Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Sesizwe

Isiqalo somthetho-sisekelo waseMelika singenye yezinkulumo ezihlakaniphiswe kakhulu nezinamandla zenjongo yezombangazwe emlandweni wesintu. Sathathwa ehlobo ngo1787, savela ekuxazululeni kwenhlekelele. Irepublic yaseMelika entsha, eyayibuswa iZiphakamiso zeConfederation, yayiwukuthakathiswa. Ibhizinisi lezifundazwe lamazwe laminyaniswa ukuncintisana kwezifundazwe. Icala likazwelonke lanyuka ngaphandle kwesimiso sombuso sokukhokha intela. Imibuso yamazwe angaphandle, kuhlanganise neBrithani neSpain, yadelela ubukhosi baseMelika isijeziso. I-Painthease-an (ists&verquo; Revery) yayingu-1786, ukuvukela okuhlomekile kwabalimi ababole izimali eMassachusetts owadalula i-o enkabeni kahulumeni.

Izihambeli ezahlangana ePhiladelphia hhayi nje ukuqeda iZihlokwana, kodwa ukuthatha indawo yazo ngokuphelele. Umphumela waba umthetho omusha obusayo oklanywe egunyeni elinamandla kakhulu likahulumeni. UPregedge wayengewona amazwi angemva kokucabanga; kwakuyinkulumo yokuthunywa kwalo lonke lomsebenzi. Kusebenza njengokufushaniswa kweSivumelwano somphakathi waseMelika iContract — isivumelwano esiyisisekelo sibopha uhulumeni kwababuswayo futhi sisho izinjongo ezihlanganyelweneyo ze-Uni. Ukuqonda iPregangryseshowdio kwakubalulekile ekuqondeni umoya nesifiso somthetho-mthetho-sisekelo waseMelika.

Ubukhosi Obuphelele Be " Thina Abantu "

Isiqalo samazwi aqala ngenkulumo ewukwephula ngokuqinile emfundisweni yezombangazwe eyandile yekhulu le-18: “ Thina People ”. Lokhu kwakuyisimemezelo sokuguqula. Izihloko zeConfederation zaziqale nge &lquo; Thina izihambeli ezibekwe phansi zezwe, i &ldusto; ibonisa iqoqo phakathi kohulumeni abaphethe. Umthetho omusha, ngokwehluke, wabeka igunya lazo esakhamuzini saseUnited States njengendikimba eyodwa yesizwe.

Lokhu kwakuwukuphakama okuqondile kobukhosi obuthandwayo. Yalahla umqondo wokuthi amandla ayesuka kumbusi, isicukuthwane, noma ngisho nakuhulumeni ngokwawo. Kunalokho, yagomela ukuthi ukufaneleka kukahulumeni kahulumeni olawulwayo okusekelwe ekuvumeni kwababuswayo. Lamazwi akha itshe eliqinile leSivumelwano somphakathi saseMelika: abantu banikeza amandla, futhi uhulumeni uyawasebenzisa ngaphansi kwemingcele nezinjongo ezichazwe eMthethweni.

Ekuqaleni Obani Ababehlanganisiwe?

Kubalulekile ukuvuma ukushukuma okujulile okufakwe kuleyo nkulumo yokuqala. Ngo-1787, i-“ thina bantu ” asihlanganisanga abantu base-Afrika abagqilazwayo, aboMdabu baseMelika, abesifazane, noma abangebona abanyundeli bobulungu. UMthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo wahlanganisa ukumiswa kobugqila ngoMkhosi Wesithathu wokuyekethisa neNgqila yase-Fugitive Claus. Leligebe phakathi kwe-Pregestriot &squo; ulimi lwesifiso kanye neqiniso lomthetho waseMelika limelela umzabalazo omkhulu womlando waseMelika.

