Kuyini Umbuso Wentando Yeningi?

I-autocracy iyisimiso sikahulumeni lapho amandla aphakeme ebekwe khona ezandleni zomuntu oyedwa noma iqembu elincane kakhulu, kungekho ukuhlola okuphumelelayo komthetho-sisekelo kulelogunya. Esimweni sombuso we-autocracy, umbusi noma umbusi obusayo ulawula ngokuphelele ukulawulwa kwezombangazwe, ngokwezomnotho, nangokwenhlalo, ngokuvamile kuvimbela ukungavumelani nokuqeda ukuncintisana kwezombangazwe. I-Autocracy ingathatha izindlela eziningana, kuhlanganise nombuso wobushiqela obuphelele, ubushiqela bempi, kanye nokubusa okukodwa okunengxenye. Ngokomlando, izimiso ze-autocracracy ziye zathethelelwa ngokuzisho kwelungelo laphezulu, ukulondeka kwesizwe, noma ukushisekela umphakathi, kodwa ngokuqhubekayo ikwenza imingcele yokuhlanganyela kwezakhamuzi nenkululeko.

Izimpawu Ze - Autocracy

  • Ukuhlanganisa amandla: igunya eliphelele lihlala kumholi oyedwa noma iqembu eliqiniswe liqinile (junta, polituru).
  • Ubutha bezombangazwe obudiliziwe: amaqembu okuphikiswa avinjelwe, ancishiswe, noma ancishiswe; umphakathi wezakhamuzi ozimele ubuthakathaka.
  • Inkululeko yomphakathi encishisiwe: Inkululeko yokukhuluma, yokunyathelisa, yokuhlangana, nenkolo incishiswa kakhulu.
  • Amandla aphethe angaphehlwanga: Umbusi angenza izinqumo ngaphandle kwemvume yomthetho noma ukubukeza kokwahlulela.
  • [ Ukusetshenziswa kokuphoqelela: amabutho awokulondeka, amaphoyisa omshoshaphansi, kanye nenkulumo - ze kusetshenziselwa ukugcina ukulawula.

Izinhlobo Zentando Yeningi

Imibuso ye-autocracy ayiyona i-monolithic; iyahluka ngokwendlela ehlelwe ngayo nangemibono.

Inkosi ephelele

Ebusweni obuphelele, inkosi (inkosi, indlovukazi, umbusi) iphethe ubukhosi obuphelele, ngokuvamile ithi igunya laphezulu. iSaudi Arabia neUnited Arabhu Emirates ziyizibonelo zamanje lapho umkhaya obusayo ulawula khona kokubili uhulumeni nemithombo emikhulu yezomnotho. Ngokungafani nombuso womthetho sisekelo (isib., iUnited Kingdom), amakhosi aphelele awaboshiwe umthetho - sisekelo noma iphalamende elikhethiwe.

Imithombo yangaphandle: Britannica – Autocracy inikeza ukucubungula okubanzi kwezimiso zomthetho kanye nokuziphendukela kwazo okungokomlando.

Ukucindezela

Ubushiqela buyisimo sombuso wanamuhla lapho umuntu oyedwa (umashiqela) noma iqembu elincane elithatha khona amandla, ngokuvamile ngokubusa kwemibuso noma ukubusa kwezempi. Izibonelo zihlanganisa i-North Korea ngaphansi kukaKim Jong-un, i-Belarus ngaphansi kuka-Alexander Lukashenko, ne-Siriya ngaphansi kukaBashar al-Assad. Imikhosi yombuso iphawulwa ngokuqapha okugcwele, ukukhomba amahlelo obuntu, nokusebenzisa kabi amalungelo abantu.

Kuyini Ukubusa Ngentando Yeningi?

