IMiyalo Yokwahlulela Ebusa Ngombuso Wentando Yeningi Womthetho - sisekelo

Ukwakhiwa kukahulumeni wase-United States kusekelwe ekuhlukanisweni kwamagunya ngamabomu, okuklanyelwe ukuvimbela ukugxiliswa kwegunya kunoma yiliphi igatsha elilodwa. Loluhlelo, olucaciswe nguJames Madison kuFederalist No. 51, ludala isimiso lapho ukufisa ukuvelela, futhi lulwa namandla. Nokho, ipulani yokubusa okuhlukaniswa iphumelela kuphela ngendlela engcono njengesimiso esinikezwa ukuchaza imingcele yaso. I-judicariary igcwalisa lendima ebalulekile. Njengoba isebenza njengomphathi we-sprebit yencazelo yomthetho-mthetho, izinkantolo ziqinisekisa ukuthi i-wiconstruction kanye namagatsha ephethe ahlala ngaphakathi kwezimbulunga zazo ezimisiwe. Ngaphandle kwalomsebenzi wokwahlulela, ukwahlukana kwemibuso kuyoba yinzuzo yezombangazwe ngaphandle kokugcinwa kwegunya.

Lapho zifeza lo msebenzi, izinkantolo azixazululi nje izingxabano phakathi kwamaqembu azimele; zichaza imingcele engokomthetho yegunya likahulumeni. Uma ijaji likahulumeni emisa umthetho wokuphatha noma umthetho kahulumeni, akasebenzi njengomenzi wezimiso. Usekela isivumelwano somthetho-sisekelo sokungangeneli amagatsha ezombangazwe. Lesi senzo sokuqinisekisa imingcele siyimfakela yomnikelo womthetho womthetho. Siqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni usebenza ngaphansi komthetho, hhayi umthetho wabantu, futhi ukuthi izakhamuzi zonke, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zikhona, zinganxusa ukuba zingenele eqenjinini lezentele.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela Njengenhlolo - vo Engasekho

Ithuluzi elisabekayo kakhulu ethuluzini lokwahlulela amandla okuhlola okwahlulela. Nakuba lingahlelwanga ngokucacile eMthethweni, leligunya lamiswa ngokuqinile esinqumweni sephawu Marbury v. Madison. Kulendaba echazayo, uMahluleli omkhulu uJohn Marshall wachaza isimiso sokuthi “ngokuvumelana nesifundazwe nomsebenzi womnyango wokwahlulela ukusho ukuthi umthetho uyini.” Lesinqumo sagunya le-jaji labekwa i-jaji lika-master [[Flut:1] negunya lokulula iziqondiso nezenzo zezikhulu eziphikisana nomthetho.

Lamandla asebenza njengokuhlola okukhulu emagatsheni omthetho nabaphathi. Wonke umthetho odluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho nangawo wonke amanyathelo athathwa uMongameli ahlolwa ngokulindelekile ngomthetho-mthetho. Lo mandla angempela abenzi bezimiso ukuba bacabangisise kakhulu, bazi ukuthi umsebenzi wabo kumelwe umelane nokuhlolwa kokwahlulela. Nakuba amandla amakhulu, usetshenziswa ngesilinganiso sokuvimbela okungokwemvelo. Izinkantolo ngokuvamile ziyanqikaza ukushaya imithetho ngaphandle kokuba ukwephulwa okusobala komthetho-mfantu. Lokhu kubekeka, ngokuvamile kubhekiselwa kukhoniswa njengokuqondwa komthetho-mthetho-mfa, kubonakalisa ukuqonda kwendima yayo esimisweni sombuso wentando yeningi. Kuyisilinganiso esigciniwe esigciniwe esigciniwe esicacile futhi esicacile, siqinisekisa ukuthi i-judicariary ayikho ukugcotshwa okunomthetho owe kakhulu.

Imfundiso Yezinkanyezi Iyakhohlisa

Ukulunga nokubikezela kuyizimfanelo ezisemqoka zesimiso somthetho esilungile. Isimiso se stare decisis `igunya elingokomthetho lokulandela isiqalo esimisiwe'. Kunikeza lokhu kuqina. Ngokunamathela ekunqumeni ngaphambi, izinkantolo zikha indikimba eqinile yomthetho izakhamuzi namabhizinisi angathembela kuyo. Lemfundiso futhi iqinisa ukwahlukana kwemibuso ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi izinguquko zokwahlulela zenzeka kancane kancane futhi ngokulunga, kunokuba ishintshe ngokushintsha ngokungaguquguquki kwefilosofi engokomthetho.

