Umbono Wesiqalo: Ubulungisa, Inkululeko, Nenhlalakahle Njengezinsika Zomthetho - sisekelo

Isiqalo se-Indiya Constitution singaphezu kakhulu kokungena kobukhampasi obuhlotshisiwe. Yikhompasi yefilosofi eqondisa wonke umthetho-siseko. Ihloselwe ukulawulwa kwekoloni kanye nokulwela ukukhululeka, isiqalo simisa izinhloso ezihlangene zesizwe esizimisele ukwakha uhlelo olusha lwezenhlalo. Amagama aso okuvula ````Thoma,' , abantu baseNdiya" [=asekwenzile ubukhosi obuthandwayo, kuyilapho izibopho ezingaphansi kwesibopho sokubuswa [FLT: 0] [[FLT]] , [[FLT:], [FLT]], , [[FLT]], futhi [FLT:] ne[FLT] [FLD] [F:] [5] [FFF:5] [5] [FFF]]] inye i-eputvosteroidglet , futhi i-emaglements siseko esingokomthetho sanoma siseko sezweyomthetho.

I-Pregagery yayingeyiyo into ecatshangelwayo ngemva kwenkathi; yaphikiswana ngokucophelela eMhlanganweni weSizwe phakathi kuka-1946 no-1949. Amalungu athola isikhuthazo emithonjeni ehlukahlukene, kuhlanganise noMthetho-sisekelo waseMelika, iSimemezelo saseFrance samalungelo abantu, neSibomo saseSoviet kumalungelo ezenhlalo nawezomnotho. Nokho, i-Indiya Pregquagery ihlukile ekuhlanganiseni kwayo okusobala ubulungisa, inkululeko, nenhlala - nhlalakahle njengemibono exhomeke esekelwe esekelwe kuyo kodwa iziqondiso ezilawulayo, incazelo yomthetho, nezenzo zezempathiwezwe.

Lesi sihloko sihlola ngasinye salezi zimiso eziyisisekelo ngokuningiliziwe, ukuhlola ukuxhumana kwazo, futhi sihlola isilinganiso sazo sohlelo lwazo. Sicabangela futhi izinselele eziphakamayo lapho kuhunyushwa izinhloso zomthetho-sisekelo zibe ngokoqobo. Ekugcineni, abafundi bayoqonda ukuthi kungani iPregaggery ihlala iyincwadi ephilayo [1] eqhubeka ishukumisa futhi iqondisa uhambo lwesizwe oluya emphakathini onobulungisa, okhululekile, nolulungele inhlalakahle.

Umlando: Ukwenza Umbono Wesizwe Esisha

I-Pregagery yamukelwa ngo-November 26, 1949, futhi kamuva yalungiswa ngo-1976 ukuze yengeze amagama "Sociast," "Sociast," "Sotecular" no"Interracy". Udwebo lwayo lokuqala, olwahlongozwa nguJawaharlal Nehru encamini yakhe ye-Obrith Desotion ka-December 1946, kakade lwase lunazo izibopho eziyisisekelo ekwahluleleni, inkululeko, nenhlala - kahle. I-Constituent Assembly yaphikisana ngokuthi lezizimiso zazingagunyaziswanga noma zazimane nje izifiso. Umthetho ngokwawo wawungagunyaziswanga enkantolo, usebenza njengethuluzi eliyinhloko lokuchaza amalungiselelo okuqonda i-Constituty.

Abahleli bomthetho-mthetho-mthetho waseNdiya babekuqaphela kahle ukulingana okujulile kwezwe, ukuncitshiswa kwesigaba sombuso, ukuswela zomnotho, nobandlululo lwezenhlalo. Baqonda ukuthi ukuzimela kwezombangazwe kukodwa kwakungeke kuqinisekise inkululeko. Inkululeko yeqiniso yayidinga ukuhlukaniswa kobulungisa obuhleliwe. Lokhu ukuqonda kwenza i-Indiya Pregquation ihluke: ayihlukanisi inkululeko nobulungisa bezenhlalo. Kunalokho, igcizelela ukuthi laba ababili bayavumelana.

