Table of Contents

IBill of Rights ingenye yezincwadi ezibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni waseMelika, isebenza njengesivikelo esiyisisekelo ekuphathweni uhulumeni futhi ivikela inkululeko echaza umphakathi wentando yeningi. I-United States Bill of Rights yakha izinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi kuMthetho-sisekelo we-United States futhi yahlongozwa ngemva kwempikiswano evame ukuba nenkani ebuhlungu ka 1787 88 ngokuncintisana koMthetho-sisekelo. Ukuqonda indlela lokhu kulunga okusebenza ngayo ekulinganiseleni amandla kahulumeni kusadingeka kuzo zonke izakhamuzi ezibheka inkululeko namalungelo abantu ngabanye.

Umlando Ogciniwe: Okwenza Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Sidingeke

IBhili of Rights yenezelwa kuMthetho-sisekelo ngoba uMthetho-sisekelo wawungenamingcele embusweni kahulumeni. Impikiswano mayelana nokudilizwa kwezindawo yembula ukuhlukana okujulile phakathi kwabasunguli besizwe ngokuphathelene nesikhundla esifanele segunya likahulumeni.

Impikiswano Yokulwa Nomkhosi Wempi Nowempi

Abameli bamelelwa uhulumeni wesizwe oqinile futhi bakholelwa ukuthi abantu bakhona futhi babusa ngokuzenzakalelayo bagcina noma yimiphi imibuso eyayinganikezwanga uhulumeni kahulumeni. Nokho, iAnti-Federalist yayifuna amandla okuhlala nohulumeni bendawo futhi yakhetha incwadi yamalungelo okuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye.

Impikiswano ngokuhlanekezelwa koMthetho - sisekelo waseU.S. ngokuyinhloko yaqala phakathi kwamaqembu amabili, ayaziwa ngokuthi amaFederalist nangama - Antifederlist, ngokulandela koMthetho - sisekelo okwakuwusekela kanye nokumiswa kwawo kukahulumeni onamandla, kuyilapho owamuva wamelana noMthetho - sisekelo ngezizathu owawunikeza amandla amakhulu kakhulu kuhulumeni oyinhloko oxhaphazayo.

Ukuhoxa Okwadala Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu

Ukungabikho kwencwadi yamalungelo kwakusongelwa ukuncishiswa koMthetho - sisekelo, ikakhulukazi ezifundazweni eziyinhloko ezinjengeMassachusetts neVirginia, futhi amazwe amaningana agunyaza uMthetho - sisekelo kuphela ekuqondeni okucacile ukuthi lencwadi yayizolungiswa ngokushesha ukuze ihlanganise nencwadi yamalungelo.

UJames Madison wabhala inguquko njengekhambi lokulinganisela amandla kahulumeni nokuvikela inkululeko yabantu ngoMthetho-sisekelo. UJames Madison wasikisela uchungechunge lwezinguquko ezizolungisa ukukhathazeka kwabo phakathi noMkhandlu wokuqala ngo-1789, ekugcineni okwaholela ekuvumeni kweSishaya-mthetho ukuba kulungiswe izinguquko ezingu - 12, kanye nezwe elivumela i - United States Bill of Rights.

Ukuqonda Indlela Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Esilinganisela Ngayo Amandla Kahulumeni

IBhili of Rights isebenzisa amasu amaningi ukucindezela igunya likahulumeni nokuvikela inkululeko yabantu ngabanye.

Ukulinganiselwa Okungalawuleki Nokulinganiselwa

Ukulinganiselwa okungokomthetho kahulumeni okubekwe iBill of Rights kuhlukile emikhawulweni ebekwe uMthetho - sisekelo wokuqala, onamalungiselelo enkululeko yokukhuluma nenkolo, njengoba equkethwe esiGuqu Sokuqala, ebeka imingcele engaphansi kuhulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni ovimbela uhulumeni ukuba usebenze ezindaweni ezithile ezingaphansi kwenkululeko yokukhuluma nokuzivivinya okungokwenkolo.

Ukulinganiselwa okuqukethwe eMthethweni wokuqala woMthetho - sisekelo kwakuthambekele ekungasingatheni izindawo noma izimpikiswano ezingaphansi, kodwa kunalokho kwakha ukulinganiselwa kokwakha okwakuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kahulumeni wonke, ngemingcele yokwakha emandleni kahulumeni ahlanganisa amasheke nezilinganiso ezibekwa ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso yoMthetho - sisekelo, lapho igatsha ngalinye likahulumeni lingahlola khona amandla asetshenziswa amanye amagatsha.

