Uphawu Olwaguqula Umkhankaso Wezombangazwe

I-Good Wearth Agreement (GFA), eyasayinwa ngo-10 April 1998, yayingesona isivumelwano sokuthula. Yakha kabusha izakhiwo zezombangazwe zase-Northern Ireland futhi, ngokwenza kanjalo, ngokuyisisekelo, yakha kabusha incwadi yokulawula yemikhankaso yezombangazwe. Ngaphambi kuka-1998, ukuvota kwakuwukubonakaliswa kokuhlukanisa okujulile kwehlelo: umsizi ohlangene ngokumelene nomthetho wesizwe, onomkhankaso wokukhuluma ogxile kakhulu esimweni somthetho-mthetho, izikhalo ezingokomlando, nokwethembeka komphakathi. I-GFA yasungula uhlelo olusha lokulawula amandla, ukuvumelana, nokuhlanganisana nokuhlanganisa iziphakamiso, ukuphoqelela izigaba ukuba zivumelane ukuxhumana kwazo, izindlela zazo zokuxhumana, nokuhlela ukuhlangana. Lesi sihloko sihlola indlela i-sethina enzimeni enyakaze kuqhubeke ngayo i-pring, futhi i-interliterna, futhi kuhlola ukuncikekanisa zonke izinselele zezeke yeze zinhlelo zezindaba, nezokubhekana eziqinile.

Umlando: Okwenza IGFA Ishintshe Umkhankaso

Ukuze umuntu aqonde ithonya leGFA kumkhankaso, kumelwe aqale aqonde indawo yangaphambi kuka-1988. Emashumini eminyaka, ukhetho lwase-Northern Ireland lwalulawulwa umbuzo womthetho-sisekelo. I-paries njenge-Ulster Unionist Party (UP), iDemocratic Union (DUP), i-Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP), ne-Sin Féin zakha imikhankaso ephikisana kakhulu nemibono. I-Rhericric yayivame ukuba i-aversarial, ngezinye izikhathi, futhi iphonswe emphakathini owodwa. Izikhathi zokuvocalula imikhosi yayayandisa izingxabano futhi ngezinye izikhathi.

I-GFA yashintsha ukuthi ngokubambisana kokuhlela. Isivumelwano sakha isikhulu esiphethe amandla esifuna kokubili amaqembu ahlangeneyo nawabuzwe ukuba abuse ndawonye. Yamisa futhi izimiso zokuvota okuxhumene e-Assembly, iqinisekisa ukuthi izinqumo eziyinhloko zidinga ukusekelwa kuzo zombili izinhlangothi. Leliqiniso elisha lezombangazwe eliphoqelelwe ukuba licabange ngendlela ehlukile. Iqembu alikwazi ukuzuza abaningi ngokuphelele futhi liphoqelele intando yalo; manje, ukubusa kwadinga ukuxhumana nokuhlehla. Ngenxa yalokho, imikhankatho yaqala ukusuka ekumelaneni okumsulwa kwezihloko zobuhlobo, umthwalo wemfanelo, nokubusa okuwusizo.

Ukusuka Ezimpini Zomthetho - sisekelo Kuya Ekushintsheni Kwemithetho

Ngaphambi kuka-1998, imikhankaso eminingi yayigxile engxoxweni eyodwa: ukusekela noma ukuphikisa i-Ireland ehlangene kanye nokuhlala e-UK. I-GFA ayizange iyisuse le mpikiswano − ihlala iyinkinga ephilayo (kodwa ifaka ngaphakathi kwe-consafection consivement. Imikhankaso manje kufanele ixazulule izinkathazo zansuku zonke: inkonzo yezempilo elindile izinhlu, imali yemfundo, imisebenzi, isakhiwo. Isivumelwano siphakamise ngokunempumelelo ukulindela okuyisisekelo ukuthi amaqembu kumelwe anikeze iziteji ezimisweni ezithembekile ezindabeni zasekhaya, hhayi nje ezingokomthetho we-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho. Lokhu kuye kwafaka umkhankaso owenziwe ngomkhankaso, manje ofana nowezinye i-democradio, i-Averse.

