Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela singaphezu nje kokwenza umthetho-sisekelo oqinile; umgogodla osebenzayo wokubusa kwaseMelika, oklanyelwe ukuvimbela noma iliphi igatsha ekuqoqeni amandla angalawuliwe. Ngokusakaza igunya phakathi kwe-proguagist, isikhulu, namagatsha okwahlulela, lesi sici siqinisekisa ukuthi ukwenziwa komthetho, ukugcinwa, nokuchazwa kuhlala kuxhomekekile futhi kubekelwe icala. Njengoba uJames Maconsquieucism efaka ku-Monte [[FLT:] [FLD:]] umlomo woMthetho [[FLT: 1], futhi lowabo ngokwawo, kumelwe ulwenze lolu lwawo lwamakolo, lufake lesimiso somthetho ukuba ulwenze ukulinganisa okuqhubekayo, nokuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Njengoba u-Ricodipose insective encikelweni yemithetho yayo ebumbene.[5] U-Noctlah3], “uthrouthroup" ukuhlolwa icebo sokuhlola isilinganiso sesimiso somthetho, nokuhlola ngokuhlola nokulungisa, nokulungisa, ukuhleleka kwezimiso, ukuhlelwa kwemithetho,

Isisekelo Somlando Samagobolondo Nokulinganisela

Imvelaphi yokuhlakanipha nokulinganisela ihlehlela emuva eRoma lasendulo futhi yacwengisiswa yizazi zokukhanyiselwa. UBaron de Montesquieu u- Umoya woMthetho (1748]) waveza ukuthi inkululeko yezombangazwe idinga ukuhlukaniswa kwemithetho, ukubusa, imibuso, izikhulu, izikhulu, ikakhulukazi uMadison noAlexander Hamilton, waguqula lomqondo ukuze kwakhiwe uhulumeni lapho igatsha ngalinye lingamelana khona nokungenela kwezinye. Umphumela wawuwumsebenzi womthetho wezomthetho wezomthetho ogcwele izihloko zeSiphakamiso I, II, nesoku-1.

Isimiso sachazwa ngokwengeziwe incazelo ebanzi yamaphepha. Inqubo yayingahlukanisiwe nje kuphela kodwa ukuhlelwa kwamabomu kwemithetho: umongameli u-veto umthetho, umongameli, umlawuli, futhi izinkantolo zingamemezela kokubili izenzo ze-Congress nezenzo zezikhulu. Lesimiso esiqinile sidala amandla aguqukile aqalayo.

Amagatsha Amathathu Namandla Awo Omthetho - sisekelo

Ngaphambi kokuhlola indlela amasheke nezilinganiso ezisebenza ngayo, kubalulekile ukuqonda amandla ayisisekelo egatsha ngalinye njengoba echazwa uMthetho - sisekelo:

  • Igatsha elinomthetho (Ikhonsathi): ISiphakamiso I sifaka wonke amandla omthetho eSishayamthetho eSishaya-mthetho, ahlanganisa amandla okukhokha intela, ukuboleka, ukuboleka imali, ukulawula ezentengiselwano, ukumemezela impi, nokwenza yonke imithetho “ifaneleke futhi ifaneleke ngokukhipha amandla ayo ahlukene.
  • Igatsha eliphethe (umholi): ISiphakamiso II sibeka amandla okuphatha kumongameli onomthwalo wemfanelo wokumisa imithetho, ukuyala kwezempi, ukuqhuba inkambiso yangaphandle, nokumisa izikhulu zikahulumeni (ngeseluleko seSigele nangemvume).
  • Igatsha eliphethe i-Judicial (ama-Chort): ISiphakamiso III simisa iNkantolo Ephakeme nezinkantolo zikahulumeni eziphansi ezigunyaza amacala aphakama ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni, izivumelwano, noMthetho-sisekelo. Ijaji lichaza imithetho futhi libukeze ubukho bayo bomthetho-sisekelo.

Lemibuso ingena futhi ayiphelele — igatsha ngalinye lidinga ukubambisana namanye ukuze lisebenze ngokuphumelelayo, liphoqelele ukuxoxisana nokuhlehla.

