Indima Ebucayi Yokusekela Umphakathi Ekuthuthukiseni Imfundo

Imali yomphakathi isekela ngokwezimali ezimisweni zesikole kulo lonke elase-United States, ithonya ngokuqondile yonke into kusukela emaholoni othisha nasezingeni lokudla kuya esimweni sezakhiwo zesikole nasebuningini bezinhlelo zangemva kwesikole. Indlela lemali ephakanyiswa ngayo, yabelwa, futhi isetshenziswe ngayo idala umehluko omkhulu emathubeni emfundo atholakalayo kubafundi kuye nangenxa yendawo abahlala kuyo. Ukuqonda izimali zemfundo kanye nethonya lazo ezingeni eliphezulu kubaluleke kakhulu kubazali, othisha, namalungu omphakathi afuna ukusekela izikole ezilinganayo. Uma izimali zikhona futhi zabekwa kahle, izikole zingakhanga othisha abanekhono, zilondoloze izakhiwo zanamuhla, futhi zinikeze iziteshi ezicebile. Uma zinganele noma zisakazwa ngokungafanele, abafundi abasezindaweni ezihlala kuyo bangabhekana nemiphumela ephawulekayo.

Ukuhlobana phakathi kwezimali nokuphumelela kwabafundi akuqagelwa nje. Ucwaningo olukhulayo lubonisa ukuthi imali esetshenziswayo, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezithola imali encane, iholela ekutholeni iziqu ezingcono, ukuhlolwa kwenani elingcono, neholo elandayo. Nokho amazwe amaningi ayaqhubeka ancika ezimisweni zezimali ezikhuthaza ukungalingani, ngokuvamile ezibopha intela yempahla yendawo. Lesi sihloko sihlola indlela imali yomphakathi esekela ngayo izinga lemfundo, ukuhlukana okuvela emikhondweni yamanje ekhokhelwayo, nokuthi yini engenziwa ukuze kusungulwe izimiso ezisemthethweni.

Indlela Izimali Zomphakathi Ezizimisele Futhi Ezibusa Ngayo

Ukuqonda ukuxhaswa kwemfundo yomphakathi kudinga ukubheka imithombo emithathu eyinhloko: iminikelo kahulumeni, kazwelonke, neyomphakathi. Ngokwesilinganiso, izimali zikahulumeni zinikeza i-8-10% yemali ephelele yemfundo, ngokuvamile ihloselwe izinhlelo ezithile ezinjengesihloko I (kubafundi abahlawulwa kancane) nemfundo ekhethekile. Ohulumeni bamazwe banikela cishe ngo 45-50%, kuyilapho asele angu-40-45% avela emithonjeni yendawo, ngokuyinhloko intela yempahla. Lokhu kuncike kakhulu ezintela zempahla zendawo kuyimbangela eyinhloko yokuxhasa izimali eziningi.

Ukuxhasa Ngezimali

I-Fourcences of Disectivity Act enikeza imvume enikeza injongo yokuhlela inkundla yokudlala yabafundi abaswele. Izinhlelo ezifana nethi Thit I of the All Students Resecces Act zinikeza izikole ezigcwele ubumpofu. I-Averence Withs of Disectivity Education Act (IDEA) nayo inikeza ukusekela kukahulumeni ezinkonzweni ezikhethekile zemfundo. Nokho, ukuxhasa kwezwe akukaze kukhokhele ngokugcwele izindleko zalemiyalo, kushiya amazwe nezifunda ukuze kugcwalise izikhala.

Ukuxhasa Amafomu Kahulumeni

Isifundazwe ngasinye sisebenzisa indlela yaso siqu yokusasala amadola emfundo ezifundeni zendawo. Izindlela ezivamile zihlanganisa izisekelo, lapho umbuso uqinisekisa khona izinga eliyisisekelo lemali kumfundi ngamunye, kanye nezindlela zokusebenzisa inzuzo elinganayo, ezizama ukuqeda ukuhluka kwengcebo yendawo. Ezinye izifunda zisebenzisa izimali ezisekelwe kubafundi, lapho imali ilandela khona umfundi ngokusekelwe ezicini ezifana nebanga lebanga lemfundo, izinga lesiNgisi, noma isimo sobumpofu.

