Amaphephandaba Ama - Federal: Umnyatheliso Oluhlaza Wentando Yeningi YaseMelika

Lapho uMthetho-sisekelo we-United States unikezwa izizwe ukuze uhlobise izintambo ngo-1787, wabhekana nokuphikiswa okukhulu. Abagxeki babesaba ukuthi uhulumeni onamandla ophethe unyathela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye futhi asebenzise ubushiqela ayebulwele ukuphunyuka. Impendulo, amamen — Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, noJohn Jay — wathatha uchungechunge lwezincwadi ezingu-85 ngaphansi kwe-peni elithi "Publius". Lezincwadi, ezaziwa ngokwengxenye zibizwa ngokuthi [[FLT: 0] i-Foperals], i-Papers, ihlala ingeye izincazelo ezigunyaziwe kakhulu zomthetho futhi iyaqhubeka nendlela abantu baseMelika abaqonda ngayo uhulumeni wabo.

Umlando Nenjongo Yamaphepha Abahleli

Izihloko zeConfederation, ezagunyazwa ngo-1781, zasungula uhulumeni obuthakathaka onamandla owabonakala ungakwazi ukusingatha izinselele zezwe elisha. Ukuntengantenga kwezomnotho, izingxabano zezizwe, nezinsongo ezivela emazweni angaphandle kwadalula isidingo sokwakheka okuqinile kakhulu kukahulumeni. I-Constitutional Convention ka-1787 yaveza uhlelo olusha, kodwa impumelelo yayo yayixhomeke ekuhlobiseni izakhiwo okungenani ezingu-9 kweziyishumi nantathu.

AmaPhepha aFederalist akhishwa emaphephandabeni aseNew York phakathi kukaOctober 1787 noAugust 1788, enomgomo ocacile wokuthonya iNew York ukuba ithathe umthetho-sisekelo. Nokho, ithonya labo ladlulela kude kakhulu kulesosifundazwe esisodwa. Izincwadi zaphinde zanyatheliswa futhi kwaba okubalulekile ukuba izihambeli zifundelwe ukukhipha izivumelwano. Injongo eyinhloko yalemibhalo yayiwukulwisana nezimpikiswano zabalweli be-Anti-Fédalist, ababesaba ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo wawuzogxila kakhulu kuhulumeni wesizwe ekuncipheni kwemibuso yesizwe futhi uhulumeni wamalungelo.

Ukuqeda Ukwesaba Ukunqotshwa Uhulumeni

Enye yezinsolo eziphikelelayo zoMthetho-sisekelo ohlongozwayo yayiwukuthi yayingenaso iSigqebhezana Samalungelo. Abalwayo base-Federali baphikisa ngokuthi ngaphandle kwesivikelo esicacile, uhulumeni wezwe ubungaphazamisa ngokungagwegwegwesi inkululeko eyisisekelo. Fédalist No., Hamilton waphikisa ngokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo wawuyimvume yamalungelo, njengoba wawuwabala amandla akhethekile anikezwa uhulumeni kuyilapho ubekela wonke amanye amandla emibuso ezindaweni nasemphakathini. Waphikisa ngokuthi ukuhlelwa kwamalungelo athile kungaba yingozi, njengoba kungase kubonise ukuthi amalungelo angacushwanga ngokomthetho ayengekho. Lokhu ukucabanga ekugcineni kwanikezwa indlela yokwamukelwa kwamaLungelo emali ngo1791, okwabonisa indlela yokunikeza ngayo ukuxhumana okuqhubekayo kwemithetho engokomthetho engokomthetho.

Izindaba zakhuluma futhi ngobukhulu berepublic ehlongozwayo. Abagxeki bakholelwa ukuthi uhulumeni ozimele ungaphumelela kuphela emiphakathini emincane, efanayo lapho izakhamuzi zithanda khona izinto ezifanayo. Federalist No. 10, uMadison waguqula lempikiswano edumile ekhanda layo, ephikisa ukuthi irepublic enkulu ingazilawula izingozi zezentengiselwano kangcono kunencane. Waphikisa ngokuthi eRiphabliki ebanzi, izithakazelani, yenza kube nzima kakhulu nganoma yiliphi iqiniso elilodwa ukubusa. Lokhu kusemqondweni waseMelika wokuqonda icebo lezombangazwe.