IMpi Yomphakathi yaluvivinya ngokuqondile uhlobo lwe-Union kanye nencazelo yeSivumelwano Sangaphakathi. ISichibiyelo se-Popul Communic se-Reconstructuss — i-13, 14th, ne-15th — sasiwumzamo ocacile wokuhlanganisa uMthetho-sisekelo nesithembiso seSihloko. ISiphendu se 14 samemezela ukuvikelwa okulinganayo kwemithetho yabo bonke abantu, okwandisa ngokuphumelelayo incazelo ye “ i-Instruction; i-Instruction; i-&rquo; ukuze ihlanganise abantu ababeyizigqila ngaphambili. ISivumelo se 19 se-franchiise abesifazane. Isivumelwano somthetho somthetho ka-654 ne-Vorist Act ye-6565 ye-orvel nobandlululo. Umlando wase-United States, ububanzi bomlando we-unyaka onwe ka-Weld; ubanzi wabantu uveza ukuthi umthetho womphakathi uveza i-Pustst.

Izinsika Eziyisithupha Zesivumelwano SaseMelika

I-Pregagery ibala izinjongo eziyisithupha ezihlukene, ezihlangene uMthetho-sisekelo owaklanyelwa ukufinyelela. Lezi akuzona nje izikhawu ezithatha isinyathelo; ziyimigomo kahulumeni engaphansi. Akha izisekelo eziyinhloko zesivumelwano phakathi kwezwe nezakhamuzi zalo.

1. Ukwakha Inhlangano Ephelele

Igama elithi “ More ” libalulekile. Abakhi be-Framers babengasho ukuthi badala ubunye obuphelele. Bavuma ukuthi ukuhlangana okwakukhona ngaphansi kwezihloko zeConfederation kwakunamaphutha futhi kudinga intuthuko. Umgomo kwakuwukuqhubekela esizweni esiqinile, esihlangene ngokwengeziwe.

Lokhu kwaqhubezela izinguquko zokwakha zomthetho-sisekelo. Yamisa isimiso sobuProfethi lapho uhulumeni wezwe wawuphakamisa khona izifundazwe ezithile ezibalazwe. I-Supremacy Clause eSiphakameni VI yenza umthetho woMthetho-sisekelo, imithetho kahulumeni, nezivumelwano zomthetho ophakeme wezwe, obopha abahluleli bazo bonke. UMthetho-sisekelo wasungula intengo ehlangene yezentengiselwano, imali eyodwa, nenkambiso eyodwa yangaphandle. Umgomo wawuwukuvimbela ukubhalisa okungekhona okucishe kwabhubhisa iRiphabliki eshumini lokuqala.

IMpi Yangaphakathi yayiwuvivinyo lokugcina lwale nkulumo. Ukuhlangana kwaseNingizimu kuphikisa ngokuqondile umqondo we-Union ehlala njalo. U-Abraham Lincoln, ekhelini lakhe lokuqala, wacela i-Permanence ye-Union, ephikisa ngokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo wenziwe ukuba wakhe i-“a ephelele ngokwengeziwe i-” futhi akukho mbuso ongawushiya ungalisebenzisi nhlobo. I-Union ’ ukunqoba ngo-1865 waqinisa umqondo wesizwe esingenalukole.

2. Ukumisa Ubulungisa

Abameli be-Framers bakholelwa ukuthi i-republic eqinile yayidinga isimiso sobulungisa esifanayo futhi esihlukile kubandlululo lwendawo noma kumthetho. Ngaphansi kweZihloko ze-Confederation, kwakungekho komiti yejaji kahulumeni. Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zazingabameli bokugcina bomthetho, ngisho nasezindabeni zesizwe. Lokhu kwaholela ekuphazameni, izivumelwano nemithetho ehlukene ngezindlela eziphikisanayo.

UMthetho-sisekelo wakhuluma lokhu ngokumisa iNkantolo Ephakeme nokunika iziKhongolo amandla okusungula izinkantolo eziphansi. ISiphakamiso III saqinisekisa ukumiswa kokuphila konke kwamajaji kahulumeni (ekuboniseni ukuziphatha okuhle), ukubavikela ekucindezelweni kwezombangazwe. Ukwakhiwa kwejaji likahulumeni kwakubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuphakama komthetho wezwe. Umqondo wokwahlulela, owamiswa Marbury v. Madison [18], wanikeza izinkantolo amandla okumisa imithetho ephula umthetho, ngokuqhubekayo ukumiswa komthetho.