Intela Yempahla Yasendaweni

Ngenxa yokuthi inzuzo yendawo itholakala ezintelani zempahla, izigodi ezisezindaweni ezinezimpahla eziphezulu zinganyusa imali eningi kakhulu kumfundi ngamunye kunalezo ezisemiphakathini ephansi. Isifunda sasemadolobheni esicebile singachitha u-R320 000 umfundi ngamunye kuyilapho isifunda sasemaphandleni esingumakhelwane sichitha imali engu-R9 000 kuphela. Lokhu kuhlukana kubangelwa iqiniso lokuthi imiphakathi engenisa imali ephansi ngokuvamile inenani eliphansi lempahla kanye nentela ephakeme kakhulu ehlobene nemali ehlawulwayo, okusho ukuthi ikhokha ingxenye enkulu yemali yayo ngenxa yemali encane yesikole. Imizamo yokuguqula lesimiso sezentengoso yezepolitiki ihlangene nempi yempahla, njengoba izifunda zezindawo ezicebile zilwela ukugcina imali yazo.

Ithonya Eliqondile Lokuxhasa Imfundo

Izindaba zemali emfundweni, kodwa indlela ezisetshenziswa ngayo izinto ngisho nangaphezulu. Uma izikole zinemali eyanele nengaguquguquki, zingatshala imali eshadini eliyinhloko lempumelelo yabafundi: othisha abaphezulu, izinto zokufundisa ezisemuva, izinto ezilondekile nezinamuhla, nezinhlelo eziningi ezihlangabezana nezidingo zomfundi ezihlukahlukene.

Imfanelo Kathisha Nokusekela

Iholo labafundisi limelela izindleko ezinkulu kakhulu ezimalini zesikole eziningi, ngokuvamile ukukhokha imali ephelele engu-50-60%. Iholo lemali elikhokhelwayo libalulekile ekukhangeni nasekulondolozeni othisha abaphumelelayo. Izifunda ezisebenzisa imali ephakeme zinganikeza iholo elingcono, ukusayina amabhonasi, nokuthuthukisa amathuba obuchwepheshe. Zinganciphisa futhi izinga lezifundo ngokuqasha othisha abengeziwe, ukucwaninga okubonisa ukuthi kuthuthukisa imiphumela yabafundi, ikakhulukazi kubantwana abasebasha nakulabo abanezizinda ezimpofu.

Ngokuphambene, izigodi ezidume kakhulu ngokuvamile zilwa kanzima ukuze zigcwalise izikhundla, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni eziswele kakhulu njengemfundo ekhethekile, izibalo, nesayensi. Zingathembela kothisha abangaqashelwanga, abathathi-nxaxheba besikhashana, noma othisha abafundisa ngaphandle kwezifundo zazo. Uthisha ophakeme uphendukela kulezikole uqhubekela phambili ekufundiseni nasekulimazeni abafundi. NgokweSiko leDing Policy Institute, uthisha ushintsha izindleko zibiza izwe elilinganiselwa ku-R3,2,000 000 000 000 000 ngonyaka, okuningi kwazo ezikoleni ezingasenamali enele.

Imithombo Nezobuchwepheshe Ezisekilasini

Izincwadi, imishini yelabhu, amacomputer, ne-software zibalulekile ekunikezeni izifundo zanamuhla. Kodwa izikole ezisezindaweni eziphansi zivame ukusebenzisa izinto eziphelelwe yisikhathi, ziswele izinto ezanele kubafundi, noma zingenazo i-intanethi eyanele. Umqedazwe we-CHOVID-19 wadalula ngokuphawulekayo, njengoba abafundi basezindaweni ezicebile bekwazi ukufunda nge-intanethi ngaphandle kokuzibamba kuyilapho labo abasemiphakathini empofu bebhekene nemfundo emasontweni noma izinyanga ezithile ezilahlekile.