Abahleli babhekisa amehlo futhi emongweni wembulunga yonke. Izishalaliso zezimpi zezwe ezimbili, ukuvela kwefascism, kanye nokulwa okuqhubekayo nokulwa nobukoloni kwathonya ukucabanga kwabo. Babefuna uMthetho-sisekelo ongeke uvimbele nje kuphela ukudlondlobala kwabantu kodwa ngokuzikhandla. Yingakho isiqalo sikhuluma ngokuvikela bonke abantu abanobulungisa ("sobuhlanga), ezomnotho, nezombangazwe) inkululeko yokucabanga, amazwi, inkolelo, nokukhulekela.

Ubulungisa: INsika Yokuqala Yohlelo Lomthetho - sisekelo

Isibopho sesiqalo sobulungisa silulaza: i-social, ezomnotho, ne-politiki jasti. Lolu hlobo olubanzi lubonisa ukuqonda kwabahleli ukuthi ubulungisa kwenye imbulunga abuphelele ngaphandle kobulungisa kwenye. Inkulumo ethi "ubulungisa" bungahlangani, ngokwezomnotho, nangokwezombangazwe" ivela engcaphunweni njengenzuzo ehlangene, kodwa isilinganiso ngasinye sinezici ezihlukene.

Ubulungisa Bezenhlalo

Ubulungisa bezenhlalo bufuna ukuqeda ubandlululo olusekelwe ngokwesigaba, isigaba, ubulili, inkolo, noma isifunda. Kudingeka uhulumeni usebenze ngenkuthalo ekususeni izithiyo ezivimbela amaqembu athile ekutholeni amathuba nengcebo. UMthetho-sisekelo wenza ukuba kube nobulungisa ngokwenhlalo ngamalungiselelo anjengokuqedwa kwe-toucasuty (Article 17), ukuvinjelwa kobandlululo (isigaba se-19,) kanye nokubekwa kwezihlalo ezikhungweni zemfundo nasemisebenzini yomphakathi engokomlando (i-Actles 16 ne-335).

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaphikelela ikholelwa ngokungaguquguquki ukuthi ubulungisa bezenhlalo buyisici esiyisisekelo soMthetho-sisekelo. Ezimweni ezinjengethi I-Indra Sawhney v. Union of India (1992]), iNkantolo yaqinisekisa ukuthi ukugobeka akuhlukile ekulinganiseni kodwa kuyindlela yokufinyelela ukulingana okungalingani. Ukugcizelela kwe-Pregdayment ngobulungisa bezenhlalo kunikeza isisekelo somthetho-mshiciso-siseko sokwamukela inqubo ethintana nendingeko engokomlando.

Ubulungisa Bezomnotho

Ubulungisa bezomnotho buhilela ukwabiwa ngokufanele kwengcebo, ingcebo, namathuba. Ihlose ukunciphisa ukungalingani futhi iqiniseke ukuthi sonke isakhamuzi sinezindlela zokuphila ngesizotha. Izimiso ezizimele zezwe, ikakhulukazi iZiphakamiso 39(b) ne-39(c), iqondisa umbuso ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ingcebo yezinto ezibonakalayo zomphakathi yabelwa ukukhonza okuhle okukodwa. Ukuzimisela kwezentengiselwano kwezomnotho kusekela izinguquko zezwe, imithetho yeholo, kanye nezinhlelo zokuvikela umphakathi.

UMthetho-sisekelo awugunyazi isimiso esithile sezomnotho, kodwa ukufakwa kwegama elithi "Sociast" eSichibiyelweni sama-42 kwagcizelela umqondo wokungenela kukahulumeni ukuze kulungiswe ukungalingani kwezomnotho. Lokhu akusho ukulawulwa kwezomnotho; kunalokho, kusho ukuxubana kwezomnotho lapho uhulumeni ufeza khona indima elawulayo nekhuthazayo. Umthetho wezomnotho uhlala uphikisa futhi uguquguquka, ikakhulukazi emongweni wokuhwebelana kwembulunga kanye nokuhwebelana kwezentengiselwano, kodwa izimpande zawo ezingokomthetho wesisekelo kuyi-Pregistry zicacile.

Ubulungisa Bezombangazwe

Ubulungisa bezombangazwe busho ukuhlanganyela ngokulinganayo enqubweni yezombangazwe. UMthetho-sisekelo uqinisekisa abantu abadala bendawo yonke (i-Article 326), uqinisekisa ukuthi sonke isakhamuzi sinelungelo lokuvota kungakhathaliseki ingcebo, imfundo, noma isikhundla somphakathi.

