Ukuqonda Ukukhetha Okubalulekile

Isimiso sokukhetha imfundiso yomthetho-sisekelo esekelwe eMthethweni weSichibiyelo se-Adry Procession ye 14th Claus. Kunokuba isebenzise ngokuzenzakalelayo wonke amalungiselelo eSiphakamiso samaLungelo kuhulumeni nasehulumenini bendawo, iNkantolo ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. kancane kancane iye yanquma ukuthi yiziphi izivikelo “ezisekelwe enqubeni yobulungisa baseMelika” futhi ngenxa yalokho ziphoqelelwe ukuba zisetshenziswe ezizweni. Lendlela yokuqonda yaqala ngobuqotho Gritrow v. New York[[FLD:1] [1925]), lapho iNkampetha ikholelwa ukuthi iSiphetho Sokuqala senkululeko yokukhuluma sisebenza ngezigwebo. Emashumini eminyaka eyalandelwa yinkululeko eyodwa, inkululeko yokuncintisana, ukuphenya kwelungelo, ukuhlasela nelungelo lokuzimela ilungelo, ukumelana nokuzimelana, ukuqunga, ukuqunga, nokuqunga, ukuqunga nokuqunga komphakathi, nokuqungaqulwa kwecala phakathi kwecala.

Ngokukhethayo, ukuhlanganisa ngokukhetha akusho ukuthi kumelwe kuboniswe inqubo yobugebengu kahulumeni kuyo yonke imininingwane. Kunalokho, kumisa indinganiso ephansi yomthetho-sisekelo — isilinganiso esiphansi kakhulu samalungelo okungekho mbuso ongase wehle ngaphansi. Amazwe ahlala ekhululekile ukunikeza [ izivikeleko ezinkulu[ ngaphansi kwemithetho yawo siqu yemithetho-mthetho, kodwa awanakukwazi ukuvala amalungelo ayisisekelo iNkanto ethathwe njengebalulekile enqubweni efanele. Lesi sisekelo siye saba injini yamakhulukhulu emthetho wokwahlulela okulungisa izinqumo zobugebengu phakathi nekhulu leminyaka edlule, iphoqelela ukuba kwenziwe kwemisebenzi yawo yamaphoyisa, izinqubo yokuhlola, nokugweba imithetho. Ukucatsha kwemfundiso yemfundiso, bheka [FLT:]

Izinqumo Eziyinhloko ZeNkantolo Ephakeme Ezathonya Ubulungisa Besigebengu

Inkantolo iye yafaka iziqinisekiso ezingaba ngu - 24 eziqondile ezivela kuyiSivumelwano Samalungelo Abantu. Izinqumo eziningana eziwuphawu zayiguqula ngokuqondile indlela izimiso zomthetho wezwe nezezobugebengu zendawo ezisebenza ngayo. Ukuqonda lamacala kubalulekile ekuqapheleni indlela ukuhlanganisa okungagunyaza ngayo ukuguqula isimo.

ISichibiyelo Sesine: Ukucwaninga Nokukhohlisa Okungenangqondo

Mapp v.O. (1961), iNkantolo Ephakeme yafaka umthetho wokuhlukanisa — isimiso sokuthi ubufakazi obutholakala ngokuhlola okungekho emthethweni noma ukuthatheka abunakusetshenziswa ekuqulweni. Ngaphambi [[FLT:]], izinkantolo zikahulumeni zingavuma ngokungemthetho ngisho noma bungacindezelwe enkantolo engokomthetho. Isinqumo esiphoqelelwe somthetho ukuba sihambisane neSiphendulo sesine noma ilahle izinkolelo. Lesinqumo esisodwa sokuqeqesha amaphoyisa, inqubo yokugunyaza, nokusebenzisa izimemezelo zokuzimemezela. Futhi sagunyaza abameli ukuba bafaka ubufakazi futhi kuholele ukukhiqiniswa kwemisebenzi yanamuhla. Isinqumo sisithi: “igunyaza ukugcinwa kwemithetho yezentengiselwano yezentenga yezente” futhi sincishiswe“ i-gedroxie i-i ye-irtiption, i-oced projective, iminyango yobuchwepheshe, iminyango yobuchwepheshe, ukuqinisekisa, ukuqinisekisa, ukuqinisekisa