Ukukhokha futhi kunquma ukutholakala kochwepheshe abafundisayo abanjengobaqeqeshi abafundayo, abeluleki, abalayi bamalabhuli, nabahlengikazi. Laba ochwepheshe benza indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekusekeleni inhlalakahle nentuthuko yezemfundo, kodwa ngokuvamile bangaba abokuqala ukusikwa lapho kusetshenziswa imali eqinile. INhlangano yeMelika yeSikole soMluleki itusa isilinganiso sabafundi abangu 250 kumeluleki oyedwa; isilinganiso sezwe singu-45 koyedwa, futhi kwezinye izindawo eziphakeme kakhulu singaphezu kuka-600.

Izindawo Zesikole Nokulondeka

Isimo sezakhiwo zesikole sithinta ngokuqondile isimo sokufunda. Abafundi abasemagumbini abhidlikile − abanophahla oluvuzayo, izimiso zokufudumeza nokupholisa, noma amalabhu esayensi angenamandla − noma izikole zesayensi ezinganele ezingaxhasi ukufunda. Umbiko ka 2020 we-Hulumeni Areacatemental Office wathola ukuthi cishe 54% yezifunda zesikole zomphakathi zidinga ukuvuselela noma ukuthatha indawo yezimiso zokwakha eziningi. Izifunda ezimpofu zithinteka ngokukhulu ukudlula, zidala izingozi zempilo nezokuphepha ezivimbela ukuphumelela komfundi nokuziphatha okuhle.

Izinhlelo Zesikole Nezokuceba

Umculo, ubuciko, imidlalo, ama-pluging, nezinye izenzakalo zangemva kwesikole zithuthukisa ulwazi lwemfundo kanye nokusiza abafundi ukuba bathuthukise amakhono ezenhlalo, amakhono okuhola, nomuzwa wokufuna ukuba amalungu. Nokho lezi zinhlelo zivame ukuncipha lapho imali iphela. Izikole ezicebile zinganikeza izinketho eziningi, kuyilapho izikole eziphansi zingashikashikeka ukulondoloza iqembu elilodwa lezemidlalo noma ikilasi lobuciko. Lokhu kulahla abafundi ezindaweni eziphansi amathuba afanayo okuhlola amakhono abo nokwakha iziqu zemfundo yesikole nemisebenzi.

Izindawo Ezihlukene Ezindlekweni Ngaphesheya Kwezifunda Nezifunda

Naphezu kwamashumi eminyaka ezinselele ezingokomthetho nezinguquko zezinga likahulumeni, ukuhluka kwezezimali kuhlala kujulile futhi kuphikelela. Ukuhlola kuka-Ed Boning kwathola ukuthi izifunda zesikole ezimhlophe eziningi zithola imali engaphezulu ka-R22 000 000 000 ngonyaka kunezifunda ezingezona ezimhlophe ezikhonza inani elifanayo labafundi. Leligebe liqhutshwa intela yempahla, kodwa futhi futhi nobuhlanga obusekwe ezifundeni zesifunda kanye namaqembu ombuso.

Ingcebo Yempahla Nemingcele Yesigodi Yesikole

Imingcele yezifunda zesikole ivame ukuhlangana nezindawo zikamasipala, okusho ukuthi amadolobha acebile namadolobha ampofu asemaphakathi ayizinhlangano ezihlukene ezikhokha intela. Ngenxa yalokho, idolobha elicebile lingakhokha imfuyo yalo ephakeme ngesilinganiso esiphansi futhi liqhubeke lingenisa imali eningi kumfundi ngamunye, kuyilapho idolobha elimpofu kumelwe likhokhe intela ngezinga eliphezulu kakhulu ukuze linyuse kakhulu. Lokhu kuzihambela komphakathi ophansi cishe kwenza kube nzima ngezifunda eziphansi ukuba zibambe ngaphandle kokungenela kwezwe.

Ukuxhasa KwaseMbusweni Amafomu Nemikhonto Yawo

Izindlela eziningi zokuxhasa imali ziklanyelwe ukulingana kwemithombo yezimali, kodwa zivame ukuhluleka. Ezinye izindlela zisebenzisa ukwaziswa okuphelelwe isikhathi noma zihluleke ukuveza izindleko eziphakeme zokufundisa abafundi abanezidingo ezikhethekile, abafundi besiNgisi, noma abahlala ebumpofu. Ezinye ziye zakhucululwa ngemithetho yokuhlelwa kwemali noma inqubo yentela. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-2023, i-Kansas Supreme Courts yaphoqelela umbuso ukuba wandise imali yesikole ngemva kweminyaka eminingi yokukhokha izindleko eziye zaholela ekusweleni kothisha nakwehlalwa kwezinhlelo. Imithetho efanayo iye yagcinwa eTexas, e-Arizona, ePennsylynia, nase-Pennsylvanian, kanye nakwamanye amazwe, iqokomisa ukuzama ukuzuza ukuxhasa imali ekhona.

