Table of Contents
Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Sokulingana
UMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States, ngezinguquko ezimbalwa eziyinhloko, umisa izimiso eziqinile zokulingana ngokomthetho. La malungiselelo awachazi amalungelo abantu kuphela kodwa futhi abeka imingcele emandleni kahulumeni ukuze aqinisekise ukuthi bonke abantu baphathwa ngesithunzi esilinganayo ngaphansi komthetho.
Isichibiyelo Seshumi Nane: Isivikelo Esilinganayo Nenqubo Efanele
Ngo-1868, iSichibiyelo se 144 se-Unimetic Protection Claus(""no State... siphika noma yimuphi umuntu ophakathi kwegunya lakhe isivikelo esifanayo semithetho"" [1] iyithuluzi elinamandla kakhulu lomthetho-sisekelo lokuqinisa ukulingana. ISigungu Esiphakeme siye sachazwa ngesisekelo seSiphakamiso sokunqanda ukucwaswa okunamandla kwezwe nahulumeni ngokwesisekelo sohlanga, ubulili, imvelaphi yesizwe, nezinye izigaba ezisolwayo. INkanto esetshenziswayo icubulisa imithetho esekelwe ezinhlangani kanye nokuhlolwa kwezimiso ezisekelwe ebulilini, ifuna uhulumeni ukuba ubonise ukuthethelela okunamandla kakhulu kwanoma yikuphi ukuphathwa okuhlukile. [FLD] kanye nohulumeni, okuye kwasetshenziswa futhi kuvikwe i-Rose-Rose-Espersona i-scet.[5] Izimiso zomphakathi ezingokomthetho ezisemthethweni ezisetshenziswayonke, kanye nezinguMbusweni womphakathi ovamile, futhi zivikela iziNqundundukume u-Evini womphakathi, kanye nezingu-unyuko, futhi zisetshenziswa
IZinqumo Zeshumi Nanhlanu, Zeshumi Nakinye Nezingamashumi Amabili Nesithupha: Ukusakaza Amalungelo
ISichibiyelo seshumi elinesihlanu (1870) sinqabela ukunqatshelwa kwelungelo lokuvota ngokusekelwe "kwenkambiso, ebala, noma esimweni sangaphambili sobugqila. ISichibiyelo seshumi elinesishiyagalo (120) sanwetshwa kwabesifazane, kuyilapho iSichibiyelo seSiphendu samashumi amabili nanhlanu (197) sehlisa iminyaka yokuvota ukuze i-18, ukulwela ukulingana kwangempela komthetho nesomthetho wokuvota kuye kwadinga ukuthatha isinyathelo esiqhubekayo sokulawula izivumelwano zemithetho yezomthetho kanye nezokwahlulela. INkantolo ePhakathi ye-1999 kwe-S ku-Solby County v. UHamer (2013) yashaya ilungiselelo eliyinhloko lemithetho yokuvota yamaLungelo ka-Ognigamest of 1965, iholela ekuthatheni kwemithetho entsha ye-volitioms.
Umthetho Ongokomthetho Wamalungelo Omphakathi
Le mithetho inikeza imingcele eningi ngokumelene nokucwaswa kwemisebenzi, izindlu, izindawo zokulala zomphakathi, imfundo, nezinhlelo ezixhaswa uhulumeni.