ISichibiyelo Sesihlanu: Ukuzilimaza Nombuso Wemisinga

[[[NT.0]] Isixwayiso sokuthula no- (1966) sahlanganisa ilungelo lesiGajimi sesihlanu ngokumelene nokuziphindiselela futhi kwadingeka amaphoyisa ukuba azise ukusola amalungelo awo ngaphambi kokuphenywa kwemvume. Izixwayiso zeMiranda — ilungelo lokuhlala uthule, ilungelo lommeli, nesixwayiso esishiwoyo — saba yinqubo eyisisekelo yenqubo yamaphoyisa ezweni lonke. Nakuba ngalesosikhathi umthetho uye wabekwa ityala ngokunciphisa ukuphenywa kwemibuzo nokuvunywa kwezono. Izinqumo ezithi kamuva [FLT: 2] u-Dickenterson [2] v [FLT] [2].[2]

ISichibiyelo Sesithupha: Ilungelo Leseluleko Necala Elifanele

Ilungelo lommeli onecala elibi kakhulu lafakwa ezindaweni ezinecala likahulumeni Gedeon v. Wainfright [1963]. Ngobusuku, kwadingeka ukuba kunikezwe abameli abamangalelwa abangakwazanga ukukhokhela omunye — hhayi nje kuphela ezindabeni eziyinhloko kodwa kuzo zonke izigebengu. Isinqumo sanwetshwa kakhulu izimiso zomphakathi zokuvikela, nakuba ngaphansi kwempi ihlala iyinselele yenguquko eqhubekayo. Inkantolo kamuva yandisa ilungelo lokunikeza iseluleko sokungalungisi noma ukukhohlakala okungaphumelelisa isikhathi sejele (]]] [isimo esingekhona esikhona esivinjeni] [ezwayo], iSiphakathi semvume esingu -[FLT], futhi ibhungane nesehluphekelwe kakhulu. [i-Genestrune]) i-Embust (5], i-fullsssssss, i-offcievill, i-ofuze i-oced orgall, i-oll

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili: Unya Nesijeziso Esingavamile

I-Admist Bail and Disorder Disorder Claus yafakwa ngo- Robinson v. California (62]), eyabulala umthetho kazwelonke owenza ukuluthwa kwezidakamizwa kube yicala lobugebengu. Lokhu kwavulela umnyango izinkantolo zikahulumeni ukuze zibukeze ukugwetshwa nokujeziswa. Imizamo yanamuhla yokulungisa izinselele — kuhlanganise nezinselele zokuphila ngaphandle kwentsha ([FLT:]] Miller v. [FLT:[FLT]], 2012], isigwebo sokukhubazeka izigwebo ([FLT]), i-fulttontonssssssstiontiontion: "[FFULD] inguquactivesssssss, isholomu i-uhluhlu lomthetho ombayo.[5] Iziphakahlundo ezinswe yi-uthonsiti, i-fm.[5] Ingunyunyunyunyunyuzi ezithambileyo]

Indlela Ukukhetha Okuqondile Okuthuthukisa Ngayo Ubulungisa Bobugebengu

Ukukhetha akuvikeli amalungelo angabonakali; kunikeza imiphumela engokoqobo, yezinsuku zonke kubo bonke abasesimisweni somthetho wobugebengu — kusukela kumaphoyisa aqaphile kuya kumajaji enkantolo kuya kubantu ababuyela emakhaya ngemva kokuboshwa. Ngezansi kunezindawo ezinkulu lapho ukuhlanganisa kuye kwakhuthaza khona inguquko enengqondo.