Uma inkantolo igumbuqela inqubo emisiwe, kumelwe inikeze izizathu eziphoqelelayo zokwenza kanjalo. Lesi sigxobo esiphakeme sivimbela umthetho ukuba uthathe ngokunganaki ukuvumelane nokuthandwa amalungu aso amanje. Kunalokho, sikhuthaza ingxoxo phakathi kwesikhathi esidlule namanje, lapho izimiso ezingokomthetho zicwengisiswa khona ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Lokhu kuqhubeka kuwuhlobo lobulungisa. Kuvikela amathemba alondolozwe futhi kuvimbele umthetho ekubeni ube yisisulu esishukumisayo sesimo sezombangazwe samanje. Inhlonipho yesimiso sezehlakanizomthetho ivumela i - gedicaricary ukuba isebenze njengegunya elizinzisayo phakathi kwesimiso semibuso ehlukene.

Ukuzimela Kokwakha Nokungakhethi Kokwahlulela

Ukuze ijaji lisebenze njengesehlo esiphumelelayo emagatsheni ezombangazwe, kumelwe livikelwe ekuphindiseleni kwezombangazwe. Abasunguli baqonda lokhu sidingo futhi baqinisa isivikelo sokwakha kumajaji kahulumeni eSiphakamiso III soMthetho-sisekelo. Lezi zivikelo zihlanganisa ukuphila phakathi “nokuziphatha okuhle” nesiqinisekiso sokuthi amaholo okwahlulela awanakuncishiswa phakathi nenkonzo yabo. Lezi zikhungo aziwona amalungelo ejaji; ziyisiqinisekiso somphakathi. Baqinisekisa ukuthi amajaji angenza izinqumo ezingathandeki ezisekelwe eMthethweni nasemaqini ngaphandle kokwesaba ukulahlekelwa yisimo sabo.

Ukukhululeka kokwahlulela kuyisizathu esiyinhloko sokwethenjelwa umphakathi. Njengoba kugcizelelwa yi- Office yoBuphathi beNkantolo yase-U.S., lokhu kukhululeka kuvumela ikomiti ukuba ichaze umthetho ngokungakhethi, ngaphandle kokucindezela kwezombangazwe noma umbono othandwayo. Lokhu kungakhethi kuvivinywa ezicabeni eziphakeme ezihilela izimpikiswano zezenhlalo noma izinselele ezisegunyeni lezikhulu. Kulezi zikhathi, ukuncika komphakathi ebuqomeni babahluleli ababoshwe yisifungo sabo somthetho, hhayi ngokuhlangana neqembu noma umuzwa womphakathi.

Izinselele Zokuzimela Ekwahluleleni Inkululeko

Naphezu kwalezi sivikelo somthetho-sisekelo, ukuzimela kokwahlulela kubhekene nezinselele eziqhubekayo. Ukucindezela kwezombangazwe kungabonakala ngokugxekwa komphakathi ngabahluleli, ukusongelwa kokungagunyazwa, noma izihlongozo zokuguqula isimo sezinkantolo. Inqubo yokugunyaza yabahluleli bezwe iye yaba yeya ngokuya iphikisana, ngezinye izikhathi ifaka izingcindezi zokwahlulela njengezisebenzi zezombangazwe kunokuba zikwazi ukuthatha uhlangothi. Ukuvimbela ukugcinwa kwemali okubekwe yisishayamthetho kungaphazamisa ikhono lejaji lokusebenza ngokunempumelelo, ukwakha iziphakamiso nokungena ekwakheni. Ijaji elilawulayo kumelwe lizigcine njalo lezi zingcindeze zigcine ubuqotho balo obungokwezikhundla nokungathathiwe ekukhipheni ubulungisa.