Izimiso Zekhora Ezifakwe Emaphepheni Ohlelo Lwezigaba

Kuzo zonke lezi zincwadi ezingu - 85, kuvela izimiso ezintathu ezihlobene njengesisekelo sesimiso somthetho - sisekelo. lezi zimiso zazingeyona imiqondo ecatshangelwayo yefilosofi kodwa zaziyimikhakha ewusizo yenkinga yokwakha uhulumeni onamandla ngokwanele ukuba asebenze ngokuphumelelayo kodwa eziphoqelelwe ngokwanele ukuba zilondoloze inkululeko.

Ukuhlukana Kwamandla

Ukwahlukaniswa kwemibuso kuhlukanisa uhulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni ube ngamagatsha amathathu ahlukene: i-pagnostic, isikhulu, ne-jaji. Igatsha ngalinye linezigunya nemithwalo yalo ehlukile, livimbela noma iyiphi into eyodwa ukuba iqoqe igunya elingavinjelwa. Féderalist No. 47, Madison wadweba ifilosofi yezombangazwe yeMontesquieu ukuze aphikise ukuthi "ukumiswa kwawo wonke amandla, i-coconst, isikhulu, isikhulu, ne-judiary, ezandleni ezifanayo, kungaba ngenye, noma yeyodwa, embalwa, noma eminingi, futhi noma ifa, ukuzihlela, noma ukuzikhetha, kungasho ngokufanelekile incazelo yayo ye-udest""

Lesi sakhiwo siqinisekisa ukuthi ukwenza umthetho kungenaluzwela. UKhomishane uveza futhi udlulise umthetho, uMongameli ufeza futhi aqikelele leyo mithetho, futhi ijaji lichaza ubukhomba-mthetho balo. Igatsha ngalinye lisebenza ngesilinganiso esithile sokuzimela, futhi amalungu alo akhethwa ngezinqubo ezihlukahlukene i-— ukukhetha okungaqondile, ikholeji elikhethiweyo, nokumiswa komongameli ngokuqinisekiswa kweSigele. Lezimiso zokukhetha ezihlukene zivala amagatsha elinye kwelinye nakunye izifiso ezithandwayo zesikhashana.

Amasheke Nokulinganisela

Nakuba ukwahlukana kwemibuso kusakaza igunya, ukuhlola nokulinganisela kunikeza igatsha ngalinye izindlela zokumelana nokungezwani kwezinye. UMadison wachaza lomklamo ku- Faceralist No. 51: "Izikhundla kumelwe zenziwe ukuze kulwiwe ukuvelela. Isithakazelo somuntu kumelwe sihlanganiswe namalungelo omthetho-mthethweni ezindaweni." Ekuziphatheni, uMongameli angawuthola umthetho odluliswa yi-Congress, kodwa iSishaya-Hulumeni singawususa lowo onenani eliyisithathu. ISishaya-Nkathi siqinisekisa ukumiswa kwemithetho kamongameli nezivumelwano. I-judicary ingamemezela imithetho engekho ngokwezinqumo ngokwahlulelo, kodwa abahluleli bamiswe yi-Mongameli futhi iqinisekiswa yizikhulu.

Lesimiso sidala ukungezwani ngokuklanywa. Kunciphisa ukubusa futhi kudinga ukuvumelana phakathi kwezithakazelo ezincintisanayo. Nakuba abagxeki ngezinye izikhathi bekhipha i-dickrock lock eWashington, i-Federalist Papers isikhumbuza ukuthi lokhu kuphikisana kusuzi. Abahleli boMthetho-sisekelo benza ngamabomu ukuba kube nzima ngohulumeni ukwenza, ukukhetha ukucubungula nokuvumelana ngesivinini esingaphezu kwesimo. Njengezakhamuzi, ukuqonda lo mklamo kusisiza ukuba sihlole ukuthi ukungasebenzi kwezombangazwe kuyisibonakaliso sempilo esemthethweni noma ukuwohloka kwangempela.