Ubulungisa bezombangazwe abuhlobene nje nokuvota. Noma kunjalo, umthetho unikeza izinqubo zokuguqula okuqhubekayo, njengoba kubonakala ekungeneleni kokwahlulela komthetho ekugunyazeni izombangazwe. Isibopho soMkhulumeli sokuqondisa siye savivinywa yizindaba ezinjengokwenza izombangazwe zibe yizephulamthetho, amandla emali okhetho, nesidingo sentando yeningi yangaphakathi phakathi kwamaqembu.

Inkululeko: Isisekelo Sempilo Yentando Yeningi

I-Pregage ithembisa "ukukhomba kokucabanga, ukuveza, izinkolelo, ukholo, nokukhulekela." Lesisimo esikhulu sidlulela ngalé kwenkululeko ephambene nenkululeko − ukuhlanganisa izimo ezidingekayo kubantu ukuze bathuthukise amakhono abo futhi banikele ekuphileni komphakathi. Inkululeko ehlelweni lomthetho-sisekelo waseNdiya ayiphelele; isebenza ngaphakathi kwemingcele yomthetho, ukuhleleka komphakathi, nokuziphatha. Kodwa imingcele isekela inkululeko, futhi imingcele kumelwe ibe nesizathu.

Inkululeko Yokucabanga Nokukhuluma

ISiphakamiso 19(1) (a) siqinisekisa ilungelo lenkululeko yokukhuluma nokukhuluma, iNkantolo Ephakeme eye yakuchaza ngokuthi "unina wayo yonke inkululeko" lenkululeko yenza izakhamuzi zikwazi ukuhlanganyela empikiswaneni yentando yeningi, ukugxeka uhulumeni, nokusekela ushintsho. I-Preggry iphakamisa lelilungelo libe lilomthetho-sisekelo ngokulihlanganisa neprojekthi yokuzilawula kwentando yeningi.

Endabeni ephawulekayo Romesh Thapar v. State of Madras (1950), iNkantolo yathi inkululeko yokukhuluma isekelwe esisekelweni sazo zonke izinhlangano zedemokrasi. Izahlulelo ezilandelayo ziye zandisa lelilungelo ukuze zihlanganise inkululeko yomhleli, ilungelo lokwazi, ngisho nelungelo lokuhlala buthule. Isibopho senkululeko yokukhuluma ngaleyo ndlela sinikeza isisekelo esivamile sembulunga ephambili yomphakathi, nakuba inselele enjengenkulumo ephambeneyo, inzondo, nokuhlola isimo siyaqhubeka sivivinya imingcele yayo.

Inkululeko Yokukholelwa, Yokholo Nokukhulekela

Ukuhluka kwenkolo yaseNdiya kungesinye sezici zayo ezichazayo, futhi isiqinisekiso sendatshana senkululeko ezindabeni zenkolelo nokukhulekela sibonisa ukuzinikela kokungakholelwa enkolweni. ISichibiyelweni sika-42 senezela "Ezenkolo" ngokucacile esanduleleni, kodwa lesisimiso sase sifakwe kakade emalungiselelweni oMthetho-sisekelo wenkululeko engokwenkolo (Artles 2528).

Inkululeko yenkolelo isho ukuthi abantu bakhululekile ukwamukela inkolo yabo, ukuyenza, nokuyisa inkolo yabo, noma ukukhetha ukungalandeli noma iyiphi inkolo.Umbuso udinga ukuba ulondoloze ukungathathi hlangothi kuzo zonke izinkolo kuyilapho ulondoloza amandla okulawula imisebenzi yezwe ehlobene nemikhuba engokwenkolo.

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yasebenzisa iGama ukuze ichaze ukungavumelani nenkolo njengesici esiyisisekelo soMthetho-sisekelo. S.R. Bommai v. Union of India (1994]), iNkantolo yathi ukungakhathaleli kwenkolo kuyingxenye yesisekelo esiyisisekelo futhi akunakuguqulwa. Ukugcizelela kwenkululeko ngaleyo ndlela kunikeza kokubili isivikela sokumelana nokucwaswa kwenkolo nenkemba ekuzameni kwenkolo ngenjongo yezombangazwe.