Umphakathi ufeza indima evelele. Uma izinkantolo zibhekwa njengezinhlanganweni ezihlukanisayo, igunya lazo lokuziphatha liyawohloka. Ukulondoloza ukuqiniseka komphakathi kudinga amajaji ukuba anamathele ezindinganisweni zokuziphatha eziphakeme kakhulu futhi agweme ngisho nokubonakala kungafaneleki. Ukuveza isimo esicacile emikhankasweni nokuxhumana okucacile kokwahlulela kungamathuluzi izinkantolo eziwasebenzisayo ukusekela ukufaneleka kwazo. Ijaji elizimele alikho; lidinga ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kubo bobabili abahluleli kanye nabantu abakhonzayo.

Amasheke Nokulinganisela Njengomgwaqo Onezambu

Isimiso semibuso ehlukene asisona isigungu lapho ijaji lihlala khona phezu kwamanye amagatsha. Kunalokho, liyisilinganiso esinamandla lapho igatsha ngalinye lihlola futhi lihlolwa khona. Ijaji lihlola isishaya-mthetho nesikhulu, kodwa futhi libhekene nemingcele yangaphandle. Lobu buhlobo obufanayo buyikhono lesimiso somthetho-mthetho-sisekelo saseMelika.

Izinkantolo Ezihlola Amagatsha Ezombangazwe

Inqubo yejaji ilawula igatsha lomthetho ngokuhlola ukufaneleka komthetho-mthetho wezimiso. Ngaleligunya, izinkantolo zingamisa imithetho ephula amalungelo abantu noma edlula amagunya akhahliweyo eSishaya-mthetho. Ngokufanayo, ukuhlola kwegatsha eliphethe ngokubukeza izenzo zezinhlangano zokuphatha ngaphansi komthetho we-Administrative Procedure Act. Izinkantolo ziqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlangano zikahulumeni aziweqeli igunya lazo lomthetho futhi zilandele izinqubo ezifanele lapho zisebenzisa imithetho. Lokhu kuqondisa kubalulekile ekubekeni umthetho omkhulu we-agemental ukuba ubeke umthetho.

Ama - oncheme Ezombangazwe Encwadini Yesonto

Amagatsha ezombangazwe anamathuluzi abalulekile okunqanda izinkantolo. Ukuhlola okuqondile ngamandla okumisa. UMongameli umisa amajaji, futhi uqinisekisa, unikeza indlela enamandla yokulungisa ifilosofi yamajaji. ISigele futhi sinamandla okuvimbela futhi sisuse abahluleli abaziphatha kabi, sinikeza ishekethiso ngokumelene nenkohlakalo. ISishaya-mthetho silawula imingcele yezinkantolo zikahulumeni, okusho ukuthi ingalinganisela izinhlobo zamacala ahlulelwayo avunyelwe ukuzwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iSishaya - mthetho singaveza izimemezelo zokugumbuqela ukugumbuqela izinkantolo eziPhakathi, futhi sikhiphe umbhalo womthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho ukuba ususe izigwegwegwegwe uma isikhulu esivuma.

Mhlawumbe ukuhlola okuwusizo kakhulu umthwalo wegatsha elikhulu wokuphoqelela iziyalezo zokwahlulela. Uma inkantolo ikhipha isinqumo esingathandeki, igatsha eliphethe ihhovisi kumelwe linqume ukuthi lisisebenzisa ngamandla kangakanani. Lokhu kuthembela kwamanye amagatsha kudinga ukuba izinkantolo ziqaphele imingcele yazo yokuhlelwa. Lesimiso sokuncika kuphoqelela ukuxoxisana okuqhubekayo emingceleni yamandla. Alikho igatsha elingabusa, futhi umthetho uvele kulendawo ehlangeneyo yeziphathimandla ezincintisanayo.

Ukuthola Ukufinyelela Okungokoqobo Kobulungisa

Ilungelo elingaqondakali kusuku olulodwa enkantolo alinanjongo ngaphandle kwendlela esebenzayo yokulifinyelela. Isimiso esithi “ubulungisa obulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho,” esiqoshwe ngaphambili kweNkantolo Ephakeme, sidinga isimiso lapho wonke umuntu ethola khona amakhambi angokomthetho, kungakhathaliseki ingcebo noma isikhundla. Ukufinyelela ekwahluleleni kuyinqubo eguqula izithembiso zomthetho-sisekelo zibe ngokoqobo. Esimisweni samagunya ahlukene, izinkantolo kumelwe zivuleke futhi zingavuleki ukuze zihlolwe izakhamuzi ezivamile.