I - Bill of Rights yanikeza imingcele engaphansi kwemingcele eyayikhona ngaphezu kwemingcele yokwakha eyayinikezwe eMthethweni Womthetho wokuqala, okusho ukuthi ngisho noma uhulumeni kahulumeni wawunamandla okwenza okuthile ngandlela - thile, wawungeke, umelane neSichibiyelo Sokuqala, usebenzise lawo mandla ukuze uphule inkululeko yokukhuluma noma yokuzivivinya ngenkolo.

Izimemezelo Eziyimfihlo Zamandla Agciniwe

I-Bill of Rights ihlanganisa ukulinganiselwa okucacile kwamandla kahulumeni ekwahluleleni nakwezinye izigigaba, kuhlanganise nezimemezelo ezicacile ukuthi yonke imibuso enganikezwanga ngokuqondile uhulumeni kahulumeni nguMthetho-sisekelo igcinelwe imibuso noma abantu. Lesi simiso samandla adwetshiwe siqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni kahulumeni akanakukwazi ukuzigunya ngaphezu kwalokho uMthetho-sisekelo onikeza ngokuqondile.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala: Ukuvikela Inkululeko Eyisisekelo

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sibonakala mhlawumbe njengesiyisivikelo esiphawuleka kakhulu futhi esivame ukucelwa kuhulumeni.ISichibiyelo Sokuqala soMthetho - sisekelo wase - United States sivimbela uKhongolose ukuba wenze imithetho ephathelene nokumiswa kwenkolo, sinqande ukusetshenziswa kwenkolo ngenkululeko yokukhuluma, inkululeko yabanyathelisi, inkululeko yenhlangano, noma ilungelo lokunxusa uhulumeni ukuba alungise izikhalo, futhi samukelwa ngo - December 15, 1791, njengenye yezikhangiso eziyishumi ezihlanganisa i - Bill of Rights.

Inkululeko Yenkolo

Abasunguli babheka ikhono lokukhuluma nokukhulekela ngokukhululekile njengelungelo elingokwemvelo elivikelwe iSichibiyelo Sokuqala, nesiKhomishana esinqabela ukwenza imithetho emisa inkolo noma inkululeko yokukhuluma elinganiselwe.

Izigaba ezimbili zeSichibiyelo Sokuqala ziqinisekisa inkululeko yenkolo, noMvumelwano ka-Claus wenqabela uhulumeni ukuba adlulise umthetho wokumisa inkolo engokomthetho noma ukukhetha enye inkolo ngaphezu kwenye nokumisa ukwehlukana kwesonto nombuso. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, i-Free Specience Claus yenqabela uhulumeni, ezimweni eziningi, ukuba ingathiya ukuqhuba komuntu inkolo yabo.

Inkululeko Yokukhuluma Nokucindezela

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala siqinisekisa inkululeko yokukhuluma ngokunqabela uMkhandlu ukuba ubeke imingcele emithonjeni yezindaba noma amalungelo abantu okukhuluma ngokukhululekile, futhi siqinisekisa nelungelo lezakhamuzi lokuhlangana ngokuthula nokunxusa uhulumeni wawo.

Inkululeko yokukhuluma ngokuyinhloko isho ukuthi izinhlangano zikahulumeni azinakulinganisela ikhono lomuntu lokuveza imibono noma imibono yakhe, futhi uhulumeni ngeke aphindisele kothile osekelwe kulokho akushoyo. Lokhu kuvikela kudlulela ngalé kwamazwi nje ukuba kuhlanganise amazwi angokomfanekiso nezindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuxhumana.

Ilungelo lenkululeko yokukhuluma livumela abantu ukuba bakhulume ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa uhulumeni noma imithetho, iNkantolo Ephakeme ifuna ukuba uhulumeni anikeze izaba eziqinile zokuphazamisa ilungelo lenkululeko yokukhuluma lapho izama ukulawula lokho okuqukethwe inkulumo.