Isinqumo Samalungelo Abantu Sango - 1964
Isihloko II soMthetho sinqabela ukucwaswa kwezindawo zomphakathi zokulala (izindawo zokudlela, izinkundla zemidlalo yeshashalazi) ezisekelwe ohlazweni, ebala, enkolweni, noma ezweni. Isihloko VII senza kube okungekho emthethweni ukuba abaqashi bakhethe ekuqasheni, ukudubula, noma ukukhokhela ngalezo zizathu, futhi kuhlanganise ukukhulelwa, ubulili, nokuphindisela. I-Act futhi yamisa i-Ecial Accomplication Commission (EOC) yokuhlola nokuphoqesha i-Octive I-openst. [[FLD:]Meritator Bank v. Vinson[FLD:] [196]] [196]]), iNkantolo Ephakeme yeNkakhulu yayikholelwa ukuthi ukuhlukunyezwa kwezocawalucaphulo ngaphansi kwesihloko se-VII. Izinqulusuku lweNkakhulu leminyaka zikwane zeSihloko se-LT [F] [5]
Abantu BaseMelika Abakhubazekile (ADA) Ngo - 1990
I-ADA yenqabela ukucwaswa kwabantu abakhubazekile emsebenzini, ezinkonzweni zomphakathi, ezezokuthutha, nazo zonke izindawo zokuhlala zomphakathi. Kudingeka "izindawo zokuhlala ezifanele" ngaphandle kokuba indawo yokuhlala ibangele "ubunzima obungabekelwe ngokomthetho" kumqashi noma into ethile. I-ADA ichaza ukukhubazeka okukhulu ("inkinga engokomzimba"/ingqondo noma engokwengqondo enciphisa kakhulu imisebenzi yokuphila eyodwa noma ezinkulu, ukuqopha umlando wokukhubazeka okunjalo, noma ukubhekwa njengokukhubazeka okunjalo. Isihloko I-ADA siphoqwa yi-EOC; isihloko II ne-II siphoqwa uMnyango wobulungisa. Umthetho uye wasiza ekuthuthukiseni ukufinyelela izakhiwo, ukuthutha, ezobuchwepheshe, nakuba kulokhu kubhekwa njengokukhubazeka okunjalo.
I - Vong Rights Act ka - 1965 (njengoba ilungisiwe)
Lesisenzo sokuvimbela ubandlululo, kuhlanganise nokuhlola nokuvota nokukhokha izintela zokuvota. Ingxenye 2 inqabela noma isiphi imfanelo yokuvota esiphumela ekuphiweni noma ekuncishisweni kwelungelo lokuvota ngenxa yohlanga noma ibala. Isigaba 5 sadinga amagunya athile ahambisana nomlando wokucwasa ukuze kutholakale izinguquko ezikhona kuMnyango wokhetho ngaphambi kokushintsha imithetho yokuvota. [[FLT: 0] Shelby County[, i-Congresssion iye yaphikisana kodwa ayizange imise indlela entsha yokuvota, ishiya amazwe amaningi ekhululekileyo ukuba asebenzise izinguquko ezithinta ngokungenakuqhathaniswa abavota abambalwa. Izigodlo eziningi kusukela ekudluleni imithetho evimbela ukuvota futhi ziholele imibhosholo eqhubekayo ngaphansi kwesigaba 2.
Isenzo Sendawo Yokuhlala Esifanele Sango - 1968
IFair Howard Act inqabela ukucwaswa kwezindawo zokuthengisa, ukuqasha, nokuxhasa ngokwezimali izindlu ezisekelwe ngokohlanga, ibala, inkolo, ubulili, isikhundla sobufazi, imvelaphi yobuzwe, nokukhubazeka. I-Derrement of Howails and Urban Development (HUD) ihlola izikhalo futhi ingaletha izenzo zokuqinisekisa. Naphezu koMthetho wokuqinisekisa. Naphezu kwalokho, izindlela zokuhlala ngokuzimela, ukuhlukanisa, ukucwasa okungokomlando, nokucwasana okuqhubekayo. I-Act yalungiswa ngo-1988 ukuze iqinise inqubo yokugcinwa kwemithetho kanye nokuvikela imikhaya yezingane nabantu abakhubazekile.
Indima Yezimo Zokuphoqelelwa Kwezimo Zokubambisana
Ukuqinisekisa ukulingana kudinga ukucwaninga okunenkuthalo, imfundo, nokunikeza imvume esemthethweni kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni ezikhethekile.
I - project Yomsebenzi Elinganayo (EOC)
I-EEOC ichaza futhi ibophe imithetho kahulumeni enqabela ukucwaswa kwemisebenzi. Ithola amacala obandlululo angaphezu kuka-60 000 minyaka yonke. Lenhlangano ihlola ukumangalelwa, ukuzama ukudlulisa izicelo, futhi ingafaka izikhalo ezingokomthetho kubaqashi abazimele. Ngo-2022 kuphela, i-EOC yathola izisulu ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-500 zemali yokucwaswa. I-EEOC futhi inikeza isiqondiso ezindabeni ezivelayo ezinjengokuhlukunyezwa emsebenzini wezemishini nokusetshenziswa kokuhlakanipha ekuqashweni.