Imingcele Yenkululeko

Akukho nkululeko ephelele. UMthetho-sisekelo uvumela imingcele enengqondo esemthethweni emalungeloni ayisisekelo esithakazelo sokuhleleka komphakathi, ukulondeka, nokuziphatha. Okuwenza ubala lube olubalulekile ukuthi lumisa uhlelo oluchazayo: imingcele kumelwe ifeze imigomo emikhulu engokomthetho-sisekelo yobulungisa nenhlala - kahle, hhayi ukunciphisa inkululeko ngokuthanda. Umthwalo wobufakazi uphezu kukahulumeni ukuze uthethelele noma ikuphi ukulinganisela, futhi izinkantolo ziye zaveza indinga yokulinganisela ekubukezeni imingcele enjalo.

Inhlalakahle: Imisebenzi YoMbuso Yokuqinisekisa

Isibopho se-Pregagery sokuhlanganisa "nazo zonke izakhamuzi" izimo zenhlala- kahle zibanjwa kuyi-Directive Principles of State Policy. Igama elithi "Welfere" aliveli ngokucacile embhalweni wesiNgisi wesiqalo, kodwa inkulumo ethi "kukhetha kuzo zonke izakhamuzi" isho indima engokwesivumelwano ekuthuthukiseni ukuchuma kwabantu. Inguqulo yesiHindi isebenzisa "6" (i-westere), futhi isakhiwo sonke senza kucace ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo ufanekisela isifunda senhlalakahle.

Izwe Lenhlalakahle Ngokombono Womthetho - sisekelo

I-Indiya Constitution iyayenqaba indlela yekhulu le-19. Kunalokho, ithatha indlela yenhlala - kahle lapho umbuso unesibopho esiqondile sokuqinisekisa izindinganiso ezilinganiselwe zokuphila, imfundo, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, nokulondeka kwezenhlalo. Izimiso eziqondisweyo, nakuba zingalunganga, ziyisisekelo sokulawula izwe, futhi isiqalo siwanikeza amandla okuziphatha nezokuchaza.

ISiphakamiso 38 siqondisa isifundazwe ukuba sithuthukise inhlalakahle yabantu ngokugcina uhlelo lwezenhlalo lapho ubulungisa (sasemphakathini, ngokwezomnotho, nakwezombangazwe) bungazisa zonke izinhlangano zokuphila kwesizwe. ISiphakamiso 39 sihlela imigomo ekhethekile, kuhlanganise nezindlela ezifanele zokuziphilisa, iholo elilinganayo lomsebenzi, nokuvikela kwezingane nentsha ekuxhashazweni. ISiphakamiso 41 sikhuluma ngelungelo lomsebenzi, imfundo, nosizo lomphakathi ezindabeni zokuswela umsebenzi, ukugula, nokukhubazeka.

Inhlalakahle Engaphezu Kwezimiso Eziqondisayo

Nakuba iMipambo Eqondisweyo ingaphoqelelwa enkantolo, iye yasetshenziswa yiNkantolo Ephakeme ukwandisa amalungelo ayisisekelo. Unni Krishnan v. State of A.P. (1993), iNkantolo yafunda ilungelo lemfundo eyisa esiQizweni 21, iholela ekuqhubekisweni kweSiphakamiso se-86 okwenza imfundo yokuqala ibe yilungelo eliyisisekelo. Ngokufanayo, ilungelo lempilo liye lachazwa njengengxenye yelungelo lokuphila, i-octliclet mone i-mouse i-mouse inikeza izikhungo zezokwelapha nentuthuko yempilo yomphakathi.

Isiqondiso sezenhlalakahle sisekela futhi umthetho wezenhlalo onjengeMahatma Gandhi National Goral Broaktting Confict Act (MGNREGA), iNational Food Security Act, ne-Lig to Education Act. Lemithetho iguqula izinkolelo zomthetho-sisekelo eziphoqelelwe ukuba zibe izimvume, zakha uhlelo lwezimo zobulungisa nesivikelo sezenhlalo.

