Ukuqonda Isisekelo Sokuzivikela Kwezigebengu

Isimiso sokwahlulela kobugebengu baseMelika sakhiwe ngokubona umsulwa. Wonke umuntu omangalelwa ngobugebengu unelungelo lokubekela ubufakazi bamazwe inselele futhi anikeze isivikelo. Umthetho wokuvikela isigebengu uhlanganisa imithetho, izinqubo, namasu avikela omangalelwe ekuphanjweni nguhulumeni. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubhekene nephutha noma ihlazo elingathi sína, wazi ukuthi ubugebengu busebenza kanjani, ungasho umehluko phakathi komphumela olungile noyisiqinisekiso esingalungile. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukubheka ngokuqondene ngokomthetho amalungelo akho, indima yeseluleko esivamile sokuzivikela, amasu angokomthetho, kanye nezinyathelo ezingathiwa inkantolo.

Kuyini Ukuvikela Kwesigebengu?

Isivikelo somthetho kanye nomthetho usungulwa ukumelela abantu ngabanye noma izinhlangano ezibekwa icala lobugebengu. Kuhlanganisa kokubili isivikelo somthetho − njengelungelo lokuqulwa kwecala elisheshayo(nezimpikiswano ezibekela icala lomshushisi inselele. Injongo eyinhloko iwukuvikela umphumela ongcono kakhulu ongase uhlanganise ukulahlwa kwamacala, ukulahlwa kwecala, ukuncishiswa kwecala, noma isivumelwano esihle. Abameli basebenza phakathi kwesimiso sezesiqinisekiso somthetho-mthetho, i-statation, futhi uma kuvela umthetho ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ikhambiso liphathwa ngokufanelekile.

Isivikelo sesigebengu asiyona inqubo eyodwa-yonke. Inqubo ixhomeke ekuziseni kobugebengu, amandla obufakazi, amandla, i-curent, nezimo zomuntu siqu zekhasimende. Ummeli onolwazi uzohlola zonke izici futhi enze inqubo evumelanayo ekuphenduleni amacala. Ukuze uthole isizinda esiningi sendlela ukuzivikela kobugebengu okusebenza ngayo phakathi kwesimiso somthetho, ungabhekisela emalini evela ku- Melikannian Bar Criminal Justice ngxenye ye-gate

Isisekelo Sobufilosofi: Ukucabanga Ngokungabi Nalusizo

Isisekelo sokuvikela ubugebengu siwukuthatha isigwebo sobumsulwa. Lesi simiso sisho ukuthi umthwalo wobufakazi uxhomeke ngokuphelele kumacala. Omangalelwa akudingeki ukuba abonise ukuthi akanacala; umbuso kumelwe ubonise icala ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo. Lendinganiso ephakeme iklanyelwe ukunciphisa ingozi yokubeka isigwebo kumuntu ongenacala. Umsebenzi wokuzivikela uwukuba abophe futhi athole noma yibuphi ubuthakathaka kulokhu kugula.

Amalungelo Akho Ecaleni Lesigebengu

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. unikeza amalungelo aqinile kunoma ubani omangalelwa ngobugebengu. Lamalungelo awayona isivikelo esibophayo okumelwe sihlonishwe ukugcinwa komthetho nezinkantolo. Ukwehluleka ukusekela lamalungelo kungaholela ebufakazini obungagunyaziwe noma ukulahlwa kwecala.

Ilungelo Lokuhlala Uthule

IsiHluzi sesihlanu sikuvikela ekuphoqelelweni ukuba ube ufakazi omelene nawe. Lokhu kusho ukuthi unelungelo eliphelele lokwenqaba ukuphendula imibuzo yamaphoyisa, abashushisi, noma yanoma ubani omunye osebenza ngokusemthethweni. Ukulisebenzisa lelilungelo akunakusetshenziswa njengobufakazi becala. Uma uboshiwe, kufanele usho ngokucacile ukuthi ufisa ukuhlala uthule futhi ucele ummeli. Noma yini ongayisho ingaba cishe ikhona kuwe enkantolo.