Idemokrasi iyisimiso sokubusa lapho amandla ethathwa khona kubantu, ngokuqondile noma ngamanxusa akhethwe ngokukhululekile. Leligama livela kwelesiGreki dēmokratia, okusho ukuthi "kubusa abantu." Embusweni wentando yeningi, izakhamuzi zinelungelo lokuhlanganyela ekwenzeni izinqumo zezombangazwe, ukukhetha abaholi bazo okhethweni oluvamile nolulungile, futhi zigcine labo baholi benecala. Izimiso zentando yeningi zihlanganisa ukulingana kwezombangazwe, ukubusa okunamalungelo amancane, ukuvikelwa kwenkululeko yomphakathi, nokubusa komthetho.

Izimpawu Zombuso Wentando Yeningi

  • ubukhosi obuphaphamayo: Umthombo oyinhloko wegunya i-sakhamuzi.
  • Ukhetho olukhululekile nolungakho: njalo, ukhetho oluncintisanayo olunamavoti ayimfihlo embulunga yonke.
  • Ubunikazi obuyi-intshi:[ amaqembu amaningi ezombangazwe namaqembu enzalo ancintisana ukuze athole ithonya.
  • Ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo:[ Inkululeko yomphakathi enjengokukhuluma, ukunyathelisa, umhlangano, nenkolo kuqinisekisiwe ngomthetho.
  • I-'umthetho': Bonke abantu nezinhlangano, kuhlanganise nohulumeni, bangaphansi komthetho futhi banecala.
  • Izenzo zikahulumeni zivulekele ekuhlolweni nasekuqondiseni komphakathi.

Izinhlobo Zombuso Wentando Yeningi

Imibuso ehlukahlukene ikhona, futhi lemifanekiso emibili evelele kakhulu ithi:

Intando yeningi Eqondile

Kuyintando yeningi eqondile, izakhamuzi zivota ngokuqondile ezindabeni zesimiso kunokuba zikhethe abameleli. Lesisimo sasetshenziswa e-Athene yasendulo futhi sisasetshenziswa kwezinye izintambo ze-Swisss futhi sisetshenziswa ngezindlela zokuthatha i-colorbator ezindaweni ezinjenge California. Nokho, ukulawulwa kwentando yeningi ngokuqondile kunzima ukufinyelela inani elikhulu labantu ngenxa yobunkimbinkimbi bezindaba nesidingo sokuvota njalo.

Intando Yeningi Emelele Uhulumeni

Iningi lentando yeningi yentando yeningi yanamuhla limelelwa: izakhamuzi ezikhethelwe ukwenza izinqumo ngenxa yazo. Lesimiso singahlukaniswa ngokuqhubekayo ngokwentando yeningi yephalamende (isizk., iJalimane, iNdiya, iCanada) nedemocracy yomongameli (umz., iUnited States, iBrazil). Zombili lezizilinganiso zihilela ukuhlola nokulinganisela, izigebengu ezizimele, nezimiso zomthetho ezilinganisela amandla kahulumeni.

Imithombo yangaphandle: [[Umthetho:0] United Nations – Democracy ihlela izindinganiso nezimiso zomhlaba wonke ezisekela ukubusa kwentando yeningi.

Umehluko Oyinhloko Phakathi Kwentando Yeningi Nentando Yeningi

Nakuba kokubili ukubusa ngentando yeningi nentando yeningi kuyizimiso zokuhlela igunya lezombangazwe, bancibilika ngokuyisisekelo endleleni amandla atholakala ngayo, asetshenziswa ngayo, futhi aqiniswa ngayo. Ingxenye elandelayo yokuqhathanisa iqokomisa ukuhlukanisa okubucayi kakhulu:

Ukusakaza Amandla Nomthombo Wegunya

Kumbuso we-autocracy, amandla asuka phezulu phansi ngezansi, umbusi uthi unegunya eliphelele, ngokuvamile elisekelwe ekulandeleleni kofuzo, ekunqobeni impi, noma ekubuseni kwemibuso ehlukahlukene. Ebuthweni lentando yeningi, amandla aphansi: asuka emvumeni yababuswayo, eboniswa ngokhetho nangomphakathi. Lomehluko oyisisekelo uhlela zonke ezinye izici zokubusa.