UMnyango Wezobulungisa Uhlukanisa Amalungelo Omphakathi
I-Civil Rights Division iphoqelela ukuba imithetho kahulumeni inqabele ukucwaswa kwemfundo, izindlu, ukuvota, nokugcinwa komthetho. Inegunya lokumangalela uhulumeni nohulumeni bendawo ngenxa yokuphulwa kwemithetho ehlelekile. Amacala aphakeme ahlanganisa ukuhlola eminyangweni yamaphoyisa ngemithetho engekho ngokwemithetho yesizwe nokuphikisa imithetho ye-ID ehlukanisa abavoti abambalwa. Umthetho futhi uphoqelela amaMelika nge-Cult Division Act nange-Information Act ne-Institutiveal Act.
UMnyango Wezemfundo Wamalungelo Omphakathi (OCR)
I-OCR igunyaza iSihlokwana VI soMthetho we-Civil Rights Act (uhlobo, umbala, imvelaphi yesizwe), i-Tit IX (sex), kanye ne-504 ye-Rehabilitation Act (ukungalungi) ezikhungweni zemfundo ezithola izimali zikahulumeni. I-OCR ihlola ukukhononda kokuhlukunyezwa kohlanga, ukungalingani kwesiyalo, ukuhlasela ngokobulili, nokuntula indawo yokuhlala yabafundi abakhubazekile. Ngo-2024, umphathi we-Biden wakhipha iziqondiso ezintsha ze-IX ezaguqula izimiso ze-TRUmp-era ezisezikoleni ezivikela ngokuqondile i-LGBTQ.
Izincazelo ZeNkantolo Ephakeme Ezingaqondakali Kancane
INkantolo Ephakeme iye yalolonga incazelo yokulingana ngochungechunge lwezinqumo eziphawulekayo ezichaza uMthetho - sisekelo nemithetho kahulumeni.
Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
Isinqumo savumelana sasusa imfundiso ye- ehlukene kodwa elinganayo [ye- futhi sathi ukuhlukaniswa ngokohlanga okugunyazwe uhulumeni ezikoleni zomphakathi kuphula i-Livice Elinganayo Clause. INkantolo yacabanga ukuthi ukuhlukanisa igebe kubangela umuzwa wokungabalulekile kubantwana baseAfrika ukuthi "kususa isisusa somntwana ukuba afunde" inqumo yaholela ekuphikiseni kweqembu, kodwa ekugcineni yaba isisekelo esingokomthetho sokususa zonke izakhiwo zomphakathi.
Uthando Virginia (1967)
INkantolo yawisa imithetho kahulumeni evimbela ukushada ngokwezinhlanga, iphethe ukuthi umshado uyilungelo eliyisisekelo nokuthi izinhlanga kumelwe zihlolwe kakhulu. IJaji eliyinhloko u-Earl Warren labhala, "ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo wethu, inkululeko yokushada, noma ukungashadi, umuntu wolunye uhlanga uhlala nomuntu futhi akanakuphulwa nguHulumeni." Icala liye lakhonjwa ezinqumweni ezilandelayo ezisemshadweni ongokwabantu abahlukene.
Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)
INkantolo yathi iSichibiyelo seshumi nane sidinga izimemezelo zokugunyaza nokuqaphela imishado efanayo. Umbono woMahluleli uKennedy abaningi wagcizelela ukuthi umshado uyi-"keystory yenhlelo yethu engokwenhlalo" nokuthi ukukhipha imibhangqwana efanayo engosini kulelo hlelo kuyazilahla isivikelo esilinganayo nenqubo efanele. Isinqumo esingokomthetho sobulili obufanayo ezweni lonke, nakuba izinselele zezombangazwe nezenkolo ezilandelayo ziqhubeke.
Abafundi Be - Fair Adgings ngakolunye uhlangothi lweHarvard (2023)
Esinqumweni esingu-6-3, iNkantolo yalahla izinhlelo zokuthatha isinyathelo sokuvuma okusekelwe ekuhlolweni kwezinhlanga eHarvard naseYunivesithi yaseNyakatho Carolina, iphethe ukuthi izinhlelo ezinjalo ziphula iSivikelo sika-Claus olinganayo. INkantolo yanquma ukuthi amayunivesithi angacabangela indlela izinhlanga ezingathinta ngayo okuhlangenwe nakho komfaki wesicelo sobuhlanga (umzk., ukuqeda ukucwaswa kohlanga) kodwa angase angasebenzisi umjaho wokuncintiswa kwemizwana. Lesi sinqumo siye saphoqesha amakolishini ukuba ahlaziye izinqubo zokuvuma imithetho futhi athathe izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho eziphathelene nemfundo.