Ukuphishekela ubulungisa kuye kwaba umzabalazo oqhubekayo. ISiphendulo se 14 &FLT ’ isiqinisekiso se- “ isivikelo esilinganayo semithetho i-” iye yaba isisekelo sezimpi ezingokomthetho ezibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni waseMelika, kusukela ku Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo [1954] [inqanyulwe i-parsex, bergefell v. Hodges [20]] (20) eqinisekisa ukulingana komshado. Ukumiswa kobulungisa kuyimfuneko esebenzayo, eqhubekayo ye-America ye-Covilt.

Ukubhekana Nokukhubazeka Kwasekhaya

Ukuthula kwasekhaya kusho ukuthula phakathi kwemingcele yesizwe. Umshayeli oyinhloko walesi sigijimi kwakunguShays ’ Ukuvukela. Lapho iqembu labalimi abanesikweletu eMassachusetts lithatha izikhali ukuba livale izinkantolo futhi livimbele izingcelo, uhulumeni wezwe ngaphansi kweZiphakamiso zeNkathi Zomphakathi wawungenamandla okuzivimbela. Izwe laseMassachusetts kwadingeka ukuba liphakamise amabutho alo, futhi ukuvukela kwamane kwabekwa phansi ekugcineni ibutho elikhokhelwa ngasese.

Lesi senzakalo sasabisa abantu abavelele abaneziqu eziqinile futhi saqinisekisa abaningi, kuhlanganise noGeorge Washington noJames Madison, ngesidingo esiphuthumayo sikahulumeni onamandla aqinile. UMthetho-sisekelo wanikeza uhulumeni amandla okuqeda ukuvukela nobudlova basekhaya. ISiphakamiso IV, iSiqendu 4 siqinisekisa wonke umbuso ukuba uhlobo lukahulumeni werepublic futhi uthembisa ukuvikelwa kukahulumeni ekuhlaseleni nobudlova basekhaya.

Izimpikiswano zanamuhla mayelana noMthetho we-Indurrection, ukusetshenziswa kwe-National Guard, nokusabela kukahulumeni ezingxabanweni zombango konke kubuyela emuva kulokhu kuzinikela okuyisisekelo. Ukulinganisela phakathi kokulondoloza ukuhleleka nokuvikela inkululeko yomphakathi kuhlala kuyinto ebucayi, kodwa isibopho sikahulumeni sokuphoqelela ukuthula sibhalwe ngokucacile kuyi-Common Contract.

4. Ukuvikela Abantu Bonke

IRepublic yokuqala yaqaphela ukuthi ukusinda kwayo kwakuxhomeke ekhonweni lokuzivikela ekusongweni kwangaphandle. Izihloko zeConfederation zazishiye isizwe sidalulwa ngokuyingozi. Uhulumeni ophethe wawungenakukwazi ukuphakamisa ibutho lezempi noma ibutho lempi; kwadingeka ukuba icele izifundazwe ukuba zifune amabutho nezimali. Lokhu kwashiya iUnited States isengozini yokuhlaselwa imibuso yaseYurophu.

UMthetho-sisekelo wasusa amandla okuphakamisa nokusekela amabutho, ukulungiselela nokunakekela ibutho lempi, nokumemezela impi kuhulumeni weSishayamthetho. Wenza uMongameli waba iNkulumbuso wamabutho ahlomile. Lokhu kwadala isakhiwo sesizwe sokuzivikela esihlangene esikwazi ukusungula izikhali nokuvikela izithakazelo zaseMelika kwamanye amazwe.

AmaFrame ayesola kakhulu amabutho amile. Yingakho amandla okuxhasa ibutho ayelinganiselwe ekukhokheleni iziphakamiso zeminyaka emibili eSiqeshini I, isigaba 8, siqinisekisa ukuthi uMkhandlu uzoba nokuhlolwa njalo emandleni ezempi. Ukulinganisela phakathi kokulawula kwempi esizwe nesidingo sokuzivikela okuqinile bekuyisihloko esilokhu sikhona emlandweni waseMelika. Ukunikeza isivikelo esivamile kuye kwasuka eqenjini elincane elisemngceleni nasempini yempi yempi yempi yempi ehamba ngesivinini kuya enxanxanxathelani yembulunga yonke yembulunga yonke yezindawo nezivumelwano, kodwa isimiso somthetho wezimiso silokhu sinjalo.

