Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Njengesisekelo Sokholo Oluncane

I-Bill of Rights, eyagunyazwa ngo-1791, ingenye yezinto ezinkulu kakhulu ezafezwa emlandweni womthetho-sisekelo. Le mithetho yokuqala eyishumi yahlelwa ukuba ilinganisele amandla kahulumeni futhi ivikele inkululeko yabantu ngabanye. Ezinkolweni ezimbalwa, lencwadi ayizange ibe yisishoshoshoshoshosholo. Yamisa uhlelo olungokomthetho oluvumela ukuba kube nenkolo encane, engavumelani nomthetho, engavumelani nomthetho, noma enyanyekayo ukuba ibe khona, inqubo, futhi ikhule ngaphandle kokucindezelwa inkolo enkulu yezwe. Kusukela ekuqaleni kwe-American Baptist naseQuaker ukuya kumaSikh anamuhla, amaSulumane, nama-Jehovah, uBill of Rights, u-Revitions, isisekelo esingokomthetho sokuba khona isizwe esithile, kusungulwe ubuProtestani bayo obukhulu.

Isivikelo esanikezwa yiBill of Rights asizange sivele ngaphandle. Abakhi be-flamers babewazi kahle umlando wegazi weYurophu wezimpi zenkolo, izicelo, namasonto amiswayo kahulumeni ashushisa abaphikisi. Amadoda anjengoJames Madison noThomas Jefferson ayekubone ngawabo ukucindezela kweqembu elincane lenkolo eVirginia namanye amakoloni. Lomongo omlando wabashukumisela ekubeni bafake inkululeko engokwenkolo engokobusweni obuyisisekelo, hhayi nje inhlonipho eyandiswa yizwe. Ngenxa yalokho, uBill of Rights wadala indawo engokomthetho lapho izinkolo ezimbalwa zazingasho ukuthi zimi khona ngokomthetho, isimiso esiqhubeka siveza inkululeko engokomthetho kanye nemithetho.

Ukuqonda indlela iBhili Lelungelo elingokomthetho eliye lathonya ngayo izinkolo ezincane, akudingi ukuhlola nje kuphela umbhalo wezinguquko kodwa futhi namakhulu eminyaka okubekwa kwemithetho, umthetho, nokushintsha kwempucuko okuye kwanikeza lawomazwi incazelo. Lendaba ingenye yentuthuko, isithiyo, nempikiswano eqhubekayo, kodwa uchungechunge olungaguquki luwukuzinikela okungokomthetho ekuvikeleni unembeza womuntu esemandleni eningi.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala: ISiphakamiso Esiyisiqinisekiso Senkululeko Engokwenkolo

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala siqukethe isivikelo esingokomthetho esiqondile nesinamandla kakhulu ezinkolweni ezincane. Amalungiselelo aso enkululeko engokwenkolo ahlanganisa izigaba ezimbili ezihlukene kodwa ezihlobene: Ukumiswa kukaClaus kanye ne Free Express Claus. Ndawonye, bakha isihlangu somthetho - sisekelo esivimbela uhulumeni ekuthuthukiseni inkolo ethile noma ukuphazamisana nemikhuba ethile engokwenkolo. Ezinkolweni ezimbalwa, lesivikelo esihlangene sibalulekile ngoba sisingatha izinsongo ezimbili ezihlukene: ukusekela inkolo eningi ehlukanisa abanye, kanye nokunqatshelwa kwemikhuba engokwenkolo emincane ebonakala ingavamile noma ingenamthethweni.

Ukumiswa KukaClaus: Ukungathathi - hlangothi Nokungahloniphi

I-Clausme ifundeka kalula: "Ikhorati ngeke yenze mthetho ngokuphathelene nokumiswa kwenkolo." Lokhu kuye kwachazwa iNkantolo Ephakeme isho ukuthi uhulumeni akanakuvuma, ukusekela, noma ukukhuthaza noma iyiphi inkolo ngaphezu kwenye. Izinkolo ezimbalwa, lesi simiso siyisisekelo. Ivimbela uhulumeni ekusebenziseni ingcebo yomphakathi ukuthuthukisa ukholo oluningi, njengokuxhasa umthandazo ezikoleni zomphakathi noma ukubonisa izimpawu zenkolo empahleni zikahulumeni ngendlela esikisela ukuvunywa kwegunya lezegunya. Lémon v. Kurtzman (111) [[FL:1] isungule isinqumo esinengxenye esala inethonyayo: umthetho kumelwe ungabi nanjongo yawo eyinhloko, futhi ungayivumeli ukuba iqhubekele phambili futhi inkolo futhi ingayincintisani kakhulu. Inkolo yenkolo.