Amalungelo Omhlangano Nezicelo

Ilungelo lokubutha livumela abantu ukuba bahlangane ngenjongo yokuthula nengokomthetho, nelungelo lokuhlangana nokukholelwa kulelilungelo. Lezisivikelo ziqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamuzi zingahlela zonke ndawonye ukuze zisekele ushintsho, ziveze ukungavumelani, noma zigubhe izindinganiso ezihlanganyelwayo ngaphandle kokwesaba ukucindezelwa uhulumeni.

Izichibiyelo Zesibili Nezesithathu: Ukuvikela Ukuzisebenzela Komuntu Siqu

Ukulinganiselwa okuqondile kokugxambukela kukahulumeni ekuphileni komuntu siqu nasempahleni kutholakala ezinzibeni Zesibili nezesithathu, iSichibiyelo Sesibili sivikela ilungelo lokuphatha izikhali nokuphatha iSichibiyelo Sesithathu esivimbela ukufakwa kwengxenye yesine yamasosha emizini yabantu ngaphandle kwemvume yomnini - khaya ngesikhathi sokuthula.

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yanquma ukuthi iSichibiyelo Sesibili sivikela umuntu ngelungelo lokuba nesibhamu esingahlangani nenkonzo engokomthetho nangayiphi indlela engokomthetho enjongweni enjengethi ukuzilwela ngaphakathi ekhaya, kodwa futhi sathi ilungelo alinamingcele futhi alilona ilungelo lokugcina nokuphatha noma isiphi isikhali nganoma iyiphi indlela nanganoma iyiphi injongo.

Lamalungelo ahlangene avimbela uhulumeni oyinhloko ukuba abe namandla ngokweqile ngokumisa izimbulunga zokuzibusa komuntu ngamunye azinakuhlasela ngokusemthethweni.

Isichibiyelo Sesine: Ukuvikelwa Ekucwaningeni Nokukhohlisa Okungenangqondo

ISichibiyelo Sesine simelela ukulinganiselwa okubucayi kwemibuso kahulumeni ephenyiswayo negunya lomthetho.ISichibiyelo Sesine sivikela ilungelo lokukhululeka ekugxambukeleni kukahulumeni ongenangqondo emakhaya abantu ngemfuneko yokugunyazwa.

ISichibiyelo Sesine sivikela abantu ekuphenyisweni okungenangqondo nasekuqubukeni, sidinga ukuba kukhishwe imithetho ngezizathu okungenzeka futhi sichaze ngokuqondile indawo okumelwe iphangwe futhi kuthathwe izinto ezivimbela igunya likahulumeni lokuhlola, okuqinisekisa ukuthi izenzo zokugcinwa komthetho zisekelwe ezisekelwe ezisekelweni ezingokomthetho.

Lokhu kulungisa kumisa isimiso esiyisisekelo: uhulumeni ngeke ahlasele izindawo ezizimele noma athathe indawo ngaphandle kokuqondisa kokwahlulela nokubonisa imbangela okungenzeka.

ISichibiyelo Sesihlanu: Inqubo Efanele Nesivikelo Ekuziphindiseleleni

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu siqukethe isivikelo esiningi esilinganisela amandla kahulumeni ekumangalelweni kobugebengu nangalé. ISichibiyelo sesihlanu sivikela amalungelo abantu ngenqubo efanele, sivimbela ukuziphikisa, futhi sivimbela ingozi ephindwe kabili, siqinisekisa ubulungisa ezicabeni zobugebengu.

Isivikelo Ekuzichayeni

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu sinqabela uhulumeni ukuba acindezele umuntu obekwe icala ukuba afakazele ngecala enkantolo, okuyisizathu esenza ukuba uma othile omangalelwe ngecala enqaba ukukhuluma ngalo, bathi uncenga owesihlanu. Lokhu kuvikela kuvimbela uhulumeni ukuba abe ofakazi abaphoqelelayo ukuba bamelane nabo.

Isivikelo Esikabili Sobuhlungu

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu sifaka umthetho oyingozi ephindwe kabili, ovimbela uhulumeni ekukhipheni isaziso ngomuntu onecala elifanayo uma sebetholakele bengenacala kanye. Lokhu kulinganisela kuqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni ngeke asebenzise imithombo yakhe emikhulu ukuze abophe abantu ngokuphindaphindiwe kuze kube yilapho efinyelela umphumela ofiselekayo.