Ilungelo Lokuthola I - Athoryney

ISichibiyelo sesithupha siqinisekisa ilungelo leseluleko somthetho. Uma ungenakukwazi ukukhokhela ummeli, umuntu kumelwe amiswe ngaphandle kwenkokhelo nganoma iliphi icala elingaphumela ekuboshweni. Lelilungelo uma libekwa noma ekuqaleni kokuphenywa kwelungelo. Ummeli ungummeli wakho futhi uqondisa zonke izigaba zenqubo, kusukela ekuqulweni kwecala kuze kuqulwe icala futhi kudluliswe icala.

Ilungelo Lokuqulwa Kwecala Okungenagwegwesi

Unelungelo lokuqulwa icala liqulwa yijaji elingakhethi lasesifundani lapho ubugebengu bukhona. Ijaji kumelwe likhethwe ngaphandle kobandlululo olusekelwe ohlwini lohlanga, ubulili, noma kwezinye izici ezivikelwe. Icala kumelwe libe obala, futhi unelungelo lokuba khona. Ijaji kumelwe liqinisekise ukuthi izenzakalo ziqhutshwa kahle nokuthi ubufakazi obungakholeki abutholakali.

Ilungelo Lokubhekana NoFakazi

ISichibiyelo Sesithupha sika-Eclassias sikuvumela ukuba unqamule noma imuphi ufakazi ofakaza ngawe. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ilungelo lokubona ubuso bofakazi, ukubekela inselele ukuthembeka kwabo, nokudalula ukungavumelani kobufakazi babo. Izinkulumo ezizwakalayo ezivela kofakazi abangaveli enkantolo ngokuvamile azikho ezizwakalayo ngaphandle kokuba baqapheleke ngokuhlukile.

Isivikelo Engozini Ephindwe Kabili

IsiHluzi sesihlanu sivimbela futhi uhulumeni ekuzameni ukukuzama kabili icala elifanayo ngemva kokulahlwa noma ukuvunyelwa. Lokhu kuvimbela ukuhlukunyezwa kwabashushisi futhi kunikeza isiphetho sezinqumo zobugebengu. Nokho, ingozi ephindwe kabili ayisebenzi uma icala lokuqala liphela enkantolo engafanele ngezizathu ezizwakalayo, futhi ababusi abahlukene (isifunda nohulumeni) ngezinye izikhathi bangamangalelwa ngokuziphatha okufanayo uma bephula imithetho ehlukene.

Indima Ye - Attorney Yokuvikela Isigebengu

Ummeli ovikela ungummeli wenkantolo. Banguchwepheshe, umseshi, umsizi, nomvikeli wamalungelo akho. Kusukela lapho uboshwa, imizamo yommeli wakho ingawuthinta kakhulu umphumela wecala lakho. Ubuhlobo phakathi kommeli nekhasimende buvikelwe ilungelo eliphambili lommeli, okusho ukuthi ukuxhumana kuyimfihlo futhi akunakuvezwa ngaphandle kwemvume yakho.