Ukwenziwa kwenqubo

Ukwenza isinqumo okuzenzekelayo kushesha, kungamaphakathi, futhi kufiphele. Umholi oyedwa noma umcuphi omncane angamisa izinqubo ngaphandle kwenkulumo-mphikiswano yomphakathi, ukuvunyelwa kwemithetho, noma ukubukezwa kokwahlulela. Lesivinini singaba ngcono ezinkingeni (umz., izimo eziphuthumayo zezempi) kodwa ngokuvamile singazinaki izidingo nezifiso zomphakathi. Ukwenza isinqumo sedemocratic, ngokuphikisana, kuthatha kancane, kususa imingcele, futhi kucace. Kudinga ukuvumelana, ukuhlanganisa, nokuhlehlela phakathi kwababheki bemi, kuhlanganise namaqembu aphikisayo, amaqembu enzalo, nomphakathi.

Ukuhlanganyela Ezakhamuzini Namalungelo

Kuhulumeni, izakhamuzi ziyizikhonzi, azinazo izigigaba. Azinayo indlela esemthethweni yokuthonya noma yokususa abaholi. Ukungavumelani kuphazanyiswa, futhi ukuthatha uhlangothi kwezombangazwe kulinganiselwe ezinhlanganweni ezilawulwa uhulumeni. Ebuthweni lentando yeningi, izakhamuzi zijabulela amalungelo amaningi: zingavota, zisebenzise izikhundla, zakhele izinxulumano, zivukele ngokuthula, zigxeke uhulumeni, futhi zingenele. Izimiso zezesayensi yezesayensi yezenhlalakahle, njengezezwi lomphakathi, i-astenteum, nenkululeko yemithetho yokwaziswa.

Ukulandisa Nokuhlola Amandla

Imibuso ye-autocracracs ayinazo izinhlangano ezizimele ezingacindezela umbusi. Ijaji, isishayamthetho, nemithombo yezindaba zingaphansi kwesikhulu. Ukonakala kuvame ukungajeziswa ngoba akukho ukwahlukana kwemibuso. Uma kuqhathaniswa, i-Democraccac, isungula imishini yokuhlola nokulinganisela: i-jaji elizimele, i-medicary, i-pacter ekhululekile, isishaya-mthetho esingahlola futhi singagunyaza, nomphakathi ophethe izenzo zikahulumeni. I-akhawunti iphoqwa ngokhetho, lapho abavoti bengasusa khona ama-ccccument, futhi ngezimiso ezingokomthetho ezinjengokuhlola i-ombsman.

Imiphumela Engokomnotho Nezenhlalo

Nakuba imibuso ye-autocracracy ingafinyelela ukukhula okusheshayo kwezomnotho (njengoba kubonwa eSingapore ngaphansi kukaLee Kuan Yew noma iChina emashumini eminyaka amuva), ngokuvamile yenza kanjalo ngokulahlekelwa inkululeko yomuntu siqu, ukungalingani kwenzuzo, nokuwohloka kwendawo ezungezile. Izimiso zedemocratic zithambekele ekuvezeni intuthuko eqinile, ukuvikelwa okungcono kwamalungelo empahla, kanye nezinga eliphakeme lokuthuthuka komuntu, nakuba zingase zilwisane nokuthatha kancane ukwenza izinqumo nezingxabano eziphehlayo. Ukucwaninga ezinhlanganweni ezinjengeFree House ne - Economist Intelligence Unity kubonisa ukuthi idemocralition ngokuvamile ifinyelela ezindimeni ezilinganisweni zezombangazwe, inkululeko yenkululeko, yesizwe, nezinga lokuphila.

Imithombo yangaphandle: Inkululeko - Indlu eMhlabeni ikhipha umbiko olinganisela amazwe ezombangazwe nenkululeko yomphakathi, inikeza ukwaziswa okungavumelaniyo phakathi kombuso wentando yeningi.