Izimfuneko Zohlelo

IsiHluzi Sesihlanu sidinga ukuba ohulumeni basebenzise umthetho ngokungaguquguquki nangokungakhethi.

Izinqumo Zesithupha, Zesikhombisa Nezesishiyagalombili: Ukuqinisekisa Ukuqhubeka Okuqotho Kwezomthetho

Lezi zinguquko zisebenza ndawonye ukuze kuvinjelwe amandla kahulumeni esimisweni sokwahlulela futhi kuqinisekiswe ukuthi kulungile ukuqulwa kwecala.

ISichibiyelo Sesithupha: Ilungelo Lokuqulwa Kwecala Okungenaphutha

ISichibiyelo Sesithupha siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala okulungile nokusheshayo, ikomiti yabahluleli engenacala nelungelo leseluleko esingokomthetho.

ISichibiyelo Sesikhombisa: Ukuvivinywa Kombango

ISichibiyelo Sesikhombisa silondoloza ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala lejaji ezicabeni zomphakathi.

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili: Isijeziso Esivela Kubo

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili sivikela ebheyili eyeqile, izihlawuliso ezeqile, nesijeziso esinonya nesingavamile, ngalezi zinxephezelo ezisebenza njengemishini elawula amacala nohulumeni, siqinisekisa ukuthi kulungile futhi kulinganiswa emicimbini engokomthetho nasekwehluleleni.

Ilungiselelo lebheyili livimbela uhulumeni ukuba aphume ngokuyisisekelo kubamangalelwa ngokufuna ukuba bakhokhe ibheyili ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala noma imali ekhokhelwayo eyisembongweni abangenakuyikhokha.

ISichibiyelo Se - Ninth: Ukuvikela Amalungelo Angenazo Iziphazamiso

ISichibiyelo Se - Ninth sikhuluma ngokukhathaza okubalulekile: ukuthi uhlu lwamalungelo athile lungase luchazwe ngokuthi lawomalungelo kuphela avikelwe.ISichibiyelo seNinth silinganisela amandla kahulumeni ngokuthi ukumiselwa kwamalungelo athile eMthethweni woMthetho - sisekelo ngeke kuthathwe njengokuphika noma ukuhlukanisa abanye abantu abalondolozwe abantu, okusebenza njengesivikelo kuhulumeni othi amalungelo abantu okuphela abanawo yilawo ahlelwe ngokucacile kuyi - Bill of Rights.

ISichibiyelo Se - Ninth sisikisela ukuba khona kwamanye amalungelo ayisisekelo angashiwonga ngokuqondile, nawo alinganisela izinga lamandla kahulumeni, futhi avimbela uhulumeni ukuba aphule lamalungelo angahlolwa, aqinisekise ukuthi iSiphakamiso Samalungelo Abantu siwuhlu oluningi lwenkululeko yomuntu.

ISichibiyelo Se - 9 sithi abantu banezinye izinto ezingabalwanga noma ezingabalwanga eMthethweni, njengoba lamalungelo angahloselwe ukuhunyushwa ehlanganisa amalungelo okuhamba, ukuvota, ukushada, ukuba nezindaba zomuntu siqu, nokwenza izinqumo ngomzimba wakhe siqu.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi: Ukubuyisela Amandla Ezwe Nabantu

ISichibiyelo seshumi sisebenza njengetshe leSiphakamiso samalungelo abantu, sigcizelela ngokucacile isimiso sikahulumeni kahulumeni olinganiselwe. ISichibiyelo seshumi silinganisela amandla kahulumeni omkhulu ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi i-United States ayigunyazwanga uMthetho-sisekelo, noma inqatshelwe emibusoni, igcinelwe amazwe noma abantu.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi sigcizelela ukuthi ukufakwa kwencwadi eyisisekelo yamalungelo akuwushintshi uhulumeni wezwe, ohlala unguhulumeni wemibuso elinganiselwe nebalwe, ukuze umbuzo wokuqala ohilela ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kahulumeni ungaphuli yini amalungelo othile, kodwa ukuthi uyawedlula yini amandla kahulumeni wezwe.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi sisebenza njengenhlolo - vo ekwandiseni kukahulumeni, sigcizelela isimiso sombuso nokuqinisekisa igunya likahulumeni oyinhloko akuphelele nokuthi amandla kahulumeni abalulekile ahlala emazingeni kahulumeni nawendawo noma ngokuqondile ngenxa yezakhamuzi, sigcizelela ukuthi uhulumeni kahulumeni ungowemibuso elinganiselwe nebalayo.