Ngokwesibonelo, i-GFA yakha indawo yezombangazwe ezingezona ihlelo lenkolo. Okwamanje, i-Dupus ne Sinn Féin isahweba ngezimo zabo zomthetho-mfashini lapho befaka umnyombo we-international common, kodwa futhi kumelwe babonise inzuzo eminyangweni esebenzayo. Le mfuneko embalwayo iyimiphumela eqondile ye-GFA's article.

ISikhathi Samandla Kagesi: Imikhankaso Eyakhelwe Ukuthola Imali

Esinye sezici ezihluke kakhulu ze-GFA imfuneko yokuba umnyunyana omkhulu nombangi wesizwe ahlanganise uNgqongqoshe wokuqala nesekela likaNgqongqoshe Wokuqala. Lokhu kuye kwaguqula indlela amaqembu azimela ngayo ngokwawo. Kunokuba kulwele ukuwina zonke izihlalo, imikhankaso manje ijongene nokundisa isabelo sawo samavoti omphakathi othile ukuze avikele amahhovisi aphezulu. Lokhu kwakha imfuneko ekhethekile yokuhlanganisa isigaba somuntu siqu kuyilapho futhi kukhanga abavoti abasesilinganisweni abakwazi ukuthonya isimiso sokuhlanganisa ama-commonytry.

Ezincwadini zokhetho, ubona izikhombo ezicacile ezithi “ukusekela isikhundla soMphathiswa Wokuqala” noma“ ukusekela izwi elinamandla lobuzwe kuhulumeni.” Ukufaka umbiko kungumphumela oqondile we-GFA. Imikhosi futhi ifaka umkhankaso wekhono layo lokusebenza ngakolunye uhlangothi. Ngokwesibonelo, i-UPP ngezinye izikhathi iye yagcizelela indima yayo ekusekeleni i-Coporation ngokwayo; iSinn Féin iqokomisa ukungenela kwayo kumandla abaphathi abanomona. Le ngxoxo yokubambisana yayingeke icabangele ngaphambi kuka-1998, lapho igama elithi “ugnotiation” cishe kanye nolunye uhlangothi lalivame ukuba nobuthi obunoshevu.

Izikhalo Zokukhathazeka: Impikiswano Yomkhankaso Kuyo Ngokwayo

I-GFA iqala “izenzakalo zokukhathazeka,” indlela evumela amalungu angu-30 e-Orchester ukuba afune ukuvota okuxhumeneyo ezindabeni ezibucayi. Ekuqaleni kuklanyelwe ukuvikela amalungelo amancane, kuye kwaba yimpikiswano yomkhankaso. Kukakhetho lwamuva, amaqembu anjenge-Alliance Party aye akhankasela ukuguqula noma ukuqeda inqubo yesicelo, asebenzisa umthetho oqhubekayo ofana nomshado owe-tex noma umthetho wokukhipha isisu. I-DUP iye yavikela njengesivikelo. Ngakho i-GFA ngokwayo iba isihloko somkhankaso, iphikisana, ivikelwa, futhi ihlaselwe yizinhlangano ezihlukahlukene. Lokhu kugcina isivumelwano sikhona enkulumweni yezombangazwe, hhayi nje njengesivumelwano esinokuthula kodwa njengendlela yokubusa.

Ukuzama Ukuletha Ukuthula

Ifa le-GFA lidlulela ngalé kodwendwe lwezinkolo. Ngenxa yokuthi indawo ebhekene nobudlova amashumi eminyaka, imikhankaso manje ihlolwa ngokucophelela ukugwema ukubangela izingxabano. Imikhosi ivame ukulahla noma yikuphi ukusikisela konya noma ukonga. Izithombe zokhetho zincishiswa ngenxa yemifanekiso yamahlelo. Amasu aklanyelwe ukunciphisa ukuxabana kwemiphakathi (ngokomzekelo, ukugwema ukumasha ezindaweni ezixhunyiwe. I-PSNI (Plice Service of Northern Ireland) ne-Ectoral Commis zinesiqondiso “kubhikisho okuthula ukuthula,” umqondo owawukhona ngokungenakwenzeka kuma-1980.