Imishini Yezinqola Nezilinganiso: Ukuwohloka Okunemininingwane

Imishini esetshenziswayo iningi futhi yenza imishini esebenzayo elawula yonke impikiswano enkulu. Ngezansi kuhlolwa kabanzi ukuthi igatsha ngalinye lihlola kanjani eminye, kuhlanganise nezibonelo ezingokoqobo zezwe.

Umthetho Uhlola Isikhulu

UKhongolose usebenzisa amathuluzi amaningana anamandla ukuze wengamele futhi acindezele umongameli nesimiso sikahulumeni:

  • Ukuqinisekisa ama-screation of Trancs: ISigele kumele siqinisekise umongameli wababhali bekhathenal, abahluleli be-costal, amanxusa, nezinye izikhulu zesigaba esiphakeme. Lomandla angavimbela noma abambezele uhlelo lukamongameli. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-2016, iSigele esilawulwa yiRepublica senqaba ukuvala icala leNkanto ePhakathi eMermineick Garland, ngokuphumelelayo ukuqeda amandla kaMongameli Obama okumisa cishe unyaka wonke.
  • Ukuhlanganisa nokukhipha: Indlu ingaphazamisa umongameli, isekela likamongameli, nezinye izikhulu zomphakathi ngenxa “yomcabango, ukufumbathisa, noma ezinye izenzo zobugebengu ezinkulu kanye nezingafanelekile.] Khona - ke iSigele sizama icala futhi singasusa ngevoti eliphindwe kabili. Abameli uAndrew Johnson, uBill Clinton, noDonald Trump bonke babhekene nokungagunyazi; uJohnson noTrump basuswa kodwa abasuswanga.
  • Amandla entengo: UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza iziKhomishane igunya elikhethekile ezimalini ezifanele. Ayikho imali engasetshenziswa ngaphandle kohlelo lwe-communement aprophing. Lokhu kuhlola ngokuvamile kusetshenziselwa ukulinganisela isenzo sokuphatha (ngokwesibonelo, iSishaya-Mnyango siye salinganisela ukuxhaswa kwemisebenzi yezempi eYemen futhi senqabela ukusetshenziswa kwemali ukudlulisa amaGuantamo emaphethe.
  • Ukuqapha nophenyo: AmaKomiti angaphatha ukuqulwa kwamacala, amaphepha epepuna kanye nofakazi, futhi ahlole imisebenzi yegatsha eliphethe. Izibonelo ze-High-profile zihlanganisa iKhomittee yaseSigqeni (1903) ne Home 6 January (201-202222).
  • I-Legislative Engasetshenziswanga i-Vitoes: Izikhondla-Mkhandlu zingadlula i-veto ye-presidential withs ngevoti yama-3 2 emagumbini womabili, nakuba lokhu kuyivela kancane. Ukudunyiswa kwe-veto kaMongameli Trump ka-Trump ka-National Defense Imp Relegiver Act ngo-2020 kwakuyisenzakalo esisodwa esinjalo.

Ukuqondisa Isimiso Sezomthetho Kuhlola Imithetho

Umongameli angahlola iSishaya - mthetho ngokuqondile nangaqondile:

  • UVoto Power: Umongameli angakhipha noma yimuphi umthetho odluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho. U-veto angancitshiswa kuphela nge-tatu ye-magellant, eyenza ibe ithuluzi eliqinile lemithetho. Ngokwesibonelo, uMongameli uFranklin D. Roosevelt aved 635, ngokuphawulekayo i-New Commonmental withod remotical.
  • Ukuhlela Iziqephu Ezikhethekile:[ Umongameli angamisa iziKhongolo zesimiso esikhethekile, amandla angaqondakali asetshenziselwa ngokomlando ukuphoqelela isinyathelo ezindabeni ezibucayi, njenganjengoMongameli Truman ebiza i-Congress ukuba ibuye ikhulumele ukwehla kwamandla emali nokugadla kwezisebenzi ngo-1948.
  • I-Exective Orders: Nakuba ingeyiyo i-chezu engokomthetho, iziyalo zezikhulu zivumela umongameli ukuba aqondise igatsha eliphetheyo ukuba lithathe izinyathelo ngaphandle kwemithetho emisha. Lokhu kungathonya isimiso sokufuduka, indawo ezungezile, nokulondeka kwesizwe, futhi ngezinye izikhathi nokushwamputha noma ukusebenzelana ngenhloso yokuhlanganisa.
  • Isikhwama se-Procet Veto:[ Uma izingqungquthela zikhona phakathi nezinsuku eziyishumi zokuthumela incwadi kumongameli, futhi umongameli akasayisayini, isikweleti siyafa ngaphandle kweveto-enzile `lokhu kuyiphakethe leveto' futhi ngeke ikwazi ukuvala igemfe.