Ukusetshenziswa Kokwahlulela KweSichibiyelo Seshumi

Izinqumo eziningana zeNkantolo Ephakeme ziye zasetshenziswa iSichibiyelo Seshumi, kaningi lapho zizama ukuthola ukuthi uhulumeni kahulumeni usebenza ngaphakathi noma weqa imingcele yegunya lawo. Lamacala abonisa indlela ushintsho oluqhubeka ngayo lusebenza njengomngcele owusizo emandleni kahulumeni, hhayi nje isimiso esicatshangelwayo.

Imfundiso Yokuvumelana: Ukunikeza Ohulumeni Bombuso Isivikelo

Ekuqaleni, iBill of Rights yanciphisa amandla kahulumeni. Nokho, lokhu kwashintsha kakhulu ekhulwini lamashumi amabili. ISigqebhezana samalungelo kahulumeni sawanciphisa amandla kahulumeni ekuqaleni, kodwa amacala eNkantolo Ephakeme kamuva anwebela ingxenye enkulu yeBhili Lamalungelo ezwe.

Ngekhulu lama-20 leminyaka, amalungiselelo amaningi kaBill asetshenziswa ezizweni ngeSichibiyelo seshumi nane ngenqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Prefection, kusukela ngenkululeko yokukhipha izinkulumo kuGitsow v. New York (1925). Lokhu kwandisa ngokuphawulekayo ukuphumelela kweBhill of Rights ekulinganiseni amandla kahulumeni kuzo zonke izigaba.

Indlela Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu Esisebenza Ngayo Njengesimiso Sokuhlola

IBhili of Rights ayigcini nje ngokubhala uhlu lwesivikelo somuntu ngamunye; idala isimiso esihlangene esilinganisela amandla kahulumeni ngezinqubo eziningi.

Ukwakha Izindawo Ze - autonomy Enye

Izinguquko zimisa izindawo lapho uhulumeni engenakungena khona. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yindawo engcwele yekhaya lomuntu evikelwe yiSichibiyelo sesithathu nesesine, imfihlo yemicabango nezinkolelo zomuntu ezivikelwe yiSichibiyelo Sokuqala, noma ukulondeka komuntu okuvikelwe yiSichibiyelo sesine kusuka kwiSichibiyelo se-Angleth, lamalungiselelo adala izimbulunga zenkululeko umuntu ngamunye angeke akwazi ukungena kuyo.

Ukufuna Ukugadiswa Kwejaji

Amalungiselelo amaningi eSivumelwano samaLungelo afuna ukuba izikhulu zikahulumeni zithole imvume kubahluleli abangathathi hlangothi ngaphambi kokuba zenze izenzo ezithile. ISichibiyelo sesine semvume sibonakalisa lesi simiso, siphoqelela ukugcinwa komthetho ukuze uqinisekise imajistamente ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi kunembangela ngaphambi kokusesha noma ukuquleka. Lemfuneko ifaka ukuhlola okuzimele emandleni okulawula.

Ukunikeza Imvume Engokomthetho

I - Bill of Rights inendima ebalulekile ekuvikeleni inkululeko yabantu ngokubabekela imingcele ethile emandlani kahulumeni ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuphazanyiswa kwenkululeko yomuntu siqu, enalenkululeko, ehlanganisa amalungelo ayisisekelo njengenkululeko yokukhuluma, yokuzithululela izinto zomuntu siqu nenqubo efanele, okubalulekile ukuze kuvikelwe izakhamuzi ekuxhashazweni uhulumeni.

Lapho izikhulu zikahulumeni zephula lezi sivikelo, abantu ngabanye bangacela ukuba baphikise izenzo ezingekho emthethweni.

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Esisebenza Namuhla

Izimiso ezibekwe kuyiBill of Rights ziyaqhubeka zilawula izimpikiswano zamanje eziphathelene namandla kahulumeni nenkululeko yomuntu. Kusukela ezinkingeni zobuchwepheshe kuya ezingxoxweni eziphathelene nokuqapha, kusukela ezimpikiswaneni zomkhankaso kuya ezingxoxweni eziphathelene nenkululeko engokwenkolo ezindaweni zomphakathi, lezi zinguquko zekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili zisebalulekile ngokuphawulekayo.