Ubumbano

I-Federalism imelela isisekelo esiphakathi kukahulumeni wezwe ohlangene kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwemibuso ezimele. Ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo, amandla ahlukaniswa phakathi kukahulumeni wezwe nohulumeni bombuso, ngokusebenzisa igunya ngalinye eliqondile phezu kwezakhamuzi kwezinye izimbulunga. Uhulumeni wezwe usingatha izindaba ze-— inkambiso yezobuzwe, yezohwebo, yesizwe evikelayo i-— kanti amazwe anegunya ezindabeni zendawo njengemfundo, umthetho wempahla, nobulungisa bobugebengu.

Ku u-Federalist No. 39, uMadison wachaza uhulumeni ohlongozwayo ngokuthi "onke sizwe noma uhulumeni wonke." Loluhlelo lwe-protheni luklanyelwe ukulondoloza izinzuzo zohulumeni bendawo ngokwawo kuyilapho kwakha ubunye obuqinile ngokwaneleyo ukuba busebenze emhlabeni. Ukulinganisela phakathi kwamandla esizwe nawombuso kuye kwashintsha kakhulu emlandweni waseMelika, ikakhulukazi ngemva kweMpi Yombango noMbuso, kodwa isimiso sikahulumeni sihlala siyisici esichazayo sokubusa kwe-America.

Uhulumeni

AmaFederalist Paper awenza umehluko ocacile phakathi kwedemokrasi nerepublic. Ebuthweni lentando yeningi elimsulwa, izakhamuzi zivota ngokuqondile ngemithetho nezimiso. Eriphabliki, izakhamuzi zikhetha abameleli abazenzela izinqumo. Abakhi be-frecramentia babekholelwa ukuthi uhulumeni werepublic ungcono kakhulu ezweni elikhulu, elihlukene ngoba wawungacwenga futhi ukhulise umbono womphakathi ngehluzo labameleli abakhethiwe.

Ku u-Federalist No. 10, uMadison waphikisa ngokuthi "iRepublic, engisho ngayo ukuthi uhulumeni owenzela ukumelelwa, uvula ithemba elihlukile, futhi uthembisa ikhambi esilifunayo." Ukumelelwa kwenza ukuba izakhamuzi zikhethe "ukuhlakanipha kwazo okungaqonda kangcono isithakazelo sangempela sezwe lazo, futhi uthando lwazo lokushisekela izwe nolobulungisa kungeke kubangele ukuzidela kwesikhashana noma ngokwengxenye." Lombono ubeka umthwalo wemfanelo wokukhetha abameleli abameleli abanolwazi nobuqotho, futhi ubeka umthwalo wemfanelo kubameleli ukuba basebenzise isahlulelo esizimele kunokuba babonise umbono ovamile.

Ukuhlehliswa Okuhlala Njalo Kwezincwadi Zezakhamuzi Zanamuhla

AmaFederalist Paper avame ukufundiswa emakilasini ezezemfundo yezesayensi yezezombangazwe zasekolishi, kodwa ukusebenza kwawo kudlulela ngalé kwekilasi. Izakhamuzi ezifuna ukufeza imithwalo yazo yemfanelo eqenjini elilawulwa ngomthetho-sisekelo, lezi zindaba zinikeza isiqondiso esihlala njalo. Ukuqonda izimiso zamaphepha obuzwelonke kuguqula imiqondo engokomthetho ecatshangelwayo ibe amathuluzi asebenzayo okuhlola isenzo sikahulumeni nokusebenzisa isahlulelo esisekelwe olwazini.