Izithiyo zokungena zibalulekile futhi zibhalwe kahle. Izindleko eziphakeme zokumelelwa ngokomthetho yisithiyo esiyinhloko kubantu abaningi. Inhlangano yamaKhosi eLegeral Services [ ibika ukuthi amaMelika afike kaphansi athola usizo olungenaluphelele noma alunalulo olungokomthetho ezinkingeni ezinkulu zemithetho yawo. Ubunkimbinkimbini bolimi, nebanga lendawo ebanzi ukusuka ezindlini ezingaphezulu zalezi zinselele. Uma lemingcele ihluleka, isimiso siyahluleka ukuletha ubulungisa, futhi umthetho uyantengantenga.

Amakhambi Ezinhlangano Nezobuchwepheshe

Izinkantolo ziye zasabela enkathazweni yokuthola izinto eziningi ezintsha. Izikhungo zosizo kanye nemitholampilo yosizo ye-proziter zisiza abaqondisi abangadluliswanga izinqubo zenkantolo. Amafomu alula, imithetho efana neyunifomu, kanye nezikhungo ezikhethekile zezimpikiswano ezinjengomthetho womkhaya, indawo yokuhlala, nempilo yengqondo yenza isimiso sibe esikwazi ukulawuleka kangcono. Izinkantolo eziningi zikahulumeni ziye zamukela “isibonelo sesikhulu sokuhamba ngezinyawo”, lapho ochwepheshe abangemthetho besiza khona abasebenzi be-ligijimi.

Ubuchwepheshe buguqula indlela ubulungisa obunikezwa ngayo. Izinkulumo ezikude zezindlebe zidluliselwa nge-computer confect, ezasakazeka phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVOID-19, ziye zanciphisa umthwalo wokuhamba nesikhathi sokusebenza kwabahlali nofakazi. I-Online Consective requation (ODR) coption ivumela izigijimi ukuba zidingisele futhi zixazulule izimpikiswano ngokuphelele kuyi-ingosi ye-inthanethi, ngokuvamile ngaphandle kokudinga ukuvela enkantolo engokoqobo. Izimiso ze-electronicle (efilfil) zenza inqubo yenkantolo ibe sobala kakhulu futhi iphumelele. Lemikhambiso ayiyona nje intuthuko engcono; izakhiwo ezincipheshisiwe emigoqondweni yemithetho eqinile eqinile, iqinisekisa ukuthi isivikelo sezimiso ezihlukene sitholakala kubo bonke.

Ihubo Njengethonya Lokuziphendukela Kwezenhlalo

Ngamandla ayo okuchaza uMthetho-sisekelo, ijaji liye laba ithonya eliyinhloko ekwakhekeni kwezenhlalo nakwezombangazwe kwaseMelika. Izinkantolo ziguqula incazelo yamalungelo abantu, zichaze iziphathimandla zikahulumeni, futhi zimise imithetho ebusa umphakathi. Izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme yezwe ziye zasebenza njengezici ezihloselwe ushintsho lwesizwe, ngokuvamile zivikela amalungelo amancane ngokumelene nentando yezikhulu ezidumile.

Ithonya lejaji libonakala ekuvuselelweni kokulingana nenkululeko kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika. Brown v. ibhodi lemfundo yasusa uhlelo lwesimiso somthetho-mfantu lohlanga. [[FLT:]] Gedeon v. Graven[[FLD] [] iqinisekisa ilungelo lokunikeza abamangalelwa abangemthetho-mthetho abangenakukwazi ukunikeza izigebezenzi.] Imithetho evimbela ukushada ngokuhlukana. Izenzakalo zamuva nje, ezihilela ukulingana, ukukhathalela impilo, nokusebenza kohlelo lwenkululeko yomphakathi ngamunye. Isinqumo ngasinye salezi zinqunywe izimiso ezimelene nezimiso ezihlangeneyo. [[FLT:]