Ukulinganisela Ukulondeka Nenkululeko

Izinkantolo zivame ukuphikisana njalo nemibuzo ephathelene nendlela izigwebo Zesine ezisebenza ngayo kwezobuchwepheshe obusha, indlela izimiso Zokuqala Zokuchithwa ezilawula ngayo inkulumo kuyi - Internet, nendlela izimfuneko ezifanele zenqubo ezisebenza ngayo enkathini yokwaziswa okuphathelene nezimiso.

Izincazelo Ezishintshayo

Nakuba umbhalo weBhili lamaLungelo ungashintshi, ukuchaza kokwahlulela kuyaqhubeka kuguquka. Izinkantolo kumelwe zisebenzise izimiso zeshumi elinesishiyagalombili ezimweni ezingamashumi amabili nanhlanu, zinqume ukuthi isivikelo ekuqaleni sasisebenza kanjani ezweni lama-miski kanye nemishini yokunyathelisa kumakhalekhukhwini nasemithonjeni yezenhlalakahle.

Ubuhlobo Phakathi Kwamalungelo Abantu Ngabodwa Nohulumeni Olinganiselwe

Nakuba abalwi bempi bekhathalela ukulinganisela amandla kahulumeni kahulumeni womhlaba wonke benikeza umfutho wokuqala weSikhathi Samalungelo Abantu, uBill wenza okungaphezu nje kokunikeza umngcele esinyatheloni sikahulumeni, njengoba efuna ukulondoloza inkululeko ngokuvikela izindawo ezithile ezibhekwa ngokwesiko njengezibalulekile enkululekweni yomuntu ngamunye nesithunzi.

I - Bill of Rights ibonisa isimiso esiyisisekelo sefilosofi: ukuthi abantu banamalungelo efa aqalwe ngaphambi kukahulumeni futhi lowohulumeni ukhona ukuze avikele lamalungelo, hhayi ukuba awanike wona. Ngokulinganisela ngokucacile lokho uhulumeni angakwenza, izinguquko ziqinisa umqondo wokuthi amandla kahulumeni asungulwe futhi acindezelwa, hhayi aphelele.

Ifilosofi Yamalungelo Emvelo

I-Bill of Rights ihlanganisa ifilosofi engokwemvelo ethonya ukusungulwa kwamalungelo abantu baseMelika. Le filosofi ikholelwa ukuthi amalungelo athile azuzwe ngokwemvelo kubantu nokuthi uhulumeni ongokomthetho kumelwe uwahloniphe lamalungelo. Izinguquko azenzeli amalungelo; ziyawaqaphela futhi ziwavikele amalungelo asekhona kakade.

Ukubusa Okuthandwayo

Ngokuhlela amandla "abantu" eSichibiyelweni se-Ninth ne-Tenth, iBill of Rights iqinisa isimiso sobukhosi obuthandwayo . Ukubusa okuphelele kusekubantu, hhayi ezikhulwini zikahulumeni. Lesi simiso silinganisela amandla kahulumeni ngokumisa lowohulumeni ngokuvumelana nababuswayo.

Izibonelo Eziwusizo Zendlela Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Esilinganisela Ngayo Amandla Kahulumeni

Ukuqonda iBhili Lamalungelo kucaca ngezibonelo ezicacile zendlela lezi sivikelo ezisebenza ngayo.

Ukulinganiselwa Komthetho

Amaphoyisa awanakungena ekhaya lakho ngaphandle kwemvume esekelwe ekutheni kungenzeka, ngisho noma esola izenzo zobugebengu, awakwazi ukukuphoqa ukuba ufakazele ngawe ngokwakho, angekubekezelele kuze kube phakade ngaphandle kwamacala noma ukuqulwa icala, angakwazi ukukubeka ezigwebweni ezinonya.

Iziyalezo Ezingokomthetho

ISishaya-mthetho asinakumisa imithetho emisa inkolo engokomthetho noma enqabela umkhuba wenkolo, ayinakwenza inkulumo yezombangazwe isophule noma iphikise ngokuthula.

Imingcele Elawulayo

Igatsha eliphethe alinakuhlola imithombo yezindaba, licindezele ukungavumelani, noma lijezise abantu ngabanye ngemibono yabo yezombangazwe. Alikwazi ukuphatha ukuqapha ngaphandle kwemvume efanele.