Lendawo ezungezile ikhuthaza ukuvumelana ngolimi. Ngisho nabathathi-mdlandla bathambekele ekuhlanganiseni izimfuno zabo zomthetho-mthetho ngokuphathelene nentando yeningi, amalungelo, kanye nokulingana kunezinto ezingokomlando. Isimiso seGFA semvume (ukuma komthetho-sisekelo waNyakatho Ireland) singashintsha kuphela ngevoti enkulu. Imikhosi ye-GARLAND inikeza abakhankasi indlela yokuphikisana ngokubona kwabo ngaphandle kokulahla i-delegitumisting ngakolunye uhlangothi. Imikhankani isaveza ukuthathela i-a i-avdvocacy, kodwa i-sicilo sesisekelo se-mfalthonto okumelwe ithathe i-mfashiniswe yi-GA. Ukushintsha kwempucuko kungokunye kokuphumelela okukhulu kwe-GA.

Imithombo Yezindaba Nezenhlalo: Amashashi Amasha, Umsebenzi Ofanayo

Imithombo yezindaba engokwesiko eNyakatho Ireland, njenge-BBC, UTV, namaphephandaba endawo, sekuyisikhathi eside isebenza nge-ethos enamandla enkonzo yomphakathi ngokuphathelene nokuthula. Inikeza incazelo elinganiselwe embonweni yokuhlanganisa ubunye neyobuzwe futhi igweme ukuhlobisa. I-GFA yagcizelela lokhu ngokumisa impucuko yezombangazwe lapho ngisho nezokusakaza kunendima ekusekeleni ingxoxo. Nokho, i-social social meters, iqala izinselele ezintsha. Amapulatifomu angandisa amazwi aphikisayo futhi asebenzise “izikhangiso ezinqikelelene” ezisemiphakathini ethile. Imibhikishi manje ifaka kakhulu i-midiyamu ye-midiyamu ehlolwa amaqembu e-Facean, kodwa imithombo yezindaba isalokhu inendima esekela ukuxhumana i-GFAdn: izigaba ezisadinga ukubulisa izibalo ndawonye.

Ngo-2022, ukuhlaziywa kwe-University of Liverpool kwathola ukuthi amaqembu amaningi ezombangazwe aseNyakatho ye-Irish asebenzisa imithombo yezindaba yezembutho ukukhuthaza izigijimi ezikhuthazayo mayelana nokuphatha amandla nokubambisana, ngisho nalapho ehlasela abaphikisi ngezimiso. Lokhu kuhluke kakhulu enkulu enkulumweni evame ukuba noshevu kuyi-inthanethi ye-intanethi kweminye imiphakathi ehlukene. Ngokwezinga elithile, i-GFA yafakwa ngaphakathi abakhankanti bezeli beze-adimest organ shortumsss.

Ukuhlola Icala: Indlela Imikhankaso Ebonisa Ngayo Isivumelwano

Umkhankaso Wokubuyisela Imali Ngo - 1998

Umkhankaso wokuqala owabunjwa yi-GFA kwakuyi-addendum eMbusweni ngokwawo. I-pro-Agreement amaqembu (i-UP, i-SDLP, i-Sinn Féin, i-Alliance) yakha i-cean exrospidism ebizwa ngokuthi “Yebo for Peace.” Umkhankaso wabo wagcizelela ikusasa eliqhakazile, ukutshala imali, kanye nokuphela kobudlova. I-Anti-Agreement (UP, i-UP, i-UP), i-Sin Féin, i-Alliance) waxwayisa ngokuthi i-studiactriverives futhi wenza i-Unitive sy Union ibe buthaka. Zombili izinhlangothi zagcizelela izimpikiswano zazo phakathi kwekhono ze-GFA .