Izinyathelo Zombuso Nezokulingana Kwendawo
Izindawo eziningi nomasipala ziye zamisa izivikelo ezilinganayo ezingaphezu komthetho kahulumeni.
Izenzo Zamalungelo Omphakathi Kahulumeni
Izwe elinjengeCalifornia, iNew York, ne-Illinois zinemithetho ebanzi evimbela ukudideka evikelayo ehlanganisa izigaba ezivikelwe kakhulu (kuhlanganisa indlela yobulili, ubulili, isikhundla somshado, nomthombo weholo) kunomthetho kahulumeni. Ezinye izifunda-mazwe zivumela futhi ukulahlekelwa okukhulu nokuthola amakhambi kalula. Ngokwesibonelo, i-California Fair Break and House Act ivumela ukulahlekelwa okungenamkhawulo, kuyilapho umthetho ukuvumela ukulimala okusekelwe esayizini yabaqashi.
Ukulwa Nezimo Ezingafani Kwendawo
Amadolobha nezindawo kuvame ukudlulisa imithetho evikela izigaba njengezisulu zobudlova basekhaya, abangomakad ’ ebona, noma labo abanomlando wokuboshwa. Ezinye izindawo ziye zasungula izinhlangano zamalungelo abantu ukuze zihlole izikhalo ngokuqondile, zidlulise izinhlelo zikahulumeni nezimiso zikahulumeni eziminyene. Njengoba kungekho mthetho womthetho wenzondo kahulumeni ohlanganisa ubulili kuze kube ngo-2009, amadolobha amaningi adlulisa imithetho yawo siqu yobugebengu benzondo. Lemithetho yendawo iveza umsebenzi ombaxakile wamalungelo, kodwa futhi ivumela ukuba kufakwe imithetho esemthethweni yezinga eliphansi emphakathini.
Izinselele Zangesikhathi Esidlule Ekulinganani Ngokomthetho
Naphezu kwesivikelo somthetho - sisekelo nemithetho, ukungalingani okukhulu kusaqhubeka.
Ubandlululo Oluwubuzwe Ekulungeni Kwesigebengu
Imininingwane evela e-Bureau of Justice Statistics ibonisa ukuthi ama-Black America aboshwa ngesilinganiso esicishe sibe sisihlanu esiphindwe kahlanu kwesabamhlophe baseMelika. Nakuba iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yathi ukukhipha izimpawu zobuhlanga kuphula i-Encial Protection Clause, ukufakazela inhloso yokukhipha umlomo kuhlala kunzima. Izinhlangano zomthetho zokuphoqelela ziye zangena ezivumelwaneni ze-DOJ ukuze zilungise izindlela ze-discrimination zobupolitist, kodwa imiphumela iye yaxubana. Impi ngezidakamizwa, imisho elinganiselwe engokwesilinganiso, kanye nezimiso zemali ezithinta ngokungenamkhawulo izinhlanga, kuthinta imiphakathi yemibala, kufaka iqhaza kulokho izazi eziningi ezibiza ukugcinwa kweqembu.
Igebe Elibi Nokuhlukunyezwa Kwesizwe Emsebenzini
I-Umeal Pay Act ka-1963 ne-Vit 1 ayikawususi igebe lobulili. NgokweNational Partnership for Women & Families, abesifazane bahola cishe amasenti angu-89 ngemali ngayinye etholwa amadoda, enezikhala ezinkulu kakhulu kwabesifazane abanombala. I-#MeToo yadalula ukuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili okusakazekile ezimbonini kusukela kwezokuzijabulisa kuya ekukhiqizeni, okuholela ezinguqulweni ezingokomthetho ezinjengesiCemeing Forced Arbitration of Sexual Assaucity Act ka-2022, evumela izisebenzi ukuba zilethe izikhalo ezinjalo enkantolo esikhundleni sokuphoqelelwa ukuba zingene.