Inselele Yezenhlalakahle Ebangelwa Ukuziphilisa

Ukugcwalisa isimo sezenhlala - kahle kudinga imithombo eqinile, futhi amandla e-Indiya ngokuvamile aye ahluleka ukufinyelela izinhloso zomthetho-sisekelo. Intela, ukusebenza kahle kwezentengiselwano, nezombangazwe konke kuzothinta ukufezeka kwemigomo yezenhlala- kahle. UPregadge akagunyazi isimiso esithile sezentengiselwano, kodwa kudinga ukuba ukukhetha kwezimiso kuhlolwe ngokumelene nokulinganisela kwenhlalakahle yabantu. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ezingxabanweni eziqhubekayo ngokuphathelene nokulinganisela phakathi kokukhula nokuvusenelisa, ukuphumelela kwezentengiselwano nombuso, kanye nokungenela komthwalo wemfanelo ngamunye nobumbano.

Ukuhlangana Kobulungisa, Inkululeko Nenhlalakahle

Isiqalo asivezi ubulungisa, inkululeko, nenhlalakahle njengezingalinganiyo noma ezincintisanayo. Kunalokho, izibona njengezingalinganiyo zombono owodwa womthetho-sisekelo. Ubulungisa ngaphandle kwenkululeko bungaba obucindezelayo; inkululeko engenabulungisa ingabangela ukungalingani kobulungisa; futhi inhlalakahle engenankululeko ingaphenduka ububaba. Ukuhlakanipha koMthetho-sisekelo waseNdiya kuxhomeke ekuqapheleni ukuthi lezizimiso kumelwe ziphishekelelwe ndawonye.

Ngokwesibonelo, ubulungisa bezomnotho bufuna ukuba uhulumeni usasaze imithombo yempahla, okungase kuhlanganise imingcele elungelweni lempahla. Umthetho-sisekelo ulinganisela ngokubeka ilungelo lokuthatha impahla ilungelo elingokomthetho kunokuba libe ilungelo eliyisisekelo (elithathwa yiSichibiyelo sama-44). Ngokufanayo, ubulungisa bezenhlalo bungadinga ukuvuma ukuthi isiphithiphithi senkululeko yabantu abathile okwesikhashana ukuze kuqinisekiswe umgomo obanzi wemithetho esemthethweni wokulingana. INkantolo Ephakeme ibambelele ngokungaguquguquki ekutheni imingcele enjalo ivunyelwe uma nje belinganisa futhi befeza izinhloso zePregistry.

Ukuhlangana kwalezizimiso kuchaza futhi ukuthi kungani uMthetho-sisekelo uphoqelela izakhamuzi ukuba zisebenze ngaphandle kwamalungelo. ISiphakamiso 51A, esifakwe eSichibiyelweni sama-42, sihlela imisebenzi eyisisekelo ehlanganisa ukuthuthukisa ukuzwana, ukuvikela indawo ezungezile, nokulwela ukufinyelela ubuhle bazo zonke izici zomsebenzi womuntu ngamunye nowomphakathi. Lemisebenzi ibonisa ukuqaphela koMcimbi wesiGaqo-sisekelo ukuthi amalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo kuyizinhlangothi ezimbili zohlamvu olulodwa lwemali.

Ukubuyiselwa Kwesikhathi Esizayo: Isiqalo Sekhulu Lama - 21

Izinselele ezintsha ziye zavela cishe — ukungalingani kwezinkinga, ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukuhlukahluka kwezomnotho, nokuhlukaniswa kwezomnotho, kodwa umthetho - sisekelo unikeza imithombo yokubhekana nazo.

Ilungelo lokuzifihla, eliqashelwa njengelungelo eliyisisekelo ku K.S. Putswamy v. Union of India (2017), labekwa ekubophekeni kwe-Predgery ekukhululekeni nasekuhloniphekeni. INkantolo yathi ukuzifihla kuyingxenye ebalulekile yombono womthetho-sisekelo womphakathi okhululekile nolungile. Ngokufanayo, i-jurisprudence ibhebhekile i-pregation yenhlala - ntle ukuze iqaphele ilungelo lendawo ehlanzekile nenempilo njengengxenye yelungelo lokuphila.

Izinhlangano zomphakathi zokwahlulela ubulili, iLGBTQ+ amalungelo, kanye nokukhubazeka kuye kwadwetshwa eGqulweni ukuze kuphikiselwe ukuqonda okukhulu kakhulu kobulungisa nenkululeko. Ukubekwa kwamacala obungqingili uNavtej Singh Johar v. Union of India [208] wabhekisela ngokucacile ezindinganisweni zenkululeko, ukulingana, nesithunzi. Lezi zimo zibonisa ukuthi isiqalo asiwona umbhalo owenye indawo kodwa umthombo ophilayo wencazelo yomthetho-mthetho ovela ngoshintsho.