Ukwenza Izinqumo Ezinolwazi Ebhokisini Lebhola

Ukuqamba kuyisenzo esiyisisekelo kakhulu sokuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi, kodwa ukufaka ibhola elinolwazi kudinga ukuqonda ukuthi yini uhulumeni ongayenza futhi kufanele wenzeni. Amapethi ahlanganisa uhlelo lokuhlola abazohlolwa nezimiso. Uma umbhalisa ethembisa ukwandisa amandla kahulumeni ezindaweni ezingokwesiko ezigcinelwe imibuso, isakhamuzi esijwayelene nesimiso sobuhulumeni singabuza ukuthi lokhu kwandiswa kuhlonipha imingcele yomthetho-sisekelo. Uma umongameli efuna igunya lokuthatha isinyathelo ngokungenamdlalinye ezindabeni zempi noma zebhizinisi, isakhamuzi esijwayelene nokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso singahlola ukuthi lokho kuvumelana yini nohlelo lomthetho-mthetho.

Lezizindaba zisiza futhi abavoti ukuba bahlukanise phakathi kokungavumelani kwezimiso ezingokomthetho nezinsongo eziyisisekelo zokubusa umthetho-sisekelo. Izimpikiswano eziphathelene nesikhundla esifanele segunya likahulumeni, imingcele yamandla aphezulu, nendima yamajaji aziyintsha. Bezilokhu ziyingxenye yenkulumo yezombangazwe yaseMelika kusukela ekusungulweni, futhi amaFederali anikeza isiqalo sokuqonda lezimpikiswano ezingapheli.

Ukuhlanganyela Ekuphileni Okuyikho Ngaphandle Kokuhalalisela

Intando yeningi idinga okungaphezu kokuya ebhokisini lokuvota. Izakhamuzi ezithatha imithwalo yazo yemfanelo ngokungathi sína zihlanganyela ezintweni ezihlukahlukene zomphakathi: ukuya emihlanganweni yasehholo lasedolobheni, ukukhonza ezinkantolo, ukuxhumana nezikhulu ezikhethiwe, ukuhlanganyela ezinhlanganweni zomphakathi, nokuhlala zinolwazi ngezindaba zomphakathi. I-Federalist Papers ikhuthaza ngokuphelele lokhu kucatshangelwa okukhulu kwesabelo sokuba yizakhamuzi ngokugcizelela ukubaluleka komphakathi othembisiwe nonolwazi.

Madison wabhala ku [[QL:0] u-Federalist No. 14 ukuthi impumelelo yoMthetho-sisekelo ixhomeke "ekukwazini kwesintu ukuzibusa" leli khono alizenzakaleli; kumelwe lihlakulelwe ngemfundo, ingxoxo, nokuzijwayeza. Uma izakhamuzi zihlanganyela ekuphileni komphakathi, zithuthukisa imikhuba namakhono adingekayo ukuze zizilawule. Zifunda ukulalela ukuphikisa imibono, ukuveza izikhundla zazo ngokwethonya elinamandla, nokwamukela ukuhlehla ngokwezici oludingekile lwezombangazwe zentando yeningi.

Ukubheka Uhulumeni Njengonecala

Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela asizisebenzisi ngokuzenzekelayo. Kudinga izakhamuzi eziqaphile eziqondisa izenzo zikahulumeni nokufuna ukulandisa. Amapethi eFederali acabanga ukuthi izakhamuzi ziyoba abaqaphi abaqaphile benkululeko yazo siqu. Ku-Foleralist No. 51, Madison waphawula ukuthi "ukuthembela kubantu, akungabazeki ukuthi, ukulawulwa okuyinhloko kukahulumeni; kodwa okuhlangenwe nakho kuye kwafundisa isintu isidingo sezeluleko zesiza.""