Izibonelo Zombuso Wentando Yeningi Nasezweni Lanamuhla

Izenzakalo zezwe langempela zisiza ekuchazeni imiqondo ecatshangelwayo. Ngezansi kunezibonelo ezivelele zesimiso ngasinye, kanye nezincazelo ezimfushane zendlela ezisebenza ngayo.

Imibuso Elandelayo

  • North Korea - Umbuso wobushiqela ngaphansi kombuso kaKim, olawulwa uhulumeni, ongenazo iziteshi ezikhululekile, futhi othanda umholi. Izwe linombuso wezwe ocindezela kakhulu, osetshenziswa kakhulu emakamu ezombangazwe.
  • - Ngenkathi i-republic ye-socialist ngokomthetho, iChina iyisigaba esisodwa esingaphansi kweQela lamaKhomanisi laseChina. Iqembu lilawula wonke amagatsha kahulumeni, licindezela ukungavumelani ngezindlela ezingokomthetho nezingaphezulu, futhi liqondisa izakhamuzi ngokudlula embusweni omkhulu wokuhlola.
  • RUSSIA – Under Vladimir Putin, iRussia iye yaqinisa amandla kumaqembu aphethe izikhulu, aphikisayo, nakulawula kwemithombo yezindaba ephethe imithombo yezindaba. Izinhlelo azikhululekile futhi azilungile, futhi umbuso usebenzisa ukunqatshelwa ngokungakhethi, ukucusumbulwa, ukuhlolwa, nobudlova ukuze ulondoloze ukulawula.
  • Saudi Arabia - Inkosi ephethe inkosi iphethe isikhulu, izikhulu zomthetho, negunya lokwahlulela. Izinhlangano zezombangazwe zivinjelwe, ukuphikisana komphakathi kuyaqedwe, futhi amalungelo abesifazane abekwe imingcele enzima ngokomlando, nakuba ezinye izinguquko zenzeke muva nje.

Imibuso Emisiwe

  • uJamani [ - A uhulumeni wentando yeningi wephalamende onomthetho-sisekelo oqinile (uMthetho oyisisekelo) ovikela amalungelo ayisisekelo. Uhulumeni uhlukaniswa ube yisikhulu (umshini), umthetho (uMphathi noBundesrat), namagatsha okwahlulela. I-Ecostations akhululekile, futhi amaqembu amaningi ancintisana njalo.
  • Indiya - idemokrasi yomhlaba enkulu kunazo zonke, nesimiso sephalamende, ikomiti yezenyunyana, nomphakathi onamandla. Naphezu kwezinselele ezinjengokonakala nokucindezelwa okungokwenkolo, iNdiya yenza ukhetho oluvamile ngomvoti omkhulu nomboni okhululekile.
  • yaseJapan - Umbuso womthetho-sisekelo onohulumeni wephalamende. UDiet (umbuso) ukhethwa, futhi undunankulu uyinhloko kahulumeni. iJapane ilondoloza isivikelo esinamandla senkululeko yomphakathi nokubusa okuqinile komthetho.
  • .nada - Isimiso sokubusa ngentando yeningi sephalamende nombuso womthetho-sisekelo. Amandla ahlukaniswa phakathi kohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni besifunda, kanye namasheke anikezwa iNkantolo Ephakeme nezindaba zamahhala. Izicelo zigcinwa njalo ngemva kweminyaka emine, ngokuthunyelwa okunokuthula kwamandla.

Ithonya Lokubusa Enhlanganweni

Ukwakheka kokubusa kushintsha ukuphila kwezenhlalo, kwezomnotho, namasiko.

Ukuthuthuka Kwezomnotho

Imibuso ingafinyelela amazinga aphakeme okukhula okufushane ngokuqondisa imithombo yemisebenzi ehlelelwe uhulumeni izinto eziza kuqala, ukucindezela amalungelo okusebenza, nokugwema ukucubungula ngentando yeningi. Nokho, ukusekela kwezomnotho isikhathi eside kuvame ukubangelwa ukubhacekwa ngenxa yokungaqiniseki, ukuntuleka, nokungavikelwa kahle kwamalungelo empahla. I-Democraccaces, nakuba ngezinye izikhathi ithatha kancane ukuba ithathe isinyathelo, ngokuvamile iveza ukuqina okuqhubekayo nokukhula okugcwele. Ithambekele ekufakeni imali eningi enhloko-nkulu (imfundo, impilo) nemanetha yokuphepha kwezenhlalo, okuholela ekuchumeni okukhulu. Izifundo ezivela eWorld Bank zibonisa ukuthi ukwanda kwempahla akuvamile ukuba ibhuntsha noma ukuwohloka kwezomnotho.