Ukwahlulela Kuhlola Zombili Izigatsha

I-jadiary yejaji ngokuyinhloko amandla okuhlola kokwahlulela, “‘ igunya lokuqeda imithetho nezenzo zezikhulu eziphula uMthetho-sisekelo. Lamandla asungulwa ku- Marbury v. Madison [1803] futhi ibilokhu iyitshe eliphethe leNkantolo Ephakeme kusukela ngaleso sikhathi.

  • Judicial Review of Federal Laws: Inkantolo Ephakeme ingahlasela izenzo ze-Congress. Izibonelo ze-Landmark zihlanganisa Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo[ [1954]) eqeda ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga, kanye i-Fontal Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius[[[FLT:] (20)] isekela i-Afford Carections Acts joct njengentela kodwa ilinganisela ukwandiswa kweMidi.
  • Imibono yezenzo eziphetheyo: Izinkantolo zingabusa ukuthi imiyalo kamongameli idlula umthetho-sisekelo noma igunya lomthetho. Intsha ehamba phambili eStown Comment & Lamp; Tube Co. v. Sayer (11952], iNkantolo yavala ukuthathelwa i-Presidenti ka-Truman izinsimbi phakathi neMpi yase-Korea, iqinisekisa ukuthi umongameli akanakwenza umthetho ngaphandle kwemvume yokuhlanganisa.
  • Ukufakwa koMthetho-sisekelo: ngamandla omthetho-sisekelo, ijaji lichaza izinga lamalungelo nemingcele emandleni kahulumeni. ISichibiyelo sesine sokuvikela ekufuneni okungenangqondo, ngokwesibonelo, siye salolongwa amakhulu ezinqumo zenkantolo.
  • Imibono yemithetho kaHulumeni: izinkantolo zeFederal zihlola futhi umthetho kahulumeni ophikisana nomthetho kahulumeni noma noMthetho-sisekelo, ngaphansi kweSidume Claus.

Amasheke Phakathi Kwamazwe NoHulumeni Owesizwe (Umbuso WaseFederali)

Nakuba kungesona isehlo sokuhlola igatsha, uhulumeni usebenza njengesinye isehlo sokwakha. Amazwe alondoloza ubukhosi futhi angabekela inselele ukuphambana kukahulumeni ngokumangalelwa, ngokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo (isiHlamiso seshumi), nokuhlanganyela e-Electoral College nase-Gagement. Izishaya-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho futhi zilungisa, zinika izintambo eziqondile ekulungiseni ukulinganisela kombuso.

Indlela Amahlola Nokulinganisela Okuthonya Ngayo Umthetho Nomthetho

Ngezansi kunezibonelo ezintathu ezibonisa indlela izinto ezisebenza ngayo.

Inqubo Yohlelo Lokusetshenziswa Kohlelo Lokusetshenziswa Kwemali

Imali kahulumeni yaminyaka yonke iyindaba yencwadi yokuhlola nokulinganisela esebenzayo. UMongameli ufaka isicelo sokusebenzisa imali, kodwa uMkhandlu unamandla omthetho-sisekelo wesikhwama. Indlu neSigele kudlulisa izinqumo ezihlukene zemali nezindleko zezokushaya izicelo; kumelwe kuvumelane, khona - ke thumela isikweleti esihlangene kumongameli sokusayinwa noma ukufakwa kwe-veto. Uma uMkhandlu uhluleka ukudlulisa iziphakamiso, uhulumeni uvala phansi cishe ngezinsuku ezingu-35 ngo-2018202019619 ngezimali ezixhasa umngcele. Inqubo i-meo i-acerve i-acessss phakathi kwamagatsha futhi ngokuvamile iphumela ekuyeni ngokuyekethisa amaphakethe angasekelwanga amaqembu.