Lemfuneko yokungathathi hlangothi iye yabaluleke kakhulu emfundweni. [Ku-Vatale:62] na Avington School District v. Schempp (1963)[FLT]], iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela ukuthi umthandazo ogunyaziwe kanye nokufundwa kweBhayibheli ezikoleni zomphakathi kwaphula u-Classiasmee. Lezi zinqumo zabekwa impikiswano ngesikhathi, kanye neziningi zamangalela iNkantolo yenkolo yokususa ukuphila komphakathi. Nokho, ngenxa yezinkolo ezimbalwa, lezi zinqumo zaziyisivikelo esibalulekile. Abafundi abangamaJuda, abafundi abangamaKatolika, abafundi abangakholelwa ebuSulumane, nabantwana abangakholelwa ebukhoneni bayaqhubeka behlanganyela ezimweni zobuKristu. I-Claus yamiswa ngokuzinkolo ezindaweni ezihlukene.

Ukwakhiwa kwamuva nje kwezenkantolo kukhulume ngezindaba ezifana nezibonakaliso ezingokwenkolo zomphakathi. Van Oden v. Perry (2005] kanye Mcreary County v. ACLU (2005][2005]]], iNkantolo yanikeza imiphumela ehlukene esekelwe kumongomongo. IMiyalo Eyishumi ekhonjwe yi-Texaspital, iveza izakhiwo zayo ezingekho mthethweni kanye nomongomlando. I-ACHCLU (2005) ngenxa yokubekwa kwezindlu zaseKentuckystan ngenxa yokunikezwa kwazo nomongomongo owenziwe ngohlelo lwenkolo. Izinkolo ezimbalwa, zigcizelela iphuzu elibucayi:. Ukumiswa kwemithetho ekhonziswayo ayidingi ukususwa konke ukuphila kwenkolo, kodwa ivimbela ukukhokhwazwa yinkolo engokomthetho engokomthetho noma emphakathini.

I - Claus Yokuzivivinya Ngokukhululekile: Umkhuba Wokuvikela, Hhayi Ukukholelwa Nje Kuphela

I-Free Exening Claus isho ukuthi i-Free Claus Congress iyokwenza "awukho umthetho owenqabela ukuyisebenzisa ngenkululeko." Leli lungiselelo livikela ilungelo labantu lokuqhuba inkolo yabo ngaphandle kokuphazamisa kukahulumeni. Ngokomthetho, iNkantolo Ephakeme iqhelene kakhulu phakathi kwezinkolelo nokuziphatha. Nakuba uhulumeni engakwazi ukulawula izinkolelo ezingokwenkolo, ingabeka imithetho yezenkolo uma leyo mithetho ifeza isithakazelo sombuso esiphoqelelwe futhi ihlelwe ngokungemthetho. Icala elivamile lingu-Reynolds v. United States (1879)[FL:1], lapho imithetho yeNkanto yeNkanto isekela khona ukuvinjelwa, icabanga ukuthi inkolelo engokwenkolo ayinakuthethelela ukuziphatha okungekho emthethweni okuwumthetho owephula imithetho yobugebengu.

Engxenyeni enkulu yekhulu lama-20, iNkantolo yasebenzisa ukuhlolwa kokulinganisela okwanika ithonya elikhulu ekusebenziseni inkolo. .Verner (1963), iNkantolo yathi isifundazwe asinakumelana nezinzuzo zokungasebenzi kumaSabatha osuku lwesikhombisa awenqaba ukusebenza ngoMgqibelo, iSabatha lakhe. Isinqumo sasifuna ukuba umbuso ubonise isithakazelo esiphoqelelwe ngaphambi kokuba umkhuba wenkolo uthwele umthwalo. Lendlela yaqiniswa uhulumeni wagculise ukulahlekelwa umsebenzi. [2] I-Webster22] ayikwazanga ukumelana nezinzuzo ze-Adventiantis , lapho iNkantolo yanquma ukuthi abazali babo abazali abaphoqelelwe ukuba badlulise esikoleni sesishiyagalombili, njengoba isikole esiphakeme. Lendlela yokuqhuba izinkonzo ezingokwenkolo yayibekwe ngokuvikelwa kakhulu yize kakhulu kwezenkolo futhi izikhulu.