Ithonya Emvuzweni Yabafundi

Ukucwaninga okuqhubekayo kubonisa ukuthi abafundi basezindaweni ezikhuliswe kakhulu bazuza izilinganiso eziphezulu, bathweswe iziqu ngamazinga aphakeme, futhi basengozini kakhulu yokuya ekolishi. Ukuhlolwa okuphawulekayo kuka-2019 kwe-National Bureau of Economic Research kwathola ukuthi ukwanda kwemali echithwayo kubantwana abathola imali ephansi kuphumela onyakeni owengeziwe wemfundo eqediwe kanye nokwanda kwemali yabantu abadala. Ngokusho kunjalo, ukuncishiswa kwemali kungaba nemiphumela engapheli, ukwandisa izikhala eziphumelelayo nokuthuthukisa imijikelezo yobumpofu.

Ukuhlola Icala: Ukusebenzisa Imali

Ukuhlola izibonelo zezwe langempela kuyasiza ekuboniseni indlela ukuhlukana ngokwezimali okubangela ngayo ukuwohloka komhlaba nalokho okwenzekayo lapho amazwe ethatha isinyathelo sokukhuluma nawo.

I - Local Control Funding Formula (LCF) YaseCalifornia

Ngo-2013, i-California yathuthukisa isimiso sayo sezezimali zesikole nge-LCFF, enikeza izimali ezengeziwe ezifundeni ezinabafundi abahola kakhulu, abafundi abangamaNgisi, kanye nentsha yokutholwa. Le ndlela yenza izikole zikwazi ukuvumelana nendlela ezisebenzisa ngayo imali kodwa ifuna ukuba zibonise ukuthi lezo zindleko zisekela kanjani imiphumela yabafundi. Ucwaningo lwakuqala lusikisela ukuthi i-LCFF ithuthukise amazinga okuthweswa iziqu futhi ihlola abafundi, ikakhulukazi abafundi abasweleyo, nakuba izinselele zisekhona ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izimali zisetshenziswa ngokuphumelelayo.

Ukungalingani Kwemithetho YasePennsylvania Exhasayo

Ngo-2022, ijaji leNkantolo Yomphakathi wanquma ukuthi isimiso semali yesikole sasePennsylvania asivumelani nemithetho yezezimali ngoba sincike kakhulu ezintelani zendawo futhi asikwazi ukunikeza imithombo eyanele ezifundeni ezimpofu. Icala, elethwa iSifunda sasePhiladelphia kanye nabanye abaceli bezicelo, lachaza indlela izifunda zikahulumeni eziphansi kakhulu ezingasebenzisi ngayo umfundi ngamunye naphezu kokukhokha intela ephakeme. Isinqumo sinxusa ukuba kwenziwe intela entsha eqinisekisa ukukhokha izimali nokungaguquguquki, nakuba inzuzo iqhubeka.

I - Skotela Lesikole SaseKansas Ngemva Kokudla IGannon v. Kansas

Cishe iminyaka eyishumi, iKansas yayihileleke ekukhokheleni ngemali yesikole. INkantolo Ephakeme kaningi yale nkantolo yathola ukuthi amazinga emali endlu yombuso ayengonele futhi awalingani. Ngokuphendula, iKansas yandisa usizo lukahulumeni ngamakhulu ezigidi zamaRandi, iholela ekuthuthukiseni ukukhokha uthisha, amabanga amancane, nokubuyiselwa kwezinhlelo zobuciko nomculo kwezinye izindawo. Icala libonisa ukuthi iziyalezo zenkantolo zingaphoqelela ushintsho olunenjongo, kodwa ukumelana nezombangazwe ngokuvamile kuyancipha.