Isibopho senhlala - kahle futhi sivivinywa izinselele zezomnotho, ukuzenzela, nomsebenzi oyingozi. Isibopho sikahulumeni sokuvikela ubulungisa bezenhlalo nezomnotho sidinga ukuguqula imithetho yezenhlalakahle, ukuhlanganisa ukulondeka kwezenhlalo, nokutshala imfundo namakhono. Isiqalo asigunyazi izimiso eziqondile, kodwa sidinga ukuba inqubo ilinganiswe ngokumelene nempumelelo yabantu.

Ukuqhathanisa Ukuqonda: Isiqalo SaseNdiya Kumongo Wembulunga Yonke

I-Indiya Preggy ivumelana nezinye izingeniso zomthetho-sisekelo kodwa futhi inezici ezihlukile. Umthetho-sisekelo wase-United States uqala ngokuthi "Thina bantu" futhi uhlose "Ubulungisa obumisiwe, ukuqinisekisa ukuqina kwamakhaya, ukunikeza isivikelo esifanayo, ukuthuthukisa i-Welfarence, nokuvikela iMibusiso yeNkululeko." i-Indiya Preagedise idwebela lelisiko kodwa yenezela isibopho esicacile sobulungisa bezenhlalo nezomnotho, okubonisa ithonya lemibono yezenhlalo nemibandela ethile yomphakathi waseNdiya.

UMthetho-sisekelo waseFrance ka-1989 uqinisekisa izimiso zika-1789: inkululeko, ukulingana, ubungane. Isethulo saseNdiya sisondelene kakhulu nesibonelo saseFrance ekugcizeleleni kwayo ubudlelwano (kuhlangene neSichibiyelo sama-42 njenge "ukuqinisekisa isithunzi somuntu ngamunye nobunye nobuqotho besizwe"). Nokho, indlela i-Indiya ephatha inhlalakahle njengomsebenzi womthetho wezwe icace kakhulu kunemithetho eminingi yaseNtshonalanga, ethambekele ekushiyeni inhlalakahle ixhomeke ekuqondiseni kwemithetho yemithetho.

I-South Africa yangemva komthetho-sisekelo we-partheid, owamukelwa ngo-1996, isho okufanayo isiqalo sawo sokulungisa ukuhlukana kwangesikhathi esidlule nokumisa umphakathi osekelwe ezindinganisweni zentando yeningi, ezenhlalo, nasemalungelweni ayisisekelo. Zombili imithetho-sisekelo iyaqaphela ukuthi ukwahlulela ngokulunga kudinga ukusingatha amaphutha angokomlando nokwakha izimo zokulingana okungalingani. Ngakho i-Indiya Pregagedge iyikhaya elisebenzisa umthetho wezomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo njengethuluzi lokushintsha kwezenhlalo.

Izinselele Ekugcwalisekeni: Igebe Phakathi Kwezimo Nezinto Ezingokoqobo

Naphezu kombono womthetho-sisekelo, ukuhunyushwa kobulungisa, inkululeko, nenhlalakahle kuhlala kungenakho okuhlangenwe nakho. Ukucwaswa kwemizimba, nakuba kuqedwe ngokomthetho, kuyaqhubeka nokuziphatha komphakathi. Ukungalingani kwezomnotho kuye kwanda emashumini eminyaka amuva, kanye no-1% ocebile olawula ingxenye enkulu yengcebo yesizwe. Ukuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe, nakuba kulingana ngokusemthethweni, kubangelwa yimali, amandla ezicubu, kanye nokuzihlongoza okusekelwe ekuzibonakaliseni.