Izehlo ezingokomthetho zashintsha ngokuphawulekayo nge Icala elihilela i-International Division v. Smith (1990). Ngaleyondlela, iNkantolo Ephakeme yathi ukungathathi hlangothi, ngokuvamile imithetho esebenzayo ingaphoqelelwa ngisho noma ithwesa umthwalo onzima wokwenza umkhuba ongokwenkolo, uma nje umthetho wawungahileli ngokuqondile enkolweni. Icala elihilela abantu abavamile baseMelika abasebenzisa imikhosi yenkolo futhi benqatshelwa izinzuzo zokungasebenzi ngemva kokuphoqwala ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa. INkantolo yanquma ukuthi uhulumeni wawungenasibopho sokunikeza ukuxoshwa okungokwenkolo emthethweni osemthethweni osemthethweni. Lesi sinqumo sasimelela isithiyo esiphawulekayo ezinhlolweni ezincane, njengoba sasisusa isithakazelo esiqinile semithetho eminingi nemithwalo yenkolo efuna ukuvinjelwe ukuvikelwa ngaphandle kwemithetho engokomthetho.

UKhongolose waphendula .SMT ngokudlulisa uMthetho we-Treadical Freedom Reconvect (RFRA) ka 1993, owabuyisela isithakazelo esinamandla semithetho kahulumeni. iRFRA ngokwayo yalinganiselwa yi- iDorome of Boerne v. Flores [[1997] [FLT], eyayikholelwa ukuthi i-Congress Congress as as as train arrected documentmentmentment. Nokho, i-RFRA ihlala ibalulekile ngezindaba zikahulumeni, futhi izimethi eziningi zidlulise izinguqulo zazo zomthetho. I-flive phakathi kwe-Free Expressice Claece, i-RFra, iyaqhubeka imodura yesimo somthetho esiyinkimbinkimbi somthetho esingokwe ukuvikela esiqinile.

Icala Eliyinhloko LeNkantolo Eliphazamisa Ukuvikelwa Kwenkolo Okuncane

Ngaphandle kwamacala ayisisekelo eSichibiyelo Sokuqala, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yanquma amacala amaningi aye azithinta ngokuqondile izinkolo ezincane. Lezi zinqumo ziye zamisa izimiso ezibalulekile ngokuphathelene nenkululeko engokwenkolo nemingcele yegunya likahulumeni.

OFakazi BakaJehova Nokwanda Kwamalungelo Okuzivivinya

Alikho iqembu lenkolo eliye lanikela kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni ukuqamba izintambo zomthetho ezikhululekile kunoFakazi BakaJehova. Ngawo-1930 nawoma 1940, amalungu alolu kholo oluncane abhekana nobandlululo olusakazeke kabanzi noshushiso olungokomthetho ngenxa yokushumayela kwabo nokwenqaba ukushayela ifulege ifulege. INkantolo Ephakeme yanquma uchungechunge lwecala elisekela ukumiswa kwenkululeko yokukhuluma ngokukhululekile nezimiso zokuzivivinya mahhala. [[FLT:] Cantwell v. Connecticut [1940] , iNkantolo ikholelwa ukuthi oFakazi BakaJehova abanakudingeka bafumane imvume yokuthenga iminikelo yezincwadi zabo, ibusa ukuthi umnyango washumayela umnyango wavikelwa izingxoxo zenkolo. Lokhu kwakuyindaba yokuqala yokusebenzisa i-Free Expressicences (1940) phakathi kwezentethelelo yezenkolo.