Umhlangano Wangemva Kuka - 19998

Kukhetho lokuqala loMhlangano ngo-1998, izigaba zaqokomisa indima yazo ekudluliseleni ukuthula. I-UUP yafaka umkhankaso ngesiqubulo esithi “Ukuthula Nentuthuko,” kuyilapho i-SDLP yakhuthaza ukuthi“ Ukusebenzela Wonke Umuntu.” USin Féin wasebenzisa u-“Ukumisa iNxulumano neBrithani” kodwa futhi wagcizelela isibopho sayo ezinhlanganweni ezintsha. I-DUP, eyayimelene ne-GFA, kwadingeka ukuba ime njengelungele ukusebenza phakathi komhlangano. Ngokhetho olulandelayo, i-DUP yamukela izinhlangano zeGFA’s (nakuba zazilokhu zigxeka ezinye izici), futhi yabavumela ukuba babe iqembu elikhulu kakhulu lenhlangano. Umkhankaso wabo wasuka ekulahleni ngokuphelele “enzeni ngokungcono.”

Isithombe Sesithombe Sonyaka ka-2017: I-Brexit ne-GFA

Ukhetho lomhlangano luka-2017 lwathonywa kakhulu ukuwa komphathi ophethe i-odoli elungisa ihlazo lokulungisa amandla. Kodwa impikiswano eyisisekelo yayiwukucindezeleka phakathi kwe-consociation consiation consivation ye-GFA kanye nohlobo lwe-Bretit. I-kampaigs ezisekelwe kuleloqembu elalingalawula kangcono kakhulu ubuhlobo neLondon ne-Dublin, livikele i-Belfast (Kulungile kuLwesihlanu), futhi lilondoloze ukuthula. Ukhetho lwabona ukukhula ekusekeleni i-all commony Alliance, okuthi amaqoqo amabili amakhulu ezwe ayehluleka ukubusa ngokuphumelelayo. Lokhu khetho lwabonisa ukuthi i-GFA ihlala iyikhambi likamkhankaso eliphilayo, hhayi nje iphuzu elingokomlando.

Izinselele: Ukungathembi, Ukuhlinza, Nokushaya Indilinga

Naphezu kwempumelelo ye-GFA ekunciphiseni ubudlova, umkhankaso wezombangazwe usabhekene nezithiyo ezingathi sína. Ukungathembisi phakathi kwabasizi bemishado nesizwe kuhlala kuphakeme, ikakhulukazi ngemva kwezenzakalo ezifana ne-2021 Northern Ireland Protocol. Isivumelwano, ingxenye yesivumelwano se-Brexitreffrence, sakha umngcele omusha owe-Irish Sea, obonwa ukuthi ululaza isimiso se-GFA sokwamukela indawo ye-Northern Ireland e-UK. Imibango kusukela ngo-20202020 iye yabuswa yimpikiswa yimithetho engokomthetho ehlobene: izimpikiswayo ezifuna ukususwa kwayo, kuyilapho izinhlangano zesizwe nezokwambuthwasambulwa kwe-GFA kumelwe zihlolwe ukugcinwa kwemikhankambo ye-GA. Lokhu kuye kwaphinde kwamiswa ekuncipheni kweminyango lwe-GA.

Ukunyuswa kuyabonakala futhi ekudlondlobaleni kwamaqembu aqine kakhulu nhlangothi zombili. I-Dup no-Sin Féin balawula izingxenye zabo, bashiya amaqembu amancane elwela umoya-mpilo. Isimiso se-GFA’Hondt semisebenzi yokukhonza ehlelayo sikhuthaza amaqembu ukuba ancintisane ngokumelene nezikhundla eziphakeme, ngezinye izikhathi kuholele ekungeneni umngcele ochitheka emkhankasweni. Nakuba kunjalo, nakulendawo eshisayo, akukho mkhankani enkulu yokubuyela ekuqondiseni noma ekuqedweni kwe-Assembly. I-GFA’A's plane sy seal comfontrolgial ithandwa njengengangeyo-negocable, ngezinye izikhathi efaka umngcele emkhankanyeni wokudlanga.