Imigomo yezenhlalakahle yePredge ibhekene nezithiyo zekhono lokukhokha, inkohlakalo yokuphatha, nokumelana kwezombangazwe. Izinhlelo ezihloselwe ukwehlisa ubumpofu nesivikelo somphakathi ziye zafinyelela impumelelo ephawulekayo(iminyaka elindeleke ukuba umuntu ayiphile (iminyaka ephilwe ngokuphindwe kabili), amanani abantu abakwazi ukufunda nokubhala aye anda, futhi amanani angaphezulu kakhulu aye ehla, kodwa izigidi azikho ukukwazi ukufinyelela ukunakekelwa okufanelekile kwempilo, imfundo, kanye nokudla okunomsocolo. Umqedazwe we-COVOVID uda wobukhazikhazikhazi lokuphepha kwezenhlalakahle yomphakathi kanye nokuwohloka kwezisebenzi zasengxenyeni.

Inkululeko futhi, ibhekene nezinsongo zesimiso sokuzimela, ukuqapha, nokukhukhuleka kwenkululeko yezinhlangano. Umbono weSingeniso wohlanga (h_a umuzwa wokuhlanganyela ubuzwe phakathi kwemigqa yokuhlukahlukana kwezindawo nenzondo. Umbango phakathi kwenhlala - kahle yesizwe nenkululeko yomphakathi uyaqhubeka ubangela ukuncintisana okungokomthetho nokungokombangazwe.

Lezi zinselele azizenzi ize izimiso zezemfundo, ngokuphambene, igebe phakathi kwemibono yomthetho-sisekelo kanye neqiniso elingokwezinguquko linikeza umfutho wokulwa nokuguqula okuqhubekayo. I-Pregnagry isebenza njengophawu lapho izakhamuzi zingabheka khona imibuso ukuba ibone ukuthi iyakulandisa. Izinhlangano zezenhlalo, izinhlangano zomphakathi, kanye nemithombo yezindaba ezizimele ifeza indima ebalulekile ekuvuseleni leligebengu ngokukhuthaza umbono womphakathi nokufuna ukuba kuthotyelwe umthetho.

Isiphetho: Ukuphakama Okuhlala Njalo Kombono Womthetho - sisekelo

Ukugcizelela kwe-Pregagery ebulungisa, inkululeko, nenhlala - kahle akuyona into eyisidala yenkathi yokuzibusa. Kuwukuzinikela okuphilayo okuqhubeka kubumba idemokrasi nemphakathi wamaNdiya. Izizukulwane ezilandelanayo ziye zachaza lezizimiso ngokucabangela izinselele ezintsha, zandisa izinga lamalungelo nokujulisa incazelo yesizwe. UMthetho-sisekelo uye washintshwa izikhathi eziningi, kodwa imfundiso eyisisekelo iqinisekisa ukuthi izindinganiso eziyisisekelo ze-Pregegest azinakubhujiswa.

Ukuqonda isiqalo sibalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuhlanganyela ekuphileni komphakathi wamaNdiya. Kunikeza amagama okuziphatha okuphikisana nenqubo yomphakathi, uhlelo olungokomthetho lokuvikela amalungelo, nombono wezenhlalo wokwakha umphakathi onobulungisa nowendawo yonke. I-Preagry isikhumbuza ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo awuyona nje incwadi engokomthetho kodwa uyisivumelwano senhlalo `isithembiso sokusebenzela ikusasa elingcono kuzo zonke izakhamuzi.

Ukuze bafunde okwengeziwe ngesimiso somthetho-sisekelo, abafundi bangabheka i-Constitution yewebhusayithi yaseNdiya, i-[FLT:] Court of Indian memode database yezahlulelo[, futhi ukuhlaziya kwezemfundo okunjenga [[FLT:] Incwadi ye-Oxford ye-Constitution [. Ukucwaninga okusemthethweni kwe-[FLT] kunikeza ukufinyeliswa kwezenzakalo zomthetho-mthetho-mthetho-siseko [[FLT:]

Uhambo olusuka esithembisweni somthetho-sisekelo ukuya esimweni esingokoqobo sezenhlalo alupheli. Kodwa isiqalo sinikeza isiqondiso kulolohambo, ukuzama kwentando yeningi kwe-Indiya ekutholeni izindinganiso ezihlala njalo zobulungisa, inkululeko, nenhlala - kahle. Lezizimiso azipheleli kuzo ngokwazo kodwa zisho okukhulu: ukudalwa komphakathi lapho wonke umuntu engaphila khona ngesithunzi futhi ahlanganyele ngokugcwele ekuphileni kwesizwe. Yiwo umbono okuthi iSingeniso sithathe, futhi kuwumbono ofanelwe ukulwela.