Umthetho Wezempilo: Umthetho Wokunakekela Ongashibhile

I-Patient Protection and Affordal Care Act (ACA) ka-2010 ibonisa indlela igatsha ngalinye elisebenzelana ngayo. IsiKhomishane sashaya umthetho ngemva kwenkulumo ephikisayo; uMongameli u-Obama sawusayina. Abaphikisi ngokushesha bayibekela inselele i-systellary. INkantolo Ephakeme, NFIB v. Sebelius [202], u-202], wasekela amalungiselelo amaningi kodwa waqeda ukwanda okusemthethweni, wawayala umthetho. Kamuva, uKhokhisi - ngokomthetho wazama ukubuyisela izindleko ze-AAA ngokubuyisana; uMongameli Omaveteveze leyo . Ngemva kokhetho, uMkhandlu weRepublicralictic Congmentationsturence wasebenzisa iziyalezo ukuze anciphise umthetho. (ukwehk), futhi iphinde izwa izikhala zeze i-AFoctives.[2]

Amalungelo Omphakathi Nenkululeko

Umthetho wamalungelo abantu ophawulwe ngezwe, njengomthetho we-Civil Rights Act ka-1964 neVoting Rights Act of 1965, owasungulwa eKhongomeni, wasayinwa nguMongameli Johnson noNixon, futhi kamuva wachazwa futhi ngezinye izikhathi walinganiselwa yizinkantolo. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo Ephakeme Shelby County v. I-Hander [2013]) yaphula umthetho odluliselwe i-Voting Rights Act, yakwazi ukuvala imfuneko yayo yangaphambili yokulawula i-Rocemental. Ekuphenduleni, ibone ukuthi i-Callssssss areaery idingingssssssss, igcizelela indlela ukuchaza impikiswano yokukhipha i-mthetho.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwamazwe Angaphandle Namandla Empi

UMthetho-sisekelo uhlukanisa imibuso yempi: UKhongolo lumemezela impi, uMongameli uyala impi, futhi ugunyaza izivumelwano. ISishaya-mthetho seMpi soMkhosi wakwa-1937 (sidlulisiwe kuMongameli uNixon's sifuna umongameli ukuba athintane noMkhandlu ngaphambi kokufaka amabutho empi futhi akhiphe amabutho ngemva kwezinsuku ezingu-60 ngaphandle kokuba uHulumeni ugunyaze ukuqhubeka kwempi. Lokhu kuhlola kuye kwaba nokuphikisana: abefundisi baye baphikisana njalo nesinqumo semiyalo kumphathi wemikhosi yemibuso, futhi iSishaya - sisekelo siye sasebenzisa kancane ukuphoyisa izinyathelo zobumongameli, njengango 2011 eLibya, lapho ukungenela kweSishayamthetho sezwe sabanga elingu-60 sosuku besingawusebenzisi. Isimiso sokulwa kwemiyayama siye saqala ukuphikisana phakathi kwemiya emkhosini.

Izinselele Zesimiso Sesikhathi Esizayo

Nakuba sekuyiminyaka engaphezu kuka - 230 kunezivivinyo nezinga eliqinile, zibhekene nobunzima obukhulu esimweni sezombangazwe sanamuhla.

Ukuhlanyiswa Kwelanga Ne - gridlock

Amahlelo amakhulu aguqula umthetho-sisekelo ukuba ube izikhali zokuvimbela. I-filbuster eSigeqeni (ithuluzi lezemfundo elidinga amavoti angu-60 ukuze kuqedwe impikiswano) ivumela idlanzana ukuba livale umthetho, kuholele ekunqandeni izimpikiswano ezisukela ekushintsheni kwezokufuduka zilawuleni izibhamu. Ngokufanayo, inqubo yokuqinisekisa abahluleli iye yaya iba yinqikaza kakhulu, ngokubambezela nokuzwa okuphikiswayo. Uhulumeni uvala (ukuvinjelwa) njengokushwa kokuncishwa kwama-cps·ap·arop) kuwumphumela oqondile wempikiswano enqubeni yemithetho elawula ukuthutha izibhamu. Lezi zinciphisa amandla zikahulumeni zokusabela ezinkingeni ezibucayi, njengoba kubonakala phakathi nokusabela kuka-202020.