Ukusekela Ukulingana Nokuxhasa Okwanele

Nakuba abasunguli bezimiso zikahulumeni nohulumeni benomthwalo wemfanelo oyinhloko wokulungisa izimiso zesikole zokuxhasa ngemali, ukusekela umphakathi kunendima ebalulekile ekushintsheni ukushayela.

Ukuqonda Ukusekela Kwesikole Sakho Sesigodi

Isinyathelo sokuqala sokungatholi imali ulwazi. Izifunda zesikole eziningi zinyathelisa izimali zaminyaka yonke nemibiko yezimali ezibonisa imithombo yemali kanye nemali ngayinye. Ukuqhathanisa izimali zesifunda sesifunda sakho nezifunda ezingomakhelwane nesilinganiso sikahulumeni kungaveza izilinganiso. Izinhlangano ezinjenge-Education Trust ne National Center for Education Statistics zinikeza ukwaziswa nokuhlaziywa okungasiza abasekeli ukuba benze isimo sabo.

Ukuhlanganyela Nabenzi Bomthetho

Ukuxhumana nabamisi-mthetho bamazwe, ukuya emihlanganweni yesikole, nokufaka ubufakazi enkantolo yomphakathi kuyizindlela eziphumelelayo zokukhulisa ukuqaphela ukuxhaswa kwezimali ezingekho emthethweni. Abameleli kufanele bagxile ekubuzeni okuqondile: ukwamukela indlela esekelwe kubafundi yokuxhasa imali, ukwandisa usizo lukahulumeni ezifundeni zempahla, noma izinhlelo zokuxhasa ngokugcwele izimali kubafundi baseNgilandi nabafundi abakhubazekile. Ukwakha imifelandawonye neminye ethintekile kuqinisa umyalezo.

Ukusekela Ukukhuluma Nezinyathelo Zokuqalisa

Ukumangalelwa kwezezimali ezisesikoleni kuye kwaba yithuluzi elinamandla lenguquko ezifundazweni eziningi. Izinhlangano ezinjenge-Advancement Project ne-Southern Poverty Law Center ziye zasiza imiphakathi futhi zanqoba amasudi anjalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye izifundazwe zivumela abavoti ukuba bavumele ukwanda kwentela yemfundo ngezinyathelo zokuvota. Ukusekela lemizamo kudinga isikhathi, imali, nentando yezombangazwe, kodwa ukukhokha kungaguqula izikole ezingaphansi kwesikole.

Isiphetho: Ukuxhasa Isisekelo Sokulunga

Ukuxhasa komphakathi akuyona nje indaba yama - dollar namasenti; kuwuphawu lwesibopho somphakathi ukunikeza ingane ngayinye imfundo ephakeme. Uma imali yanele futhi yabelwa kahle, izikole ziba yizisekelo zethuba, zisusa abafundi ebumpofwini futhi zibalungisele ukuphila okunenzuzo. Uma kunganele noma kungalingani, imiphumela ibhebhethekisa izizukulwane, ibhebhethekisa ukwehlukana kwezenhlalo nezomnotho.

Ukusingatha ukuhlukana kwezimali kudinga umzamo oqhubekayo kubo bonke abaphethe. Abaqondisi kumelwe bakhethe izikhulu ezihlela ukuxhasa imfundo. Abenzi bezenqubo kumelwe benze imikhankaso enikeza isidingo sabafundi nengcebo yendawo. Izinhlangano kumelwe zithathe izikole nezifunda ukuba zibonelele ngokusebenzisa imali ngokuhlakanipha. Futhi abameleli kumelwe baqhubeke bekhanyisa ngokulinganayo okuqhubekayo. Ikusasa lezingane zethu nesizwe sethu lixhomeke ekutholeni imali enele esikoleni.

Ukufunda okwengeziwe ngendlela isikole esisebenza ngayo esimweni sakho kanye nalokho ongakwenza ukusekela ukuxhasa ukuxhasa imali elinganayo, vakashela Imfundo Ithemba noma ukucwaninga imininingwane evela ku iNational Center for Education Statistics[. I-National Center inikeza amabalazwe nemibiko yezemfundo. Ukuqonda lezimpikiswano kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokuqinisekisa ukuthi umfundi ngamunye, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ikhowudi ye-ZIP, iyakwazi ukufinyelela imfundo yomhlaba.