Ukuphathana Kakhulu Nokulandisa

Ngaphambi kokuba kufakwe, amaphoyisa alapho nawasesifundazweni ayekhululekile kakhulu ekuvinjelweni kweSichibiyelo sesine. ne izinqumo eziphoqelelwe iminyango ebhaliwe egunyaza ukuphenya, mhlawumbe izimbangela, nokuphenya. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lemiyalo engokomthetho yaguqukela ezindinganisweni zobuchwepheshe. Njengesibonelo, iminyango eminingi yamaphoyisa manje idinga izikhulu ukuba zithole imvume ebhaliwe ngaphambi kokuhlola okungenamthetho — umkhuba owawungekho ngaphambi kokuhlanganisa. Inqubo yekhamera yeKhadiyubhulaze, ukuqoqa ukwaziswa, nokubika ngokulandelana kwenqubo ehambisana nemfundiso ehambisana nenguquko. Inqubo yokuthuthukisa inguquko iyaqhubeka inqubo eqinile, ukukhipha “inqubo yokufuna ukuphumelela kobuyiselwa kwemithetho eqinile. ”

Ubulungisa Bangaphambi Kokuqulwa Kwecala Nokushintsha Kwezinqubo

Ukufakwa kweSichibiyelo Sesibhozo Esiqinile sika-Eleh Bail Claus, esicaciswe ku-Timbs v. i-Indiana, inikeze amandla amasha okulungisa ibheyili. Izinkantolo manje ziyaqaphela ukuthi izibalo azikwazi ukubeka imali yebheyili elingana “ecala” noma ikhono lommangalelwa lokukhokha. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ekutheni imingcele yokukhululwa kwezenzo ezingekho budlova, amathuluzi okuhlola izingozi, nemingcele yemicikilisho yemali eboshwe abantu ngokwezeminyaka engokwakudala ngenxa nje yokuthi babempofu. Nakuba izigaba zomthetho zibekwe phansi ngokufaka imvume engokomthetho emelene nengcebo ekhungweni. Ngenxa yemiphumela engaphezulu [FFT: [FF] [FF], zifunde ingcebo:[FFF]

Ukulingwa Okuqotho Nosizo Oluphumelelayo Lweseluleko

Ukufakwa kweSithandathu seSichibiyelo kuye kwaphoqeleka ukuba kuxhaswe izimo zomphakathi ezivikelayo, ziqinisekise ukulingwa okusheshayo, futhi zinikeze amajaji angakhethi. Nokho izinkinga ezingathi sína ziyaqhubeka: ukuthweswa kwecala lomphakathi ngokuvamile kuyachoboza, kuholela ekungaphumeleli. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yakhuluma ngalokhu ngezinqumo ezifana [ Srickland v. [[FLT:] [[FLT]] [19984]] [iiindlela], eyadala ukuvivinywa okunezelwe kabili kwezeluleko lokungasebenzi kwezeluleko (19984), okwabangela ukuvikelwa kwenqubo ewufaneleyo yomphakathi lapho iphika inqubo yabo ewufanele. [[FLT:][FLT][3] ngokwayo] ayizange ihlanganise ne-evicentine, futhi yakhiwangalela ukuvinyaniswa kwecala lokunene. Abashisekelistrustlinclustra baphikisa ngokusetshenziswa yi-New York, isetshenziswa yize i-omis, i-orse,

Ukugwetshwa Kwezinguquko Nokuthola Isabelo

Ukumiswa kweSichibiyelo seNguquko se-Heighty sonya nexazululo olungavamile kuye kwaba okuyinhloko ekubekeleni inselele yemisho. Graham v. Florida[ [2010], iNkantolo yasekela ukuthi ukuphila ngaphandle kokukhishwa kwecala kwabantwana ababoshelwe amaphutha angewona amaphutha awe-omhomoni. Lezi zizibonelo zeNkantolo ezisetshenziswayo ekuvikeleni imingcele ezweni lomhlaba wonke. [[FLT:] [[FLT]]] Mileller v.[FLT][FF: 3] [2] [5] i-iqembu] ukubulala, i-fulgggggn, i-freactive i-oglove ingubo.[200] [5], futhi i-Fodromessss, noma isigwebo sokufa.

Izinselele Nokugxekwa Kokukhetha

Naphezu kwethonya laso lokuguqula, ukuzihlanganisa naso kuyizinto ezigxekayo.