5. Ukuthuthukisa Inhlalakahle Evamile

Lena mhlawumbe impikiswano enkulu kakhulu esanduleleni. Ngengaphandle, ithi uhulumeni ukhona ukuze akhonze inhlalakahle yazo zonke izakhamuzi, hhayi nje izicebi, amaqembu anamandla, noma anezithakazelo ezithile. Kodwa yini i- “general refeculty ” empeleni esho?

Kwakunezincazelo ezimbili eziphikisanayo kusukela ekuqaleni. uAlexander Hamilton waphikisa ngokuthi inkulumo enikeza uMkhandlu igunya elikhulu lokukhokha intela futhi isebenzise noma iyiphi injongo eyozuzisa isizwe sonke. UJames Madison, owamisa i-Virginia Plan, waveza incazelo elinganiselwe kakhulu: ukuthi i- &lquo;general reformation ” isigqebhezana siboshelwe ngokuphelele kwamanye amandla adwetshiwe eSiphakamiso I, i-Cate 8.

Umbono kaHamilton uye wanqoba kakhulu, ikakhulukazi kusukela enkathini e-New Deal kuqhubeke. Izinhlelo ze-New Deart kaFranklin D. Roosevelt zamelela ukwanda okukhulu kwamandla kahulumeni ngaphansi kwebhande lokuthuthukisa inhlalakahle ebanzi phakathi koKuwohloka Okukhulu Komnotho. I-Social Security Act ka-1935, ukumiswa kweMedicare neMedicaid ngo-19656, kanye nomthetho we-Affordcable Care Act wa 2010 wonke amazwi anamuhla alesi sibopho somthetho-mthetho-mthetho. Impikiswano emayelana nesilinganiso esifanele sokuhileleka kwenhlala ngokomthetho enhlalakahleni, izakhiwo zezenhlalakahle, izakhiwo, nokunakekela impilo kuyaqhubeka ukuchaza izombangazwe zaseMelika namuhla.

6. Ukulondoloza Izibusiso Zenkululeko

Umgomo wokugcina wesandulela ukuvikela inkululeko — hhayi nje kuphela esizukulwaneni samanje, kodwa e- “our bell. ” Lokhu kuhlanganisa uMthetho-sisekelo nomthwalo wemfanelo wokubheka phambili, wokwenza isizukulwane. AmaFramers ayeqaphela kakhulu ukuthi inkululeko ingalahleka kalula kangakanani, ngemva kokuba asanda kulwa nomashiqela ocatshangelwayo.

UMthetho-sisekelo wokuqala wawunezindlela eziningana zokuvikela inkululeko, njengokunqabela izindleko zemithetho ye-aspertice ne-ex metho, kanye nesiqinisekiso se-habeas corpus. Nokho, ukufakwa kweBill of Rights kwaphikisana. Izikhulu eziningi ze-Federalist zaziphikisa ngokuthi kwakungadingekile ngoba uhulumeni kahulumeni wayengowombuso olinganiselwe, obekwe ngokwezigaba. Abalwi be-Anti-Federalist baphikelela ekuvikeleni amalungelo abantu ngabanye ngokucacile.

Isithembiso sokunezela iBhili lamalungelo sasiwusizo ekulondolozeni ukuhlaziywa koMthetho-sisekelo. Izinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi zamukelwa ngo-1791. Zavikela inkululeko yokukhuluma, yokunyathelisa, yenkolo, yenhlangano, nesicelo (ISichibiyelo Sokuqala), ilungelo lokuphatha izikhali (iSiphendulo), isivikelo ekuvikelweni amabutho (amaThird), isivikelo ekuphenyeni okungacabangeli nasekuqubukeni (iSitha), namalungelo amacala (iSitha, iSishiyagamu, iSishiya, iSishiyagamu).

Ukuqinisekisa izibusiso zenkululeko ezidinga okungaphezu nje kokwenza uhlu lwamalungelo. Umzabalazo ubulokhu ungowokwandisa lezo zibusiso kuwo wonke umuntu. I-Emancip Proclation, iziHlulo zeMpi Yombango, iSichibiyelo se-19 se-Civil Rights Movement, yonke imizamo yayiyimizamo yokugcwalisa i-Pregegeery ’s thembisa. I-Liberty ayisona isimo esizimele kodwa isimiso sokuphila okumelwe sivikelelwe futhi sandiswe.