Imithwalo Yemfanelo Eyinhloko Ye - Attorney Yokuvikela Ubugebengu

  • Uphenyo lwe-Case Investigation: Ummeli noma iqembu labo uhlola imibiko yamaphoyisa, izingxoxo zofakazi, uhlola ubufakazi obungokoqobo, futhi uvakashela izenzakalo zobugebengu obabuthiwa. Lokhu kuhlola kokuzimela kuvame ukuveza amaqiniso okuthi umshushisi waphucwa noma walulaza.
  • [[QT:0] Iseluleko Sezemthetho noMcebisi: amakhasimende kudingeka aqonde izikhalazo, izijeziso ezingase zivele, kanye nezici ezingezinhle zezinketho ezingokomthetho ezihlukahlukene. Ummeli uchaza imiqondo eyinkimbinkimbi engokomthetho ngolimi olucacile futhi usiza ikhasimende ukuba lenze izinqumo ezicatshangelwe.
  • IPrequalial Motion Motion Practice:[ abameli bamafayela abathatha izinyathelo zokuvimbela ubufakazi obutholakele ngokungemthetho, balahle izikhalo ngenxa yokungabi nasizathu, noma baphoqelele ukuqulwa kwecala ukuba lidalule ubufakazi bokudlulisa. Impumelelo ingasenza buthaka noma ngisho iqede icala ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala.
  • Icala lobugebengu eliningi lixazululwa ngokufaka izikhalo ezicingweni. Ummeli uxoxa nomshushisi ngokummangalela okuncishisiwe, imisho ephansi, noma amanye amalungiselelo okugweba njengezinhlelo zokuzilibazisa.
  • Uphawu lofakazi:[ Uma isikhalo singekho ethakazelweni elingcono kakhulu lekhasimende, ummeli ulungiselela ukuqulwa kwecala. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukukhethwa kwejaji, izimemezelo zokuvula, ukubhekiswa kofakazi ngokuqondile nokuphenyiswa kwesiphambano, izimpikiswano zokuphetha, neziqondiso zamajaji.
  • Ukuqinisa ukuqashwa: Uma kuvela isiqinisekiso, ummeli unikeza izici ezimisayo − njengokuntula umlando, imithwalo yemfanelo yomkhaya, noma ubufakazi bokubuyiselwa emuva +_ukunxela umahluleli ekuyekeni.
  • I-Appals kanye nempucuko yePost-Conviation Free: Uma amaphutha eyenzeka ecaleni noma kuvela ubufakazi obusha, ummeli angafaka isikhangiso noma ukunyakazisa komthetho omusha.

Amasu Okuvikela Izigebengu Okuvamile

Abameli bamabutho avikelayo banezinqubo eziningi zokubekela icala lomshushisi inselele. Icebo lokukhetha lixhomeke emaqinisweni, emthethweni, nasemigomweni yekhasimende. Ezinye zezimo ezivame ukusetshenziswa zihlanganisa:

Ukuzivikela Ebumnyameni

Lendlela yokuziphendulela iphikisa ngokuthi ummangalelwa wayengenalo ikhono elingokwengqondo lokuqonda ukuthi izenzo zabo zinjani noma ukuhlukanisa okulungile nokungalungile ngesikhathi sobugebengu. Ayivamile ukusetshenziswa futhi iphumelela kuphela emacalani amancane. Abavikeli abaphumelelayo ngokuvamile bazinikele ezikhungweni zezempilo zengqondo kunokuba bafakwe emajele.

Ukuzifekela

Ezimweni ezihilela ukuhlasela, ibhetri, noma ukubulala, ummangalelwa angase athi asebenzise amandla afanele ukuze azivikele ekulimaleni okuseduze. Amandla asetshenziswayo kumelwe alinganise usongo. Izifunda eziningi ziye zathi “ziyawubamba" imithetho esusa umsebenzi wokuziyeka ngaphambi kokusebenzisa amandla abulalayo.

Albi

Ubufakazi obunikeza ubufakazi bokuthi ummangalelwa wayekwenye indawo lapho ubugebengu bukhona bungenye yezinto ezicacile ezivikela i - Albi. Ubufakazi be-Albi bungahlanganisa ubufakazi obuvela kofakazi, amarisidi, ikhamera egayiwe, noma ukwaziswa kwe-GPS. Khona - ke ukushushisa kufanele kufakazele ukuthi i-alibi ingamanga ngendlela enengqondo.

Ukuphula Umthetho

Uma amaphoyisa ethola ubufakazi ngokuhlola okungekho emthethweni, ukuvuma izono ngokuphoqelelwa, noma ukwephulwa kwamalungelo kaMiranda, isivikelo singashukumisela ekubeni sicindezele lowobufakazi.