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Nesesifundazwe

I - Bill of Rights inendima ebalulekile ekulondolozeni isimiso sikahulumeni ngokuchaza imingcele phakathi kwegunya likahulumeni nelikahulumeni naphakathi kwamandla kahulumeni namalungelo abantu ngabanye.

UMthetho-sisekelo usebenzisa umqondo wobuzwe ovimbela uhulumeni ukuba uphazamise izindaba eziningi zangaphakathi zikahulumeni, uhulumeni kahulumeni ngokuvamile uyakwazi ukumisa kuphela izindaba ezithinta lonke izwe. ISichibiyelo seshumi siqinisa lesisimiso ngokugcina ngokucacile amandla angekho ezifundazweni noma kubantu.

Ukuvikela Isimiso Sezwe

Ngokulinganisela amandla kahulumeni, iBill of Rights isiza ekulondolozeni ukuzibusa kukahulumeni ezindaweni ezingaphathiswa uhulumeni wezwe. Lengxenye yegunya idala enye inqubo elawulayo, njengoba imibuso ingasebenza njengezindawo zokuhlola idemokrasi futhi njengezinto eziphikisana nokuphambana kukahulumeni.

Ukuvikela Amalungelo Abantu Ngabo Bonke Kuzo Zonke Izizinda

Ngokufakwa, iBill of Rights manje ivikela abantu ngabanye kukho kokubili ukwephulwa kwamalungelo ayisisekelo kukahulumeni kahulumeni nohulumeni. Lesivikelo esimbaxambili siqinisekisa ukuthi akukho silinganiso sikahulumeni esingaphazamisa inkululeko eyisisekelo, sidala izivikelo ezibanzi zenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye.

Imibono Evamile Engalungile Ngesiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu

Imibono eminingi eyiphutha ngeBhili of Rights ingaholela ekungaqondini ngendlela elilinganisela ngayo amandla kahulumeni.

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Silinganisela Uhulumeni Kuphela, Hhayi Abavikeli Bemithetho Yangabodwa

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sikuvikela ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni futhi asinqandi inkampani ezimele noma umqashi ukuba athathe isinyathelo ngokumelene nawe ngenxa yalokho okushoyo, futhi asiwavimbeli amayunivesithi ekumiseni imithetho yokuziphatha, futhi amapulatifomu ezokuxhumana awadingeki futhi ukuze avikele inkulumo yakho. Lomehluko ubalulekile: iBill of Rights Gudmist, hhayi isenzo sangasese.

Amalungelo Awaphelele

Nakuba iBill of Rights imisa isivikelo esiqinile, izinkantolo ziye zaqaphela ukuthi lamalungelo alinganiselwe. INkantolo Ephakeme ifuna ukuba uhulumeni anikeze ukuthethelela okuqinile kokuphazamisa ilungelo lenkululeko yokukhuluma lapho izama ukulawula lokho okuqukethwe inkulumo. Uhulumeni ungabeka imingcele enengqondo lapho kudingeka ukuze ufeze izithakazelo eziphoqelelayo, nakuba umthwalo wokulunga uxhomeke kuhulumeni.

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Asisona Isithukuthezi

ISichibiyelo se-Ninth sikwenza kucace ukuthi ubala amalungelo athile aqondile akusho ukuthi amanye amalungelo angekho. ISimemezelo samalungelo sivikela inkululeko ethile eyisisekelo ngokuqondile, kodwa abantu balondoloza amalungelo engeziwe angashiwonga ngokuqondile kulombhalo.

Ukubaluleka Okuqhubekayo Kwesiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu

Lezinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi ziyisikhumbuzo esibalulekile sokuzinikezela kwesizwe sethu ekulinganiseni igunya likahulumeni nokuqinisekisa ukulunga. Enkathini yokwandisa amakhono kahulumeni nobuchwepheshe obushintshayo, iBhili yamaLungelo libalulekile ekulondolozeni inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye nasekucindezeleni amandla kahulumeni.

Ukuqapha Nemfundo

Imfundo ephathelene nala malungelo ayisisekelo nokuqapha ekuwavikeleni ekungeneni kuseyimithwalo yemfanelo ebalulekile kuzo zonke izizukulwane.