Kuyi-West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette (1943), iNkantolo yanquma ukuthi oFakazi BakaJehova abanakuphoqeleka ukuba bashayele ifulege laseMelika indesheni noma basho isithembiso sokuqamba u-Allegiance ezikoleni zomphakathi, njengoba lokhu kwakuphula izinkolelo zabo ezingokwenkolo ngokumelene nokukhulekelwa kwezithombe. Umbono kaMahluleli kaRobert Jackson wawunenye yezingxenye ezidumile kakhulu emthethweni wemithetho-mthetho-mthetho: "Uma kungekho nkwenkwezi eqinile eqenjini lethu lemithetho, ingatusa lokho okumelwe kuvunyelwe kwezombangazwe, ubuzwe, inkolo, noma ezinye izindaba zombono.""" Lokhu kwamisa ukuthi uBill Jackson Jackson Jackson welungelo lenkolo embalwa ukuze avikele ukuphikisana nemikhuba yokushisekela izwe.

Lamacala anqunywa phakathi nenkathi yokukhathazeka okukhulu kwesizwe, neMpi Yezwe II ebangela imfuneko yokuvumelana nokushisekela izwe. Ukuzimisela kweNkantolo ukuvikela ukholo lwedlanzana olungathandwayo kokubili ukucindezelwa uhulumeni nobutha bomphakathi kwabonisa amandla eBhill of Rights okuhlola izisusa ezinkulu. Ezisizukulwaneni ezalandela zezinkolo ezincane, amacala oFakazi BakaJehova akha isisekelo esingokomthetho esingase sibhekwe lapho uhulumeni ezama ukuphoqa ukuthobela imikhuba ephula izinkolelo eziqotho zenkolo.

Izinkolo Zomdabu ZaseMelika Nokulondoloza Umphakathi

Imikhuba yenkolo yamaMelika Omdabu iye yaveza imibuzo enzima kakhulu ngenxa yokuthi ivame ukuhilela izindawo ezingcwele, ukusetshenziswa kwemicikilisho, kanye nemikhuba ehluke kakhulu emasikweni enkolo yaseNtshonalanga. ISigqebhezana samaLungelo siye sanikeza isivikelo esithile, kodwa umlando ongokomthetho uxubene. Lyng v. Northwest Indian Cemery Proteviviveation Association (1988) , iNkantolo Ephakeme yeNkantolo] ikholelwa ukuthi uhulumeni wezwe ungazinikeza umgwaqo owenziwe ehlathini elingcwele, ngisho noma ukwenza kanjalo kungabhubhisa imikhuba engokwenkolo ye-Yurok, Karok, ne-Toloweba. INkakhulu leNkantolo yacabanga ukuthi i-Free Execlas ayivie uhulumeni ungayivikeli imiphumela ewulweni kuphela, ukuphaka kwenkolo.

Lesi sinqumo saqokomisa ukulinganiselwa kwe-Free Execree Claus Act yenkolo ye-Internet ekuvikeleni izinkolo zamaMelika ezihlangene nezindawo ezithile. Ekuphenduleni Lyng kanye nezici ezifanayo, uKhongolo lwadlula i- yase-Indian Religian Religional Confsion Freedom Act [19978]] [[[FLT]]]] nezokulungisa izakhiwo ezikhuluma ngezindawo ezingcwele kanye nokusetshenziswa kwepete emikhosini engokwenkolo. Lemithetho yanikeza isivikelo esengeziwe esingaphezu kwalokho okwakufunwa uMthetho-sisekelo. [[FLT.4]] ISizwe Lezenteko yaseMelika idinga isisekelo esingcono sokholo oluqinile [2][FULC:5] futhi inikeza isivikelo esithile senkolo esetshenziswa yizindawo ezingcwele, nakuba iMelika ihlala izinkolo ezivamile, lapho izinkolo ezingcono kakhulu, kudinga khona izinkonzo ezingcono kakhulu.

AmaSulumane, AmaSikh, Nezisulu Ezingokwenkolo

Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, izenzakalo ezihilela ukugqoka okungokwenkolo ziye zahlola imingcele yokuvikela kwendlela yokuzivivinya. Abesifazane abangamaSulumane abafuna ukufaka i-hijab Commission v, izikole, kanye nezinhlelo zikahulumeni baye bafaka izikhangiso ngaphansi kwakho kokubili i-Free Execree Clause ne-Title VII ye-Civil Rights Act ka 1964, enqabela umqashi ukuba akhethele inkolo emsebenzini. [i-Equalial Orojinity Offlationmental Commmmmmes v. Acception i-Fitch Spect, [[FLT], iNkakhulu leNkantolo ikholelwa ukuthi umqashi akanakwenqaba ukuqalishwa owesifazane ongumSulumane ngenxa yokuziwa kwakhe ngenkampane, ngaphandle kokuba umqashi ebonise ukuthi ukulungisa kwakhe inqubo yenkolo yakhe empompaza ngokungafanele.