Ukucindezelwa Nokudangala Kwezinto Ezingavamile
Ngemva kwesinqumo iShelby County, izifunda eziningana zamisa imithetho ye-ID eqinile, zilinganisela ukuvota kwasekuqaleni, futhi zisusa amavoti asongwe kakhulu. I-2020 Brennan Center ithola ukuthi lezilinganiso zithinta ngokungenakulinganiswa inani eliphansi nabavoti abaphansi. Imithetho yokuvota, ekhipha amalungelo abantu abanezinkolelo eziqinile, ithinta amaMelika angaphezu kwezigidi eziyisihlanu, anezimo ezihlukene ezingathi zikhona ngokohlanga. Ngokungafani, amanye amazwe aye andisa amalungelo okuvota, njengamalungelo okuvota okuvota okuzi, njengalokhu kubhalisa nokubuyisela amalungelo okuvota okuzi.
I - LGBTQ+ Amalungelo Angemva Komshado
Nakuba wehlela[[FLT: 1] uqaphele ukulingana komshado, izifunda eziningi azinazo izivikelo ezicacile zokungahlukanisi kwe LGBTQ + abantu abahlala endlini, imisebenzi, nezindawo zomphakathi. Umbiko we-2023 Movement Advation Project utholé ukuthi amazwe acishe abe nazisivikelo esibanzi se-LGBTQ+ abantu. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme sokungahlukanisi izikhundla [FL:] 303 kubantu abahlala endlini, i-LLC v.[FLT:] 2023] umklami wewebhusayi wewe-webhusayina angenqabe ukwenza amawebhusayithi omshado asekelwe ezinkolelweni zenkolo ezifanayo, ukuphakamisa izikhalo phakathi kwezinga ezingokokwayo. Okwamanje, ukuvinjelwa kwezelelwa kwezemthetho ezintsha zezempi.
Imishini Engokomthetho Yokubangela Ukulingana
Ukulingana kuphoqelelwa ngenhlanganisela yecala ngalinye, ukucwaninga kukahulumeni, nezenzo zezinhlangano zokuqondisa.
Ilungelo Lezenzo Langasese
Imithetho eminingi yamalungelo abantu kahulumeni ivumela abantu ukuba bagwebe ngokuqondile. Ngokwesibonelo, isisebenzi singafaka icala ngaphansi kwesihloko VII ngemva kokukhandleka kwe-EEOC. Abaholi abaphumelelayo bangathola iholo elibuyayo, ukubuyiselwa, ukukhokha, nezindleko zommeli. Izenzo zekilasi zingasingatha ukucwaswa kwezimiso zezenhlalakahle, njengasendabeni ye- DEUKES v. Walmart Vers, Inc. (20), nakuba iNkantolo Ephakeme yenze ama-cription anzima kakhulu ngenxa yezehlakalo.
Izikhalo Zezisebenzi
Ukudlulisa isikhalo nenxusa elinjenge-EOC, i-OCR, noma i-HUD ngokuvamile kuncishisiwe futhi kuyashesha kune-parignodi. Lamanxusa angahlola, akhiphe iziphumo, futhi azame ukuxoxa ngezindawo zokuhlala. Uma inxusa lithola isizathu esinengqondo, lingase lidlulise izikhalazo. Nokho, imithombo yezinhlangano ilinganiselwe; ngokwesibonelo, imali ye-EOC ayihambanga nenani elibekweyo, okuphumela ekulindeni isikhathi eside.
Imithetho-okanye ukwenza Izinhlamvu
UMnyango Wezobulungisa ungamangalela umbuso noma ohulumeni bendawo nabaqashi abakhulu ngokuhlanganyela esimisweni noma ekucalucalulweni. Lokhu kumangalelwa kungaholela ekushintsheni okukhulu, njengemithetho evumelanayo edinga izinguquko ekuqeqesheni amaphoyisa, imikhuba yokuqashwa, noma izinqubo zokuvota. I-DOJ’s Civil Rights Division iye yasebenzisa leligunya ukubekela inselele imithetho yokuvimbela ukuphatha izindlu, izimo zasejele, kanye neziphazamiso zesikole ezithinta izingane ezincane ngokungenakulinganiswa.
