulwa, ziyenza inqubo yokuyenza ifaneleke kakhulu emiphakathini ehlukene nehlukene. Ukubusa ngentando yeningi kunikeza isivinini, ukulandisa, nokunquma, okubaluleke kakhulu ezindaweni ezihlangene noma phakathi kweziphuthumayo. Izinqubo zokubusa eziphumelela kakhulu ngokuvamile zihlanganisa izici zombili, ngokwesibonelo, ukusebenzisa ukumelela isilinganiso sokhetho lwezempathili kodwa ukuqinisekisa isikhulu esiqinile sokuphatha izinhlekelele. Ekugcineni, ukukhetha phakathi kwalezi zibonelela izindinganiso zomphakathi, umlando, nenqubo. Njengoba umhlaba ubhekenezinselele eziyinkimbinkimbi njengokushintsha kwesimo, ukungalingani, nokuguqula isilinganiso solwazi, ukuqonda ukuqina okukhulu kwezimiso zezehlakalo ngalunye lwezentando yentando yeningi kunendlela engcono kakhulu, futhi umphumela esikhona njalo.