Amadoda namaSikh nabafana baye babhekana nezimpikiswano ezifanayo nezimfuneko ezingokwenkolo zokugqoka izigqoko futhi bagcine izinwele zingagundiswa. Ukumangalelwa okuningi kuye kwabekela inselele imithetho yesikole yokugqoka, izimfuneko zempi, nemithetho yasemsebenzini evimbela amaSikh ukuba aqaphele ukholo lwawo. Holt v. Hobs (2015) isinqumo esihilela isiboshwa esingumSulumane esifuna ukuthuthukisa ingxenye yentshebe yentshebe ngenxa yezizathu ezingokwenkolo. Inkantolo yasebenzisa iRLUIPA futhi yakholelwa ukuthi ijele alinakuphoqelelanga umthetho walo ngaphandle kokubonisa inzalo eboleka. Nakuba lelicala elishiwo ngokuqondile ihlelo lamaSulumane, ukucabanga kwaso saso sasetshenziswa ekuvikeleni izingubo zobuSulumane nemikhuba yokuzi ezingokwenkolo nemikhuba yokuzilungisa ezinkolweni.

Lamacala abonisa ukubaluleka okuqhubekayo kweBhill of Rights nemithetho ehlobene nayo yokuvikela imikhuba yenkolo embalwa. Njengoba umphakathi waseMelika uhluka kakhulu ngokwenkolo, izinkantolo zicelwa kakhulu ukuba zilinganisele inkululeko engokwenkolo kwezinye izithakazelo ezingokomthetho njengokuphumelela emsebenzini, ukuphepha komphakathi, nokulondeka kwasejele.

Izinselele Zanamuhla Nezincazelo Ezishintshayo

Isivikelo esingokomthetho esakhiwa yiBhili of Rights siyaqhubeka sivivinywa izimo ezintsha nezimiso zomphakathi. Izinkolo ezincane namuhla zibhekene nezinselele abakhi bezakhiwo ababengeke bazilindele, kusukela kumalungelo ezindaba eziyimfihlo emiphakathini enkolo kuya kumibuzo ephathelene nokungavunyelwe ngokwenkolo emithethweni emelene nemithetho enqabela ukuhlukana. Ukuchazwa okuqhubekayo kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala kule mininingwane kuyonquma izinga lesikhathi esizayo lenkululeko engokwenkolo ezinkolweni ezimbalwa.

Inkululeko Engokwenkolo Nemithetho Yokumelana Nezingxabano

Enye yezindawo eziphikisana kakhulu zomthetho wenkululeko yenkolo wanamuhla ihlanganisa impi phakathi kokuzivivinya okungokwenkolo kanye nokuvikela ukungezwani, ikakhulukazi i-LGBTQ+ abantu ngabanye. Izihloko ezifana Amakhasitishi amaSinkwahop, Ltd. v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission (208) kanye [FLT:] ne [FLT] 303] Imithetho yokuCLANGANITC v. yahlola ukuthi abanikazi bezezezentengi beze noma abaxhasi bezentengi beze beze bezenqabe inkonzo efanayo yemishado yeze yezezenkolo yabo (20). Lezi zimo zifaka [FLT] imingcele yenkululeko yokucwasa imingcele esekelwe ezikhundleni zomphakathi.

Kunezinkolo ezimbalwa, lezi zimo zinikeza umbono onzima. Kwesinye isandla, isimiso sokuthi izinkolelo ezingokwenkolo zingathethelela ukukhishwa kwemithetho esebenzayo sibalulekile ekuvikeleni imikhuba engokwenkolo engathandeki. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukungatholi izigwegwe ezingokwenkolo ezivumela ubandlululo lungalimaza amanye amaqembu amancane, kuhlanganise ne-LGBTQ + abantu abangamalungu ezinkolo ezimbalwa. INkantolo Ephakeme izame ukuqeda lokhu kucindezeleka ngokugxila emaqinisweni aqondile nangokusebenzisa ukuhlaziya umongo. Amacatehop, iNkantolo yathola ukuthi iColorado Coloravian Rights Rights Com Com Commis Commission ibonise ukungathandi ukungelwa kwenkolo yayo, ukuphula i-Free Expressice. [FUlt]] [FFF]]