Ukungaqondi

Ubufakazi bofakazi bokuzibonela abunakwethenjelwa. Ukuzivikela kungase kuphikise ukunemba kokuthi ufakazi ungubani ngokudalula izinqubo ezisikisela inkanuko, ukukhanya okungafanelekile, noma ubandlululo lofakazi.

Ukungahloniphi

Ubugebengu obuningi budinga isimo esithile sengqondo, esaziwa ngokuthi memens rea. Uma ummangalelwa enza ngengozi noma ngaphandle komgomo wobugebengu, angase angabi necala.

Ukuvikelwa Ngokomthetho Phakathi Nokuboshwa

Ukuboshwa kuyisikhathi esibucayi, izenzo ezithathwa abashaya umthetho nommangalelwa zingaba nemiphumela ehlala njalo.

Amalungelo Emiranda

Ngaphansi Mira v. Arizona (1966), amaphoyisa kumelwe akutshele ngelungelo lakho lokuthula nelungelo lakho kummeli ngaphambi kokuphenywa kwemvume. Lezi zixwayiso zidingeka kuphela lapho usejele futhi uphenywa. Uma amaphoyisa ehluleka ukunikeza izixwayiso uMiranda, noma yiziphi izimemezelo ozenzayo zingacishwa. Nokho, ubufakazi obungokoqobo obutholakele njengomphumela wenkulumo engagunyaziwe engakholeki.

Isivikelo Ekucwaningeni Okungenangqondo

ISichibiyelo sesine senqabela ukuphenya okungenangqondo nokuquleka. Ngokuvamile, amaphoyisa adinga isiqinisekiso esisekelwe entweni okungenzeka ibangele ukuba uphenye ekhaya lakho, imoto, noma imiphumela yomuntu siqu. Okuhlukile kuhlanganisa ukusesha isenzakalo sokubopha, ukuvuma, umbono ocacile, nokungagwegwesi. Uma ukuphenya kungekho emthethweni, isivikelo singabangela ukuzama ukuvimbela ubufakazi.

Ukuya Ebail

Ngemva kokuboshwa, abamangalelwa abaningi banelungelo lokufuna ukukhululwa ngebheyili yangaphambi kwecala. ISichibiyelo Sesi - 8 senqabela ibheyili ephakeme. Inkantolo ibeka ibheyili esekelwe ekungathini kwecala, ingozi yokuhamba ngendiza, nokuphepha komphakathi. Uma ungakwazi ukuthenga ibheyili yemali, ungacela ukuncishiswa kwemali noma ukhululwe ngebheyili yakho siqu. Emacalani amakhulu, ibheyili ingancishwa ngokuphelele.

Ukuqonda Inqubo Yenkantolo

Inqubo yenkantolo yobugebengu ingaba namandla kakhulu, kodwa ukujwayelana nezigaba kuyasiza ekunciphiseni ukukhathazeka.

Ukuboshwa Nokubhalisa

Le nqubo iqala ngokuboshwa, kungaba ngencwadi egciniwe noma ngenxa yesizathu okungenzeka iqashelwe amaphoyisa. Khona - ke uyiswa esiteshini samaphoyisa sokubhala, esihlanganisa ukuthatha iminwe, ukuthatha izithombe, nokuqopha ukwaziswa kwakho siqu. Uzotshelwa ngamacala kanye namalungelo e-Miranda uma kuphakama ukuphenya.

Ukubonakala Kokuqala Nokuhlanekezelwa

Kumelwe ulethwe phambi komahluleli phakathi nesikhathi esinengqondo (ngokuvamile amahora angu- 48). Ekuveleni kokuqala, umahluleli uyakutshela ngamacala, achaze amalungelo akho, futhi amise ibheyili. Ngebheyili, ungena ekuncengeni: unecala, ungena ecaleni, hhayi umncintiswano. Ukungena isikhalo esingenacala kulondoloza wonke amalungelo akho futhi kuvumela ummeli wakho ukuba abeke inselele icala.