Ubumbano Nombuso

Okunye ukugxeka okuphikelelayo ukuthi ukungenela ngokukhetha kuphazamisa ubukhosi bukahulumeni. ISichibiyelo seTenth esilondoloza imibuso asiphathiswa uhulumeni wezwe, futhi isizukulwane esisungulayo sacabanga ngesimiso lapho imibuso iyakuba yimithetho elawulayo eyinhloko yomthetho wobugebengu. Ngokubeka izindinganiso zikahulumeni ezinkantolo zikahulumeni namaphoyisa, iNkantolo ePhakamileyo ilulaza amandla ezwe okuzama izindlela ezihlukahlukene zobulungisa. Izivumelwano ngokuvamile ziphikisa ukuthi kufanele zikhululeke ukubeka imithetho yazo siqu yezezezomthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho, uma nje ingawephuli amasiko agxilile. Abaguquli bephikisana ngokuthi amalungelo abalulekile akumelwe ahlukane ngezimiso zemithetho ye-impyume nokuthi i-14 ne-geversenzile iklanywe ngokucacile ukuze kuqinise amalungelo esizwe.

Ukungaguquguquki Nokungaphelele

Okunye ukugxeka kuwukuthi ukuhlanganiswa kweSigqizo sesithathu (iSigqizo seQembu esiPhakeme) kuye kwasetshenziswa ngokungafanele. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yafaka imfuneko yeSichibiyelo sesibili yelungelo lokugcina nokuphatha izikhali ( McDonald v. Chicago[, 2010), kodwa ayizange ihlanganise iSimende sesithathu (isigaba samasosha) noma iSimemezelo esikhulu seSimemezelo seSimemezelo sokwahlulela (okuthi iNkathi iNkanto ebaluleke kakhulu) ngenxa yokuthi“ iNkanto ebaluleke kakhulu inkululeko. [[FLT] Lendlela] [FLT]] isenza inguquko kanye nokucabanga ngesikhathi esizayo.[FLT][5]

Ukuqamba Kwakuqala Okuphikisanayo NoMthetho - sisekelo Ophilayo

Ukuhlanganiswa kwemvume yokuzikhethela kuvame ukuphikiswana nge-lens yencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo. Abaqondisi be-Clarence Thomas, baphikisa ngokuthi iSichibiyelo seshumi nane sasihloselwe ukuhlanganisa kuphela amalungelo “amalungelo noma ukugonyelwa kwesizwe” — i-ecelene kune-Bill of Rights. UThomas ubengathatha indawo ye-Theast Procession Claus neMalungeni amalungelo omthetho. Imibono eqinile i-Immunitials Claus njengemoto yokufakwa, engalinganisela isivikelo. Abahleli bomthetho baphikisa ukuthi i-Framers babesebenzisa ulimi olubanzi ukuze izizukulwane ezilandelayo zikwazi ukufanelanisa amalungelo amasha. Umbangozazo ngempela ngenxa yenguquko: ukusondela okuvimbela isilinganiso esiqinile kungavimbela ukwanda kwelungelo, kanti ukuvikela okunganwe kakhulu kungalinganiswa nezindawo ezintsha zobuchwepheshe.

Ikusasa Lokukhetha Isinqumo Kubulungisa Bobugebengu

Ukubheka phambili, ukufakwa kwayo kuyoqhubeka kuyindawo yokulwela izinguquko.

Ukuzihlukanisa Kwamanani Nesichibiyelo Sesine

Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme sasebenzisa iSichibiyelo Sesine sokuhlola amanani — ukunwetshwa okunengqondo [[FLT:] v. United States [2018] [2018] [uhulumeni] wakholelwa ukuthi ngokuvamile udinga isiqinisekiso sokungena emininingwaneni engokomlando ye-cell-indawo. Isinqumo sasebenzisa iSimende Sesine sokuhlola amanani emishini — ukufakwa okunengqondo [[FLT]] [FLT]] [[FLT]]] ['3]. Izehlakalo zesikhathi esizayo ziyonquma ukuthi iSimende seSine sivikela ukwaziswa kobukhazikhali obusemzingeni, ukuqaphela ubuso, ukuqamba osebenza ngomshini welayisense, nokuhlola i-drona. Ngenxa yokuthi le sayensi isetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko ngumthetho wezomthetho, ukuhlanganisa izimoto ezilawulayo zonke iziteshini zesizwe. Abashisekeli zezokuguqulo zihlala zise izikhungo zeze zeze zeze zeze zeze izikhundla.

Isichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili Nokuhlanzwa Kwezentengiselwano

Icala livule umnyango wokubekela inselele izimali ezikhokhwayo kodwa futhi nemali ekhokhelwayo, nemali engakhokhwa engabamba abantu abanezikweleti. Ezinye izinkantolo kakade zikhombe [ izigqebheko [ ukuze zinciphise ukusetshenziswa kwezimali ezigunyaza ukugcinwa kwemithetho yezezimali noma ukufuna ukulalelwa kwekhono lommangalelwa lokukhokha. Izisekelo zenguquko ziphikisa ukuthi izivumelwano zemali eziphumela ekuvalweni kweSigwebo seSiphendulo se-8 sezentellifithi nesiqinisekiso esilinganayo se-Gade. Njengoba impikiswano yokukhokhwanda inciswa kwemali nezindleko zokulungisa izindleko, ihlangene eziphakathi kwesimiso se-8 se-Exption.

Ubulungisa Bentsha NoParole

[[NTL:0]] IMiller kanye izinqumo zentsha eziye zashintsha kakade ukugwetshwa kwezingane eziphila ngenkathi edlulileyo, kodwa izifundazwe eziningi ziye zazama ukuqinisa ingqondo yokufuna ukubukezwa kwabo bonke abaphilayo abasebasha, hhayi nje labo abagwetshwe ngemva kokubusa. Isinqumo sezehlo siqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho nangemithetho elukhuni yentsha kumelwe inikeze ithuba elinenjongo lokukhulula. Ikusasa lingavivinya ukuthi iziphakamisi-mthetho ze-8 zivimbela ukuphila ngaphandle kwesigaba sentsha esiqinile (i-1825) ngokusekelwe kwisayensi yemizwa, noma ezinzinyana ezingekho ngqimba ezikhona ezicabangela ukuhluza kobusha.

Isiphetho

Ukukhetha kuyinqubo yomthetho ethatha indawo engaphezulu kakhulu kunemfundiso engokomthetho; inqubo yomthetho-sisekelo eye yaletha iBill of Rights ukuba ithwale izimiso zomthetho wezwe nezezindawo zobugebengu. Ngekhulu leminyaka lomthetho wecala, iNkantolo Ephakeme yakha isivikelo esikhungethe abantu ukuba bangaphazanyiswa amaphoyisa, abashushisi, nabahluleli. Lezivikeli ziye zabhebhebhethekisa ngokuqondile izinguquko ekubachosheni, ekuvikelweni kwezelweni kwecala, nasekugwetshweni — intuthuko eyayingeke iphumelele ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso seNguquko ye - I - 145th Express.

Kodwa ukuhlanganisa okukhethayo akuwona umsebenzi oqediwe. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe obusha buvela, njengoba ukungalingani kohlanga nokwezomnotho kuqhubeka, futhi njengoba ukushintshwa kweNkantolo kuqhubeka, lemfundiso izoqhubeka iguquka. Abashisekeli kumelwe baqonde kokubili amandla ayo nemingcele yayo. Isisekelo samalungelo esibekwa ngokukhethayo sibalulekile, kodwa iphansi kuphela. Ubulungisa beqiniso budinga ukuba amazwe, imiphakathi, nezinkantolo zikahulumeni zisebenze ndawonye ukuze ziphakamise leso sakhiwo — futhi zakhe isimiso esiphila ngokuvumelana nesithembiso sokuvikelwa okulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho.

Kulabo abanesithakazelo sokufunda okwengeziwe, i-Murail of Congress inikeza isiqondiso esikhulu sokukhetha i-, futhi i-Brennan Center yeJaji inikeza ukuhlaziywa okuqhubekayo kokuthi isivikelo somthetho ngokomthetho siguqula kanjani ukwahlulela kobugebengu. Ikusasa lenguquko liyoxhomeka ekutheni izinkantolo ziqhubeke yini zihlonipha isimiso sokuthi amalungelo abekwe kuyi-Bill of Rights akuwona nje amacebiso anikezwa imibuso, kodwa izithembiso eziyisisekelo zenkululeko yanoma imuphi umuntu eUnited States.