Isiqalo Njengekhasi Lezomthetho Nezezombangazwe

Nakuba i-Pregage ngokwayo inganikezi mandla akhethekile noma amalungelo — iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ku- Jaconson v. IMassachusetts (05) [05] ukuthi i-Preggy ayiwona umthombo wamandla angaphansi kahulumeni olawulayo — isebenza umsebenzi obucayi wokuchaza. Isho umoya nenjongo yomthetho-sisekelo. INkakhulu ibilokhu ibhekisela ekuqaliseni lapho kuchazwa izinjongo ezibanzi zikahulumeni.

Ku uMcculloch v. Maryland (1819), uMahluleli omkhulu uJohn Marshall wacaphuna isiqalo sokuphikisa incazelo ebanzi yamandla kahulumeni. Waphawula ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo wawuhloselwe ukukhuthazela iminyaka eminingi ezayo, nokuthi izindlela zawo zidinga ukuhlotshaniswa nezinjongo zawo ezinkulu, njengoba kuchazwe eGamanday. Lendaba yasungula imfundiso yamandla aqondekayo, esekelwe ekuqondeni ukuthi uhulumeni kumelwe abe namathuluzi okufeza imigomo ebekwe emigqeni yokuvula uMthetho-sisekelo.

Isiqalo sisebenza futhi njengesisekelo sezombangazwe nesiyaluyalu. Abaholi beLincoln ukuya ku-Oma baye bancenga ulimi lwabo ukuba luhlanganise izinselele zesizwe. ULincoln wanxusa izimiso ze-Pregagry in the Gettysburg Addressburg, ephikisa ngokuthi iMpi Yomphakathi yayiwuvivinyo lokuthi isizwe i- “ sifakwe eLiberty, futhi sinikezelwe emyalelweni wokuthi bonke abantu badalwe ngokulingana ne-” ingahlala isikhathi eside. Ulimi lwe-Pregquot lunikeza amagama afanayo engxoxweni yesizwe ngokuphathelene nohulumeni.

Umkhankaso Ongaphendulwa Wentando Yeningi YaseMelika

I-American Civil Contract, njengoba iboniswe eGatshaneni, ayiyona incwajana ethatha indawo. Isemsebenzi oqhubekayo. Igama elithi “ more ” ku- “ i-Contive ephelele kakhulu i-” inikeza i-gnode ukuthi umsebenzi awusoze waphelela. Isizukulwane ngasinye sizuza njengefa umthwalo wemfanelo wokusekela nokuthuthukisa izimiso zobulungisa, ukuthula, ukuzivikela, inhlalakahle, nenkululeko.

I-Pregist ifuna ukuba sibe nezakhamuzi ezikhuthele. Icela izakhamuzi ukuba zigcine uhulumeni ulandisa ngezindinganiso ezizimisayo. Uma amaMelika ephikisana ngenqubo yokufuduka, ukuvota, amalungelo okungalingani kwezomnotho, ukulondeka kwesizwe, noma inkululeko yomphakathi, baphikisana ngokuphelele ngencazelo yesandulela. Babuza: Ingabe siyasifeza isivumelwano? Ingabe sisakha isibopho esiphelele? Ingabe simisa ubulungisa kubo bonke?

Isiqalo sezindaba namuhla ngoba simisa ukubusa kweMelika ezibophweni zokuziphatha ezifanayo. Ikhuthaza ukuphikisana phakathi kwenjongo eyodwa. Enkathini yesigaba esijulile sezombangazwe, ukubuyela ezimisweni ze-Pregnation kungaba isikhumbuzo salokho okuhlanganisa isizwe. Siyisisekelo seSivumelwano somphakathi waseMelika, iqoqo elihlanganisa izakhamuzi nekusasa lezwe.

Ukuqonda i-Pregagery kubalulekile ukuze uqonde ukuba ummeli waseMelika. Kuyisimemezelo sokuthi uhulumeni awusona isiphetho ngokwawo, kodwa indlela yokufinyelela ubulungisa, ukuthula, ukulondeka, ukuchuma, nenkululeko. Lena imibandela yesivumelwano. Ukuzisekela kuyisibopho saphakade sika- “ Thina Abantu. “