Ingxoxo Phakathi Kwezinkantolo Nemithetho

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwejaji namagatsha ezombangazwe buvame ukuxoxa. Uma inkantolo ishaya umthetho, ayiwuqedi njalo umlomo. Indlu yomthetho yomthetho ingaphendula ngokumisa umthetho obukeziwe okhuluma ngezindaba zomthetho-sisekelo wenkantolo. Kwezinye izimo, isinqumo senkantolo singashukumisela umthetho ukuba wenze isenzo endabeni eyayiyishaye indiva ngaphambili, njengokusekela ukuguqula kwezesikole noma ubulungisa bezephula umthetho. Le nqubo eqhubekayo engemva no-fuze-futh iyisici esinempilo sesimiso sezimiso ezihlukene zomthetho wezwe. Iqinisekisa ukuthi izinguquko ezinkulu zezenhlalo azibekwangabekwanga ngokulandelana okungaso isigwebo kodwa esikhundleni somkhiqizo wenqubo ebambisanayo engokomthetho wesikole noma ubulungisa phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu.

Usongo Lwanamuhla Nokubuyiselwa Kwezinhlangano

Ikhono lejaji lokusebenza njengomkhangisi ongathathi hlangothi livivinywa yiziphetho zezombangazwe nezezenhlalo zamanje. Ukuthembela komphakathi ezinkantolo, ikakhulukazi eNkantolo Ephakeme, kuye kwehla eminyakeni yamuva. Ngokokucwaninga okuvela e-] i-Pew Research Center[, imibono yeNkantolo iye yahluka kakhulu ngokwezintambo zobuzwe. Lokhu kuncishiswa kwethemba kunikeza inselele eqondile ekugunyani kwegunya lokwahlulela.

Izici eziningana zinezela kulomkhuba. Ukuqinisa inqubo yokuqinisekisa ama-frem amajaji ahlulwayo. Izinqumo eziphezulu 5-4 ezindabeni zamasiko eziphikiswayo ziqinisa umbono wokuthi ukwahlulela kumane kuyizombangazwe ngezinye izindlela. Ukuntuleka kwemithetho engokomthetho, ephoqelelweyo yokuziphatha yamaJaji eNkantolo Ephakeme kuye kwaphakamisa imibuzo ephathelene nokulandisa nokubona. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukudukiswa kwemithetho yenkantolo nenqubo yokwahlulela kungaphazamisa ukuqonda okufanelekile kwe-jaji.

Ukusingatha lezi zinselele kubalulekile ekulondolozeni ikhono lomthetho lokusebenza. Izinkantolo kumelwe zibeke phambili ukubonakala kobuso, zifake inzuzo yemfundo yomphakathi, futhi zilondoloze izindinganiso eziqinile zokuziphatha. Abahluleli kumelwe baqaphe ekugwemeni ukuthatha iziphakamiso zomphakathi, kokubili ezilandweni zabo zomphakathi nasendleleni yabo yokwahlulela. Ibhande nomphakathi kumelwe bavikele isimiso sokuzimela ngokwahlulelwa kwezombangazwe. Ukuzimela kwejaji lomthetho kuyonquma ukuthi ingaqhubeka yini ingumgcini wobulungisa esimisweni semibuso ehlukene.

Isiphetho

Izinkantolo zinezimo ezihlukile nezibalulekile embusweni wentando yeningi owenziwe ngemibuso ehlukene. Ziyinhlangano eqashelwa ukuchaza imithetho yomdlalo, ukumisa imingcele yegunya likahulumeni, nokuvikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye ekuphazanyisweni. Ukubukeza kokwahlulela, ukuzimela, kanye nesibopho sokufinyelela okulinganayo kuyizinsika ezisekela lomsebenzi. Isimiso asiqinile; siwumgangatho onamandla odinga ukunakekelwa nokuqapha komphakathi njalo.

Ijaji alinawo amandla esikhwama semali noma inkemba. Igunya lalo lisekelwe ngokuphelele emandleni okuziphatha okucabanga kwalo kanye nasekwethembeni komphakathi ekungakhethini kwalo. Njengoba umphakathi ushintsha futhi kuvela izinselele ezintsha, izinkantolo kumelwe zizivumelanise lapho zinamathela esimisweni esiyisisekelo somthetho. Esihlelweni esiklanyelwe ukuvimbela ukubekwa kwamandla, i-judiary ime njengomphathi wokugcina wobulungisa, uqinisekisa ukuthi isimo semibuso ehlukene sigcwalisa isithembiso sawo sohulumeni olinganiselwe nenkululeko elinganayo kubo bonke.