Amalungelo Nenkululeko Yesintu

Imibuso ye-autocracracy iphula ngokulandelana kwezombangazwe namalungelo omphakathi. Ukuboshwa kwezezombangazwe, ukuhlushwa, ukuhlolisiswa kwezincwadi, nemithetho enqabela inhlangano. I-Democracracy, ngokuklanywa, ivikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye futhi inikeze usizo olungokomthetho ekuxhashazweni kokuxhashazwa kwemithetho engafanele. Futhi ithambekele ekutheni kunamazinga aphansi okubulala okungaphezulu, ukunyamalala, nokuboshwa kwezombangazwe. ISimemezelo somhlaba Wonke Samalungelo Abantu, esamukelwa yi-UN General Assembly ngo-1948, sifaka izimiso ezilwela ukugcinwa yidemocracy, kuyilapho izikhulu ze-acracracism ziwadelela indele njalo.

Ukuzinza Nokuxabana Kwezenhlalo

Imibuso ivame ukucindezela ukuphikisana ngempoqo, idala umehluko wokuzinza ongafihla izingxabano ezisemzimbeni. Uma ukuphikiswa kungenakuziveza ngokuthula, kungaphendukela ebudloveni noma ekuvukeleni, kuholele empini yombango (umz., Syria, Libya). Imibuso ivumela ukubhikisha okunokuthula nokushintsha ngokhetho, okunciphisa amathuba empi enobudlova. Nokho, idemocracy ayigodleki ekuncipheni noma ekuntengantengantenga, ikakhulukazi lapho izinhlangano zibuthakathaka noma lapho izimiso zokhetho zinephutha. Izinhlangano zentando yeningi ziyakwazi ukubhekana nokuphikisana okungcono ngaphandle kokuphendukela ebudloveni.

Ukuguqulwa Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko

Imisebenzi ye-autocracca ivame ukuvimbela ikhono lokusungula izinto kanye nenkululeko yokuhlakanipha ngenxa yokuhlola, ukucindezela, nokwesaba ukuphindisela. Ulwembu lwe- Independent, umbiko, nophenyo lwesayensi kuvame ukuncishiswa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-Democraccas ithuthukisa impucuko yokuxoxa ngokukhululekile nokuhlola, okubangela ukuthuthukiswa kwemibono, isivikelo ngemithetho yokukhuluma ekhululekile, kuye kwaba isici esiyinhloko ekuthuthukisweni kwentuthuko esheshayo kwezesayensi yezentando yeningi yamazwe esebenzela idemocratic.

Imithombo yangaphandle: [[QUL:0] Economist Intelligence Unit – Democracy Index 2023 inikeza amazwe ngezindawo alawula uhlobo lwempumelelo yezomnotho, inkululeko yomphakathi, kanye nezinga lokuphila.

Imiqondo Engokomlando: Ukuziphendukela Kwentando Yeningi Nentando Yeningi

Ukuqonda imvelaphi engokomlando yalezi zimiso kujulisa ukwazisa kwethu umehluko wazo.