Ikusasa Lokulinganiswa
Inkolelo yokulingana ngokomthetho e - United States ixhomeke ezicini zezombangazwe eziqhubekayo, zezenhlalo, nezahlulelo.
Isinyathelo Senhlangano
Kuye kwahlongozwa izikweleti eziningana ukuze kuqiniswe ukugcinwa kwemithetho elinganayo. UMthetho we-Ealture, owenezela ukuma kwendlela yobulili nobulili obuhlukile ngokwezigaba ezivikelwe ngaphansi komthetho welungelo lomphakathi, wadlulisa iNdlu kodwa wagcinwa eSikhungweni. I-John Lewis Voting Rights Advement Act ihlose ukubuyisela izimfuneko zangaphambi kokubekwa phambili ngemva Shelby County. Ezinye izicelo zingaphakamisa iholo elilinganiselwe elingokomthetho, zandisa amaMelika nge-Istance Act, kanye nokucwasa ngokwendlela encitha izinwele nesitayela (I-CRLD ISCM).
Iziphetho Zezinyathelo Zikahulumeni Nokumelana Nezimo
Njengoba uhulumeni kahulumeni uvala imingcele, izifunda ziba izikole zokwandisa nokulinganisela ukulingana. ICalifornia, iNew York, neWashington ziye zamisa imithetho efuna ukukhokha nokuvimbela ukucwaswa kwezinhlanga. Ngokuphambene, njengaseFlorida nase Texas, imithetho evimbela izingxoxo zekilasi zohlanga nobulili, ivimbela ukuhlanganyela kwabadlali abathatha i-trangender, futhi ivimbela izinhlelo ezihlukene, ukulingana, kanye nokufakwa kwamayunivesithi omphakathi. Lezi zinqubo zokukwehla kwesigaba ziyo cishe ziveza ukubekwa kwemithetho engcono kakhulu ngenxa yencazelo yesivikelo esifanayo.
Ubuchwepheshe Ne - al Bias
Ukusetshenziswa kokuhlakanipha kokwenziwa ekuqasheni, ekubolekeni, nasekugwebeni kobugebengu kuphakamisa imibuzo emisha. Imithetho-mthetho ingaveza ukucwasana okungokomlando, kuholele ekuphumeleni kwemiphumela ewubugebengu enzima ukuzibonakalisa ngaphansi kwemfundiso elinganayo yesivikelo yamanje (edinga ukucwaswa ngenhloso). I-EOC ne FTC iye yakhipha isiqondiso sokulunga komthetho womthetho womthetho obanzi wokulawula ubandlululo lwemithetho. Ezinye izizwe, njenge-Illinolinois, ziye zakhipha imithetho efuna ukulandelelwa kwamathuluzi esetshenziswa ezinqumweni zemisebenzi.
Ekuphetheni, ukugcinwa kokulingana kwesimiso somthetho-mthetho waseMelika kuyinqubo eqhubekayo ehilela umbhalo womthetho-sisekelo, ukuthatha isinyathelo somthetho-mthetho, ukuchazwa kwemithetho yomthetho, ukugcinwa kwemithetho yezomthetho, nokugcinwa kotshani. Kuwukufakwa kwemithetho eqinile nomphakathi ofuna ukuba bonke abantu baqaphe futhi babopheke. Izakhiwo zesisekelo ezakhiwa yimithetho yomthetho-sisekelo namalungelo omhlaba ezingokomthetho ziyongezelelwa futhi ngezinye izikhathi zivivivinywe ngezimiso zombuso nezenzo zendawo. Nakuba intuthuko enkulu iye yenziwa, ukuhlukaniswa okuqhubekayo kwengcebo, impilo, izakhiwo, nobulungisa bobugebengu bembula ukuthi ukulingana okungokomthetho akukaqalwa ngokugcwele. Ikusasa liyodinga ukuba kokubili ukuvikelwa okukhona kanye nemingcele emisha ukuze kuqinisekise ukuthi isimiso sokulingana siphile wonke umuntu eUnited States.
Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe ngesimiso esingokomthetho sokulingana, bheka i Cornell Information of the Legial Institute yeSikhungo solwazi sokulinganisa, i-website engokomthetho ye-EC [, kanye ne[FLT:]'s [FLT]ACP's meetacity esemthethweni ye-actacity[]