Izindlela Zokuhlola Nokuthola

Ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, abamangaleli banikeza ubufakazi ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi ukutholakala kwento. I - station ibuye ithathe izintambo zangaphambi kwenkantolo (ngokwesibonelo), ukuze ikhiphe amacala, ukuvimbela ubufakazi, noma ukushintsha indawo.

Ukudla I - “lea ”

Amacala amaningi axazululwa ngezingxoxo zokuncenga. Umshushisi anganikeza amacala ancishisiwe noma isigwebo esilula uma enecala. ummeli wakho uzokucebisa ukuthi izivumelwano zilungile yini. Uma izivumelwano zingafinyelelwa, icala liqhubekela ecaleni.

Ukuqulwa Kwecala

Ukuqulwa kwamacala kungaba ukuqulwa kwecala ebhentshi (ukwahlulela ngesinqumo) noma ukuqulwa kwecala. Umshushisi uveza icala lakhe kuqala, ukubiza ofakazi nokuveza ubufakazi. Icala lingadlulana ne-examine bese liveza icala layo. Ngemva kokuphetha, abahluleli bakhipha isinqumo ngamabomu futhi baphindisele isinqumo. Isinqumo esivumelanayo siyadingeka ezicaleni zobugebengu.

Ukugwetshwa

Uma isinqumo sinecala, umahluleli ubeka icala. Inkantolo icabangela iziqondiso zokugweba, izinkulumo zezisulu, nokunikeza ubufakazi obubolile. Isigwebo singahlanganisa ukulingwa, ukuhlawuliswa, inkonzo yomphakathi, ukuboshwa, noma inhlanganisela. Kwezinye izindawo, abahluleli bangase batuse isigwebo.

Ukukhanga Nezindlela Zokwelapha I - Postoviduction

Ngemva kwecala, ummangalelwa angase adlulisele icala enkantolo ephakeme, athi amaphutha angokomthetho angcolisa icala. Ukudlulisa amaphuzu kugxila ezindabeni zomthetho, hhayi eqinisweni. Uma ukudluliswa kwecala kwehluleka, ummangalelwa angase afune usizo lwangemva kokuqulwa (ikhopus) ezisekelweni ezinjengokungaphumeleli kosizo lweseluleko noma ubufakazi obusanda kutholwa.

Izinhlobo Zezenzo Zobugebengu Nezivikeli Zazo

Ukuqonda uhlobo lwalelicala kubalulekile ukuze kuvikelwe ngendlela ephumelelayo. Ubugebengu ngokuvamile buhlukaniswa ngokuthi amafeloni (abaluleke kakhulu, ajeziswa unyaka owodwa ejele) noma amaphutha (angenacala, ajeziswa unyaka owodwa ejele). Izigaba ezivamile zihlanganisa:

Ubugebengu Obunobudlova

Ukuhlasela, ibhetri, ukuphanga, nokubulala. Izimpi zihilela ukuzidla, ukungabi nazinhloso, noma ukungazi ukuthi ungubani. Ubudlova basekhaya budinga ukusingatha ngokucophelela ngenxa yemithetho yokubopha ephoqelelwe neziqondiso zokuvikela.

Ubugebengu Bempahla

Izimpi zingase zihlanganise ukuntuleka kwenhloso (isib., ukuthatha ngengozi), ukuvuma, noma ukwehluleka komshushisi ukuze kubonakale ukuthi ubalulekile.

Ubugebengu Bezidakamizwa

Impahla, ukusakaza, nokwenza izinto ezilawulwayo. Izikhuselo zingabekela inselele ukuphenya okungekho emthethweni, izihloko zekhefu elingenabuphini, noma ukwethembeka kokuhlola insimu. Izinhlelo zokuguqula isimilo zingatholakala ezigebengwini zesikhathi sokuqala noma ezisezingeni eliphansi.

Ubugebengu Obumhlophe

Lezi zimo zihilela amarekhodi ayinkimbinkimbi emali futhi zidinga ubufakazi obuqand ’ ikhanda. Izimpi zingagxila ekungabini nanhloso, ukuncika elulekweni sochwepheshe, noma ukuntuleka kobufakazi obuhlobanisa ummangalelwa necala.