Izinselele Zezenhlalo Nezomnotho

Izivumelwano futhi zizama ukusingatha isithembiso se-GFA “ikusasa elihlanganyelwe.” Impikiswano efana nemfundo ehlangene kakhulu, indawo yokuhlala, nezingxabano ezithathelwanayo zihlala ziphikisana. Isivumelwano sakha izindikimba eziningi (IKhomishane Yokulingana, iKhomishane Yamalungelo Abantu, iParades Commission) ukusingatha lezimpikiswano, kodwa ngokuvamile zigxekwa ngemikhankaso yokuthi zingenele kakhulu noma zibuthakathaka kakhulu. Izivumelwano kumelwe ziqondise lezi zihloko ezibucayi. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nokhetho lwendawo, abafuna ukusekela izivumelwano zezindlu ezabelanayo noma izenzakalo ze-commony, kodwa futhi bavikela izimpawu zomphakathi. I-GFA’s isimiso sokwazisa ukuhlonishwa kwenhlonipho yonobumba nokuhlobana.

Iziqondiso Zesikhathi Esizayo: Isivumelwano Esihlala Njalo

Njengoba i-Northern Ireland isondela isikhumbuzo sayo sonyaka wama-30 se-GFA, ithonya layo ekukhankanyeni alibonisi phawu lokuwohloka. Izisekelo zikhona: ukubambisana kwamandla, ukuvumelana, nokunqamule i-commoniny izinsika ezakhiwe ngazo yonke imikhankaso emikhulu. Imikhankaso yesikhathi esizayo cishe ibona ukusetshenziswa okukhulayo kwamathuluzi emishini ukuze afinyelele izingxenye ezihlongozeneyo, kodwa imiyalezo izodinga ukucwila phakathi kwemigoqo yeGFA. Ukubambisana kokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, amalungelo ezimiso zezibalo, nokushintsha kwenani labantu (ngenyusa isilinganiso somphakathi esihlukanisayo njengenyunyana noma isizwana) iyokwenza ukuba izimpimbano zazo zikhule kancane kancane. I-combus azokuhlanganisa isilinganiso se-GFA.

Nokho, i-GFA ngokwayo ingabhekana nokucindezela kwenguquko. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi isicelo sokukhathalela siphelelwe isikhathi, abanye ukuthi umfelandawonye ophoqelelwe uvimbela ukuphikiswa okuphumelelayo. Noma yimuphi umkhankaso wenguquko uzolwiwa ngokungenakugwenywa phakathi nomongo wesivumelwano, usebenzisa ulimi nezimiso zayo. Abafundi kanye nababukeli bezombangazwe zaseNyakatho ye-Ireland kufanele babheke ukuthi lezimpikiswano zeqembu ziyozivivinya kanjani ukuqina kwe-GFA. Isivumelwano asihloselwe ukuba siqine; “incwadi esiphilayo.” Imibhikishosho esekela ushintsho kodwa ihlala izinikele ekuthuleni nasekuxoxinzeleni izingxoxo bubufakazi obungcono bokuthi i-Goold Treevel Avement iyaqhubeka yenza umsebenzi wayo.

Isiphetho: Ukushintsha Kwendlela Yokuzilungisa Ngokuwumkhankaso

I-Good Wearth Agreement ayizange iqede ukuncintisana kwezombangazwe eNyakatho Ireland(i-isithi. Imikhankaso manje ikhokhelwe kakhulu, igxile kakhulu esimisweni, futhi iqaphele isidingo sokugcina ukusekelana okunqamuleyo. Izwi liye lathamba, izigxobo azizinciphi, futhi imiphumela ayisekho izezero-ssum. Kodwa izinselele zokwakha zomphakathi ohlukene kakhulu zikhona, futhi imikhankankani kumelwe iqhubeke isebenza kakhulu nsuku zonke. Kubafundisi nabafundi, bafunda leli cala, banikeza isibonelo esinamandla sendlela isivumelwano sokuthula esingabuye sibuye siphinde sibe yizinhlangano kodwa namasiko ezombangazwe. Ifa lika-GFA iyabonakala ngaso sonke isikhathi lapho umuntu ekhuluma ngokuhlanganyela izikhulu, isikhathi ngasinye esibonakala esisebenza kuzo zonke “izithembiso zabantu bonke abantu base-Ireland, nokungabikho kwesikhathi sokukhetha isikhathi sokuzikhetha zonke.

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