Lezozinyathelo zokuphepha ezisizayo zihlanganisa izici zokwakha zoMthetho-sisekelo, kodwa zincike futhi emishinini yezindaba ekhululekile, izinhlangano zomphakathi, kanye nasekwakheni izakhamuzi ezikhuthele. Lapho izakhamuzi zinaka lokho okwenziwa uhulumeni wazo, lapho zibuza izenzo ezingokomthetho, nalapho zihlela ukuveza izinkathazo zazo, zifaka ukuphila esimisweni somthetho-sisekelo. iFederali Paper isikhumbuza ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo awuwona umshini ozibulalayo; udinga umzamo oqhubekayo womuntu ukuba usebenze ngendlela ohlosiwe.

Ukusebenzisa Izimiso Zobuhlanga Ezindabeni Zangesikhathi Esidlule

Izimiso ezibekwe kumaFederalist Paper azizona izingcezu zeminyuziyamu. zihlala zihlobene cishe nayo yonke impikiswano enkulu yezombangazwe eUnited States. Izakhamuzi eziqonda lezizimiso zingahileleka ngokucabangela ngokwengeziwe ezinsukwini zamanje futhi zinikele ngokuphumelelayo enkulumweni yeningi.

Amandla Okuqondisa Nokulondeka Kwesizwe

Izimpikiswano eziphathelene nobukhulu begunya lomongameli ziye zakhula emashumini eminyaka amuva, ikakhulukazi ezindabeni zokhuseleko lwesizwe. Uma igatsha elikhulu lizisholo ukuthi linamandla angokwemvelo okuqondisa, ukuhlasela izitha, noma ukumisa imisebenzi yezempi ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa yinhlangano, lokhu kuveza ukuthi lokhu kumelene nohlelo olusungulwe kuyi-Federalist Papers. Hamilton uphikisane ku-[Folerast] u-No. 70 ukuthi amandla asesikhululweni abalulekile ekuvikeleni isizwe, kodwa futhi wacabanga ukuthi iSishayamthetho sisebenzisa amandla aso siqu ukunqanda umongameli. Izakhamuzi eziqonda lokhu kungathi izenzo zobuphathi ziveza kangcono ukuthi ingabe ukuchaza umthetho-mthetho noma ukukhomba okuyingozi.

Amandla Okwahlulela Nencazelo Yomthetho - sisekelo

Indima yejaji ibiwumthombo wempikiswano kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika. Amaphaphu anikeza ukuqonda ngendlela abahleli bemithetho abacabanga ngayo amandla okwahlulela. Federalist No.[, Hamilton wachaza igatsha ngokuthi "eliyingozi kakhulu" ngoba alinawo "amandla noma ifuna, kodwa isahlulelo esingesona nje." Waphikisa ngokuthi izinkantolo kufanele zibe namandla okumemezela imithetho engavumelani nemithetho, kodwa wagcizelela nokuthi igunya lokwahlulela lixhomeke ekutholeni igunya elithathwe ekunqumeni ngesinqumo.

Izimpikiswano zanamuhla mayelana nokunqanda ukwahlulela nokuthatha isinyathelo sokwahlulela, ukusungula nokulandela umthetho - sisekelo ophilayo, kanye nendima efanelekile yokubukeza ukwahlulela zonke izihloko ezicaciswe kuqala kuyiFederalist Papers. Izakhamuzi eziqonda lezimpikiswano emongweni wazo ongokomlando zingakha izimo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ezindabeni ezisukela kumalungelo okukhipha isisu kuya ekumiseni imithetho yezezimali.

Uhulumeni Nomthetho Wanamuhla

Izingxabano ngohulumeni zivela emikhakheni eminingi yezimiso: ukunakekelwa kwempilo, imfundo, imithetho yendawo ezungezile, umthetho womshado, nobulungisa bobugebengu, uma sibala ezimbalwa nje. Uma uhulumeni ugunyaza uhulumeni ukuba uthathe isinyathelo sikahulumeni ngaphansi kosongo lokuxhasa imali, ingabe lokhu kuyawuhlonipha umthetho- sisekelo phakathi kwegunya lesizwe nezwe? Lapho izimemezelo zishaya imithetho ephikisana nesimiso sikahulumeni, ingabe izinkantolo kufanele ziphoqelele ukubusa kukahulumeni noma zishiye indawo yokuhlola uhulumeni?