Ukwanda Kwentando Yeningi

Ukubusa kwe-autocracy kudala njengempucuko ngokwayo. Imibuso yasendulo − iGibithe, iPheresiya, iRoma ngaphansi kwababusi, iChina ngaphansi kwegunya lezulu − yayiyi-autocracy yonke. Ukuguqukela kweRiphabliki lamaRoma eMbusweni wamaRoma ngo-7 BCE kwaphawula ukusuka kohlobo lukahulumeni omeleleyo ukuya ekubuseni kombuso ozimele ngaphansi kuka-Augustus kanye nabalawuli bakhe. EYurophu yenkathi ephakathi, umbuso ozimele waba yisiko, amakhosi ayezishaya ilungelo laphezulu. Ikhulu lama-20 yabona ukuvela kwemibuso yobushiqela eJalimane yobuNazi, i-Fascist Italy, neSoviet Union, lapho umbuso uhlose ukulawula zonke izici zokuphila. Namuhla, ukubusa kwezenkampathi yezomthetho kuyaqhubeka, ngokuvamile kuvumelana nobuchwepheshe banamuhla bezempangala.

Ukuthuthuka Kwentando Yeningi

Imvelaphi yedemokrase ivame ukulandelelwa e-Athene yasendulo (c. 508 BCE), lapho izakhamuzi zavota khona ngokuqondile ngokomthetho. Kodwa idemokrasi yanyamalala kakhulu emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka, yaphinde yahlanganiswa iwumbuso kahulumeni omelele ekhulwini le-18 nele-19. INguquko yaseMelika (17766) neNguquko yaseFrance (179) yamisa amaRiphabliki asekelwe ekubuseni okuthandwa kwabantu, nakuba ekuqaleni yayilinganiselwe kubantu abahleli ngokufanele. Amaza edempucule embulo esakaze inyakazeke phakathi kwekhulu le-19 nelethu, kuhlanganise nokwanda kwezimiso zephalamende eYurophu, kanye nokudlondlo ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II. Isiphelo seMpi yomshoshamba ngo-1999, nakuba eminyakeni yamuva kuye kwabangela ukukhushuka kwembulunga yonke inqubo ye-Rhaviya, njenge-Hungary, i-India, i-1910.

Okwenza Ukuqonda Umehluko Kubaluleke

Kubafundi, othisha, nezakhamuzi eziboshelwe ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwesimiso sombuso wentando yeningi nombuso wentando yeningi akuyona indlela ecatshangelwayo. Kuthinta ngokuqondile indlela esibheka ngayo abaholi bezombangazwe, sichaza izindaba, futhi sihlanganyela ekubuseleni kwethu. Esikhathini sokudlondlobala kwemibuso yempatho nesimiso sokubusa ngentando yeningi, ukuqaphela izimpawu eziyisixwayiso zejaji, ukuvimbela ukusakazwa kwezindaba ezikhululekile, nokucindezelwa kokuphikiswa okubalulekile ekuvikeleni izinhlangano zentando yeningi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lokhu kuthuthukisa uzwela kubantu abaphila ngaphansi kwemibuso yentando yeningi futhi kusekela imizamo yokuthuthukisa amalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke.

Isiphetho

I-autocracy nentando yeningi kumelela amafilosofi aphikisanayo ngokuyisisekelo nokubusa. Enye igxilisa amandla ezandleni zabambalwa noma ezinhlangothini; enye iwusakaza phakathi kwabaningi. Enye ixhomeke ekuphoqeleleni nasekulawuleni; enye ixhomeke ekwamukeleni nasekuhlanganyeleni. Enye imingcele yenkululeko; enye iyazivikela. Ngokuhlola izici zayo, izibonelo, kanye nemiphumela yezezesayensi, sithola ukucaca ngemiphakathi yezombangazwe ebhekene nezigxobo ezihilelekile. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumfundi obhala iphepha, uthisha uklama uhlelo lwezifundo, noma umhloli wevoti, ukuqonda lezizimiso ezimbili kubaluleke kakhulu ekuqondiseni indawo yezombangazwe yekhulu lama-21 leminyaka.

Ukuze ufunde ngokuqhubekayo, cabangela i- Commotionals Project, ehlaziya amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo ezindaweni ezibusa ngedemokrasi nangezikhundla ze-autocracy, inikeza ukuhlola okujulile ngokuthi amapulani angokomthetho abonisa noma acindezela kanjani amandla.