Lezi zinqumo ziye zagxekwa abanye ngokuthi ziveza ilungelo elingokwenkolo lokukhetha nokuncoma abanye njengesivikelo esidingekile senkululeko engokwenkolo. Izinkolo ezimbalwa, imiphumela ibaluleke kakhulu ngoba zimisa isiqalo esingasetshenziswa ekuvikeleni imikhuba engokwenkolo emincane ephikisanayo noma engathandeki. Ukuchazwa okukhulu kokungadingi ngokwenkolo kungavikela abesifazane abangamaSulumane abenqaba ukuxhawulana namadoda ngezizathu ezingokwenkolo, amabhizinisi obu - Orthodox amaJuda aseduze ngoMgqibelo, noma amaMelika Omdabudabu asebenzisa ipeyote emikhosini. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izimiso ezifanayo ezingokomthetho zingasetshenziswa ukuze kuthethelelwe ukucwasana namanye amaqembu, kubangele ukungezwani phakathi kwezinhlangano zamalungelo omphakathi.

Ukugqoka Okungokwenkolo Ezikoleni Zomphakathi Nasemsebenzini

Imibuzo ephathelene nezembatho zenkolo iyaqhubeka ivela ezimisweni zemfundo nemisebenzi. Abafundi abangamaSikh baye babhekana nemingcele yokugqoka i-kirpans (imimese ye-ceremonial), amaSulumane aye avinjelwa ekufakeni izinsimbi zemincintiswano yezemidlalo, futhi abafundi abangamaJuda baye bajeziswa ngokugqoka i-rammogulkes. Isimiso esingokomthetho esimiswe yi-Free Exenie Claus, i-RFRA, kanye nemithetho emelene nemithetho evimbela ukunqanda ukuvinjelwa kwemithetho evimbela imingcele, kodwa imiphumela ngokuvamile ixhomeke emaqinisweni athile nasekwehlukaneni okulawula.

I- I-Equal Opportunity Commission (EOC) inikeze isiqondiso sokugqoka nokuzilungisa okungokwenkolo, ifuna abaqashi ukuba bamukele imikhuba engokwenkolo ngaphandle kokuba ukwenza kanjalo kubangele ubunzima obungafanele. Lendinganiso iye yasetshenziswa ukufuna indawo yokuhlala yamakhanda amaSulum, izigqoko zeSikh nezindebe, i-Yamulbus, ne-rasta braclens. Nokho, iziqondiso ze-EEOC azinawo amandla omthetho, futhi izinkantolo ziye zafinyelela iziphetho ezihlukene ezimweni ezihilela ukuphepha, izimfuneko ezimfaniswa nabathengi. [[FLT:] Isikhungo sokucwaninga esincane, i-Araccomscs , ne-'Araccoms procesworking cental Center [FFFOT]] ishonds ezin ezin, izinkond izithatho zezinkolo ezingo zezenkolo ezingokwenkolo, izinkonds ezingozo ezingozo ezingokwenkolo, eziphambili.

Ezikoleni zomphakathi, Iziqondiso zenkolo ezinikezwa yi-Public Schools zinikeza ukucaca okuthile, kodwa ukuhlaziywa kuhlala kuyinto evamile. Abafundi ngokuvamile banelungelo lokugqoka izingubo ezingokwenkolo njengengxenye yokusebenzisa kwabo inkolo mahhala, ngaphansi kwemingcele elinganiselwe esekelwe ekulondekeni noma ekuphazamisekeni. Kunezinkolo ezimbalwa, lokhu kusho ukuthi izikole azinakukhetha izingubo ezingokwenkolo zokwenqabela ngaphandle kokuba kunesimo esiqondile nokuphepha esifakazelwe. Nokho, izikole zingaphoqeqesha iziyalezo zokugqoka ezivamile ezisebenza ezingokwenkolo ezidinga izintambo ezithwala imithwalo enzima, ezifuna abafundi ukuba bafune indawo yokulala.