Ukufinyelela Kwesikhulu Esiphethe Nesihloko Senhlangano

Abaholi bawo womabili amaqembu baye bandisa amandla okuphatha, ngokuvamile basunduza imingcele yegunya lomthetho-sisekelo. Imfundiso yenhlangano isekela ukuthi umongameli unegunya eliphelele egatsheni eliphethe ihhovisi, kuhlanganise nekhono lokuqondisa izikhulu ezingaphansi futhi azisuse ngokuthanda. Le nkolelo iye yasetshenziselwa ukuthethelela ukusetshenziswa kobuphathi, izimemezelo zokusayina, nesenzo sokuzimela ezindabeni ezinjengokufuduka (DACA), iziqondiso zendawo ezungezile, nokulondeka kwesizwe. Abagxeki baphikisa ukucubungula kwemithetho ye-constional kunye nezokwahlulela. Ngezinye izikhathi iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yahlehlisa, ngokwezingongo, ukuthunyelwa kweNkathi Homeland Security. [FLT].Regets of University of California [FLDY:] [FLP1]] [20]

Ukuthatha Icala Ngokwahlulela Kumelene Nemingcele

Indima yejaji njenge-cheke iyaphikiswana. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi izinkantolo ziye zasebenza kakhulu ekwenzeni inqubo, ukushaya imithetho esekelwe ekuncintisaneni kwezincazelo (umk., ] Citacizens United v. FEC emalini yomkhankaso, noma amaDobs v. Jackson’s Health Organization i-As organ parthromat] ngokukhipha isisu. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi ukuvinjelwa kokwahlulela kungavumela ukukhohlakazeka okukhulu. Umba okuphakathi kokuhlola kokwahlulela nokuzihlola kombuso wentando yeningi kuyathandwa. Ukumisa abahluleli abanemibono eqinile, kanye nezikhathi eziyishumi, kwenza ukuba kube nokuhlola okunamandla kakhulu ngezinye izikhathi.

Umbuso Ophethe Nemfundiso Yokungathembekile

Uhulumeni wanamuhla uncike kakhulu ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni ezisebenzisa umthetho (ukwenza umthetho), iziphathimandla eziphethe (ukugunyaza), kanye nokwahlulela. Lokhu kuhlanganisa izinselele zokuhlukaniswa okungokwesiko kwemibuso. Imfundiso engagunyazi (isithi Congress ayinakubeka amandla okulawula ezinhlanganweni).[FLT: 0] Ikhomba leNkantolo isebenzisa “imibuzo ye-New Deal, kodwa iNkantolo Ephakeme ibonise isithakazelo esisha ngokuphinde yazinzisayo sokulawula. [[FLT:] West Virginia v. [202]] Imithetho ye-EPA] [202], iNkanto efundisayoMkhandlu yayisebenzisa“inkolo yemibuzo” ukulahla umthetho we-EPA ekhonsayo ephethe amandla embonini yomthetho.

Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukhona Kwamasheke Nokulinganisela

Naphezu kwalezi zinselele, isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela kusabalulekile embusweni wentando yeningi waseMelika. Siphoqelela ukucubungula, sithathe isinyathelo ngokushesha, futhi sivikele amalungelo amancane ekubuseni kweningi(noma kumphathi oyedwa onamandla). Isimiso asimi ndawonye; siphenduphenduka ngomthetho-sisekelo (umkk., iSichibiyelo sa 22 seSimende sokulinganisela ama-presidente), inguquko (umzk. i-statery Commentation commentations Resolution, i-Ayments) futhi sivikela amalungelo amancane ekubushicindezeni obukhulu (umkl. Izikhulu nezikhulu ezikhethiwe kumelwe zihlale ziqaphile ukuze zilondoloze isilinganiso esiklanywe yimithetho ehlelwe yi-Cestina nezimiso zomthetho wombuso). Uma kungazange kuqondiswe i-Madison, njengoba kwabhalwa ukuthi “iphonsity, bekungeke kudingeke ukuba izingelosi zibuse abantu balawule, noma zibuthe uhulumeni ngaphandle kwezindawo eziphambili ezingcono zabantu. ”

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, bheka i-[[FLT: 0] Ukuhlukanisa: Ukwahlukana Kwamandla namasheke nama-spects nokulinganisela , u-Federali No. 51, kanye [[FLT] nombiko wokucwaninga kokuhlolwa kobuphetho namasilinganiso edemokrasi yanamuhla [.