AmaFederalist Papers awanikezi izimpendulo ezicacile kulemibuzo, kodwa anikeza uhlelo lokuhlaziya. Izakhamuzi eziqonda izindinganiso ezisetshenziswa yi-unistism —innovation, ukuhlola, ukusabela ezimweni zendawo, ukuvikelwa ekubushineni okuqinile kwe-— isikhankaso sokuhlola iziphakamiso ngokuqonda okukhulu nokuyinkimbinkimbi.

Izinyathelo Eziwusizo Zokujulisa Ukuqonda Kwakho

Ukufunda amaphaphu ngokuqondile kuyindlela engcono kakhulu yokuqonda izimpikiswano zawo futhi uqaphele ukubaluleka kwawo okuqhubekayo. Lezi zindaba zitholakala kabanzi nge-inthanethi ukuze zitholakale mahhala, futhi izinguqulo eziqokonyisiwe zinikeza umongo womlando owusizo. Ukufunda indaba eyodwa ngesonto kungaqeda lonke uchungechunge ngeminyaka engaphansi kwemibili, futhi ngisho nokufunda ukukhethwa kwezincwadi ezidumile kakhulu ze — iManumbers 10, 39, 47, 51, 70, 78, ne-— kunganikeza isisekelo esiqinile.

Amaqembu ezingxoxo nezinhlelo zemfundo yomphakathi zinikeza amathuba okuhlanganyela kulemibhalo ngokubambisana. Izinhlangano ezihlanganisa amaqembu afundayo ezombangazwe nezingqungquthela ezisezincwadini zokusungula, futhi imitapo eminingi nezindawo zomphakathi zinikeza izinhlelo zamahhala ngezihloko zomthetho-sisekelo. Ukuhlanganyela nabanye abaletha imibono ehlukile kungajulisa ukuqonda nokuhlukumeza ukucabanga okugxekayo.

Okokugcina, izakhamuzi zingasebenzisa ulwazi lwazo ngokuhlanganyela engxoxweni eqhubekayo yomthetho-sisekelo. Ukubhalela abahleli izincwadi, ukukhuluma emihlanganweni yasobala, ukuhlanganyela nezikhulu ezikhethiwe, nokuxoxa ngezindaba zomthetho-sisekelo nabangane nomkhaya konke kunengxenye esikweni lomphakathi elisekela uhulumeni womuntu siqu. IFederalist Papers isikhumbuza ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo awuyona nje incwadi engokomthetho kodwa umsebenzi ohlanganyelwe odinga ukuba isigaba ngasinye sihlanganyele ngenkuthalo.

Isiphetho

AmaFederalist Paper amelela impumelelo ephawulekayo ekucabangeni kwezombangazwe nasemfundweni yomphakathi. Ebhalwe ngokushisa kwempi yezombangazwe, noma kunjalo afinyelela izinga lokuqonda nekhono eliye lathola indawo yawo eqoqoni lefilosofi yezombangazwe zaseMelika.

Ukuqonda izimiso zokuhlukanisa imibuso, ukuhlola nokulinganisela, ubuzwe, kanye nerepublicism kuhlomisela izakhamuzi ukuba zihlobise ukuhlaziya isenzo sikahulumeni, zihlanganyele ngokunenjongo ekuphileni komphakathi, futhi zigcine abameleli bazo benobuphindu. AmaFederalist Paper asikhumbuza futhi ukuthi ukubusa kukahulumeni kudinga ulwazi, ukuqapha, nokuthembisana. Kodwa yilendawo efuna inzuzo eyenza ukuba izakhamuzi zentando yeningi zibe ngcono. Imivuzo yokuphila emphakathini okhululekile itholakala ngomzamo odingekayo ukuze zikwazi ukubusekela.