Ukuzivumelanisa Nezinselele Ezintsha

Njengoba umphakathi ushintsha futhi kuvela izinselele ezintsha, izimiso ezikuyiBhili Yamalungelo kumelwe zisetshenziswe ezimweni ezintsha. izinkantolo, izishaya - mthetho nezakhamuzi kumelwe zisebenzele ukuqinisekisa ukuthi lezi sivikelo zihlala zinenjongo ekushintsheni isimo kuyilapho zilondoloza injongo yazo eyinhloko yokulinganisela amandla kahulumeni.

Isihluthulelo: Indlela Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Esilinganisela Ngayo Amandla Kahulumeni

I - Bill of Rights ilinganisela amandla kahulumeni ngezinqubo eziningana ezihlangene:

  • Izinguquko zinqabela uhulumeni ukuba athathe isinyathelo ezicini ezithile, njengokumisa inkolo, ukuvimbela inkulumo, noma ukwenza ukuphenya okungacabangeki
  • Izimfuneko ezingokwencazelo: Izinguquko eziningi zidinga uhulumeni ukuba alandele izinqubo ezithile, njengokuthola imvume noma ukunikeza inqubo efanele, ngaphambi kokwenza izenzo ezithile
  • Imithetho egciniwe: Izichibiyelo ze-Ninth ne-Tenth zicacisa ukuthi uhulumeni kahulumeni uqukethe amandla ahlukaniswe kuphela, nawo wonke amanye amandla agcinelwe imibuso noma abantu
  • Jodicial Inforcement: Izinguquko zinikeza abantu isisekelo esingokomthetho sokubekela inselele izenzo zikahulumeni enkantolo, kudala ukulandisa nemiphumela ngokuphula
  • [[I-FLT:0] Iziqhano ze-Autonomy: Izinguquko zimisa izindawo zenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye lapho uhulumeni engenakuphazamisa, uvikela inkululeko nesithunzi somuntu siqu
  • IMandla e-Multiple of Providetion: Ngokuhlanganisa, iBhili lamaLungelo manje lilinganisela kokubili amandla kahulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni nowombuso, linikeza isivikelo esibanzi samalungelo abantu ngabanye

Imithombo Yemfundo Eqhubekayo

Kulabo abanesithakazelo sokuhlola i - Bill of Rights nokulinganiselwa kwayo embusweni kahulumeni ngokujule ngokwengeziwe, imithombo eminingana enegunya inikeza ukwaziswa okuwusizo:

Isiphetho

I-Bill of Rights imelela isibopho esiyisisekelo sikahulumeni olinganiselwe nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. kokubili uMthetho-sisekelo neSipho samaLungelo sigxile ekulinganiseni amandla kahulumeni kahulumeni, nakuba ngandlela-thile ehlukene. Ngemithetho ecacile, izimfuneko ze-producture, nemibuso egciniwe, lezizinguquko eziyishumi zikha isimiso esibanzi sokucindezela igunya likahulumeni nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye.

Ukuqonda indlela iBhili of Rights elinganisela ngayo amandla kahulumeni kusadingeka kusona sonke isakhamuzi. Lezi sivikelo zihlala ziphumelela kuphela uma abantu bewazi amalungelo abo, bewagcizelela lapho kudingeka, futhi beqapha ukungenela. Njengoba kuqala izinselele ezintsha futhi umphakathi ushintsha, izimiso ezikuyiBhili of Rights kumelwe ziqhubeke ziqondisa ubuhlobo phakathi kukahulumeni nababuswayo, ziqinisekise ukuthi amandla ahlala elinganiselwe futhi inkululeko ihlala ivikelekile.

Ikhono leBhill of Rights alikho nje kuphela ezivikelweni ezikhethekile elizinikezayo, kodwa kuyifilosofi elizifaka kuzo: ukuthi uhulumeni ukhona ukuze ukhonze abantu, lawomalungelo omuntu ngamanye andulela igunya likahulumeni, futhi lawomandla kumelwe aphoqelelwe ukuba alondoloze inkululeko. Lezizimiso zisebaluleke kakhulu namuhla njengoba zazinjalo lapho ukunqandelwa kwalokhu kuvunyelwa ngo - 1791, zisebenza njengesivikelo esihlala njalo ekubuseni kobushiqela nesisekelo sokuzibusa ngentando yeningi.