Imibono Eqhathaniswayo Nendawo Ezungezile

Indlela yaseMelika yokuvikela izinkolo ezincane ngeBhill of Rights ihlukile ngezindlela eziningi. Ngokungafani namazwe amaningi aseYurophu alondoloza amasonto amisiwe noma izimiso ezingokomthetho zokuqashelwa kwenkolo, i-United States inqabela noma ikuphi ukumiswa kwenkolo okungokomthetho. Lokhu kwakha isimo esingokomthetho lapho zonke izinkolo zilingana khona phambi komthetho, nakuba kusetshenziswa, inkolo eningi ngokuvamile izuza ezinzuzoni ezingokwesiko nakwemikhakha. Uma kuqhathaniswa nokuhlangenwe nakho kwaseMelika namanye amazwe kuqokomisa kokubili amandla nokulinganiselwa komthetho wesivikelo ezinkolweni ezincane.

EFrance, isimiso se esinegama elithi [abesifazane bamaSulumane] abagqoka izigqoko [i-socialism] sichazwe njengesithiya ukuveza izimpawu zenkolo ezisobala, kuhlanganise nokuvinjelwa kokugqoka izimpawu zenkolo ezisobala ezikoleni zomphakathi. Lokhu kuye kwathinta ngokungenakulinganiswa abesifazane namaSulumane agqoka amakhanda, kanye namaSikh agqoka izigqoko. Ngokungafani, amaMelika avikela ilungelo lokugqoka izingubo zenkolo emphakathini, abheka inkulumo enjalo njengenkulumo evikelekile nenkululeko. Lokhu kubonisa ukugcizelela okukhulu kweSichimende sokuQonda okuvikela inkulumo engokwenkolo kunokuba avimbele ukungathathi hlangothi kwezwe.

Emazweni anezinkolo ezimiswe umbuso, njengeNgilandi kanye namazwe amaningi amaSulumane, izinkolo ezimbalwa zivame ukubhekana nokukhubazeka okungokomthetho okungavumelani nomthetho ngaphansi kweSigqi samalungelo abantu. Ukungabikho kwemisho emisiwe kulamazwe kusho ukuthi uhulumeni angasekela ngokomthetho inkolo eyodwa, abangele ukuvinjelwa kwenkolo embalwa. Nokho, ngisho nase-United States, u-Clausclement iye yachazwa njengokuvumela ezinye izinhlobo zezindawo zenkolo, njengabefundisi bezezenkolo nezentethelelo yentela, okungase kubekelwe inselele kwezinye izimo.

Ukwanda kwezwe lonke kobuzwe obungokwenkolo nokushushiswa kwenkolo embalwa kuye kwavuselela isithakazelo esimweni somthetho sisekelo waseMelika. Amathuluzi alwela amalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke, njenge- International of Civil and Political Rights [, ahlanganisa amalungiselelo avikela inkululeko engokwenkolo, kodwa izimiso zokugcinwa kwezimiso zibuthakathaka. IMelika isikisela ukuthi isivikelo somthetho sisekelo, sihlangene nesimiso somthetho wezomthetho wezwe esizimele kanye nempucuko yenkolo, zinganikeza izikhungo eziphumelelayo ezinkolweni ezincane, ngisho nasemphakathini owenkolo kakhulu.

Ikusasa Lenkululeko Engokwenkolo Yokholo Oluncane

IBhili of Rights iye yazibonakalisa ivumelana ngokuphawulekayo nezimo ezishintshayo, kodwa ikusasa lenkululeko engokwenkolo yezinkolo ezimbalwa libhekene nezinselele eziningana eziphawulekayo. I-Demographics iyashintsha, i-United States iba nezinkolelo ezihlukene kakhulu futhi ingabi nenkolo efanayo. Ngokwe-Public Religion Research Institute, amaphesenti amaMelika achaza ukuthi inkolo yobuKristu aye ehla ngokuphawulekayo, kuyilapho ingxenye yabantu abambalwa abangokwenkolo nabangenazo izinkolo iye yakhula. Lezinguquko zenani labantu ziyashintsha ngokwezombangazwe nangokomthetho ngenxa yenkululeko yenkolo.