I - DUI Nezenzo Zokuphambana

Ukushayela ngaphansi kwethonya, ukushayela ngokunganaki, nokubulala ngemithambo yegazi. Izimpi zibekela inselele ukunemba kokuhlola ukuphefumula, ukuma komgwaqo, nokuqaphela kwesikhulu. Isigwebo esihlukile, njengemishini yokufaka umoya, sivamile.

Indlela Yokukhetha I - Attorney Yokuvikela Isigebengu

Ukukhetha ummeli ofanele kungesinye sezinqumo ezibaluleke kakhulu ozozenza.

  • [ I-Expience: Funa ummeli owelapha ngokuvikela ubugebengu futhi oye wasingatha amacala afana naweyakho. Buza ngerekhodi labo lokuqulwa nokuncenga imiphumela.
  • Ulwazi lwasendaweni yakhona: Ummeli ojwayelene namajaji endawo, abashushisi, nezinqubo zenkantolo zingasebenzisa isimiso ngendlela engcono kakhulu.
  • Ukuhlanganisa:[ Ummeli wakho kufanele achaze izindaba zomthetho ngokucacile futhi akugcine ungazi. Gwema abameli abangafinyeleli noma abasebenzisa isigebengu esiningi.
  • Face Programme: Ukuqonda ukuthi izindleko ziyisicaba noma zibhalwe ngehora. Thola isivumelwano esibhaliwe esichaza ukuthi iziphi izinkonzo ezihlanganisiwe.
  • Isinqumo: Hlola ukubukeza kolayini, cela ama-header, futhi hlola emlandweni wokuqondisa ngenhlangano ye-bar yombuso. Umbombo ungakusiza ukuba uthole imithombo engokomthetho efinyelelekayo.

Ukubaluleka Kokungenela Kusenesikhathi

Kuyisikhathi esibucayi ekuvikeleni ubugebengu. Uma uthintana nommeli ngaphambi kwesikhathi, kulapho bengenza khona okwengeziwe. ukungenela kwangaphambi kwesikhathi kwenza ummeli wakho akwazi:

  • Cela ukuba ungakhulumi namaphoyisa ngaphandle kweseluleko.
  • Khusela ukukhululwa kwakho ngokushesha egumbini lokugcina abantwana.
  • Gcina ubufakazi, obunjengezinqolobane ze - video noma izinkumbulo, obungase bunyamalale.
  • Qala ingxoxo nabashushisi ngaphambi kokuba kubekwe amacala angokomthetho, okungase kugweme ukumangalelwa ngokuphelele.

Uma uphenyiswa kodwa ungakaboshwa, ukuxhumana nommeli kungakusiza ukuba uhambe uhambe umkhumbi omkhulu onamajaji, ufune imvume, nezingxoxo. Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngamalungelo akho phakathi nophenyo, ACLU’s Cristinal Law Reformation inikeza isiqondiso esihle kakhulu.

Isiphetho

Ukubhekana namacala obugebengu kuyinto enzima, kodwa isimiso sokuzivikela kobugebengu sikhona ukuqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umuntu uthola ukunyakaziswa okulungile. Ukuqonda amalungelo akho ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo [1] njengelungelo lokuthula, ilungelo lommeli, nesivikelo ekuphenyeni okungenangqondo [1] kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokuzivikela. Okunye okubalulekile ukuqongelela iseluleko somthetho esikhona ekuqaleni kwenqubo. Ekuhlolweni nasekuncedweni, ummeli onekhono angawenza umehluko phakathi kwesiqinisekiso sokuphila nomphumela ophumelelayo. Khumbula ukuthi umthetho uyinkimbinkimbi, futhi imithombo enjenge-[FLT:] Fideral Court Respourt Servementssss ingasiza uma kukhona imingcele yolimi. Arm, uyakwazi ukuma kolwazi, futhi ugobe wonke amalungelo akho.