Izimpikiswano eziningana ezisavelayo zizohlola ukuvikelwa komthetho-sisekelo ezinkolweni ezimbalwa. Ukukhula kokuhlakanipha kokwenziwa nokuhlola isayensi yezinto eziphilayo kuphakamisa imibuzo ngokuphathelene nokuzifihla kwezenkolo kanye nesivikelo sokwaziswa emiphakathini emincane. Ukwanda kokuqashelwa kwezimiso zezinkolelo ezingezona ezenkolo njengezinkolo zezinjongo ezingokomthetho kuyodinga izinkantolo ukuba zichaze imingcele yenkolo uma iqhathaniswa nezindawo ezintsha. Ukuhwebelana kwemiphakathi engokwenkolo ngokufuduka kuyoqhubeka kuveza imikhuba emisha engokwenkolo engase ingangeni kahle ezinhlanganweni ezingokomthetho ezikhona.

Izazi ezingokomthetho ziye zafuna ukuba kuqondwe kakhulu ukungafani kwenkolo okungaphezu kobandlululo lomuntu ngamunye. Lombono uqaphela ukuthi izinkolo ezimbalwa zivame ukubhekana nokungahleleki kwezimiso ezindaweni ezinjengokusetshenziswa kwezwe, imithetho yokusiza, nokuthola izinzuzo zomphakathi, ngisho noma kungekho ukucwaswa okukhulu. IBhill of Rights inikeza uhlelo oluyinselele lokubekela le nkinga ukungafani kwezakhiwo, kodwa izinkantolo bezingathandi ukusebenzisa ubandlululo oluqinile ezingokwenkolo ezilusebenzisa ezindaweni ezingokohlanga noma ubulili. Ikusasa lenkululeko engokwenkolo liyoxhomeka ngokwengxenye ekutheni iziphileleni imingcele eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.

Isiphetho: Ukudunyiswa Okuhlala Njalo Kwesiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu

I-Bill of Rights iye yaba nengxenye ekulolongeni isivikelo esingokomthetho sezinkolo ezimbalwa e-United States. Kusukela ezimisweni eziyisisekelo zeSichibiyelo sokuqala kuya kumthetho oyinkimbinkimbi owenezela ekuvikelweni komthetho-sisekelo, isimiso somthetho-mthetho waseMelika siye sasungula ithuluzi eliyinkimbinkimbi lokuvikela inkululeko engokwenkolo. ISikhungo soMthetho-sisekelo wesizwe [ sinikeza imithombo ebanzi emlandweni nakuchaza lezisivikelo, sinikeza izazi nezakhamuzi ithuba elifanayo lokuqonda ukuthi umthetho weze wamazwe usungule kanjani ukuvikela izinhlobonhlobo zenkolo.

Nakuba kusenezinselele, isimemezelo somthetho-sisekelo waseMelika siye sasiza ekwandiseni isivikelo ezinkolweni ezimbalwa. Ukusetshenziswa kwenkolo mahhala, okwake kwaqondwa ngokuyinhloko njengokuvikela ekuphoqelelweni nguhulumeni ngokuqondile, manje kuhlanganisa ukufuna indawo yokuhlala, ukungazikhokhi, nokuthola izinzuzo ezilinganayo zomphakathi. Isimemezelo sokumiswa, esiye sachazwa njengokungavunyelwe okuqinile kokuthandwa kwemithetho, manje sidinga ukungathathi hlangothi kukahulumeni phakathi kwezinkolo naphakathi kwenkolo engeyona inkolo. Lezizenzakalo ziye zadala indawo engokomthetho lapho izinkolo ezimbalwa zingachuma khona, ngisho nalapho imikhuba yazo ingajwayelekile noma iphikisana neningi.

Indaba yokuthi iBhili of Rights iye yalungisa kanjani isivikelo esingokomthetho ezinkolweni ezimbalwa isekude kakhulu. Amacala amasha, imithetho emisha, nezinhlangano ezintsha zomphakathi ziyoqhubeka zivivinya imingcele yenkululeko engokwenkolo. Kodwa umthetho - sisekelo owamiswa ngo1791 unikeza isisekelo esiqinile sokuvikela amalungelo ezingane ezimbalwa ezibusweni zeningi. Izigidi zamaMelika aqhuba izinkolo ezimbalwa, iBhili yamaLungelo lihlala liyincwadi ephilayo evikela izinkolelo nemikhuba yazo egxile kakhulu ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni noma ekunqandelweni okukhulu. Njengoba uMahluleli uJack Jackson abhala ku- , uBill of Rights [ie], uvikela imibono yazo engaziwa, ehlukene, noma ehlukile.