Isakhiwo Semithetho YaseNdiya Ebizwa Nge - Beaural

IPhalamende laseNdiya, elamiswa ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso 79 soMthetho-sisekelo, liyinhlangano ye-badamal ehlanganisa i-Lok Sabhaha (Indlu Yabantu) ne-Rajeya Sabhaha (Indlu Yase-Australia). Lendlu yezindlu ezimbili yaklanywa ngamabomu iSishaya-Phondo esinguMhlangano ohlonze wokuqondisa ukuvelela okuthandwayo nezithakazelo zikahulumeni. Nakuba zombili izindlu zihlanganyela enqubweni yomthetho wezomthetho, zinendima ehlukile, amandla, kanye nokulinganiselwa kwemithetho ebekwa ngayo, impikiswano, futhi ibekwa. Ukuqonda imidlalo phakathi kwalamane amaqembu amabili asemagumbini amabili kubalulekile ukuqonda indlela ukuguqula idemokhrasi yezombangazwe imibuso ye-Ediya iyokwenza ngayo umthetho wezomthetho.

I-Badadralism eNdiya yayingesona isinqumo esiwumthetho. Abahleli boMthetho-sisekelo bahlola izimiso eUnited Kingdom, e-United States, nase-Australia ngaphambi kokuba bahlale esithombeni esizoqinisekisa kokubili ukubusa kweningi nokumelelwa kwesifunda. I-Lok Sabhaha imelela intando esheshayo yabantu, kuyilapho iRajiya Sabhaha esebenza njengegumbi elilungisa igumbi elinomqondo ohluzekile. Lelilungiselelo livimbela umthetho osheshayo futhi liqinisekisa ukuthi linezwi ezindabeni zesizwe. Ubuhlobo phakathi kwezindlu ezimbili bubuswa izihloko ezingu-1022 ze-9 zoMthetho-sisekelo, okucacisa inqubo yezezimali, isikhundla semali, nenqubo yokunquma izimali.

Ukuhlelwa Nokumiswa Kwendlu Ngenkathi: Isisekelo Sendlu Nganye

ILok Sabha: Ukubusa Ngentando Yeningi Okuqondile Kuyasebenza

ILok Sabha, enamandla amakhulu amalungu angu-552 (530 asuka ezifundeni, 20 esuka emasimini okuhlangana, futhi 2 ethathwe emphakathini wama-Anglo-Indiya), iyigumbi lokumelela elithandwayo ngokuqondile. Amalungu akhethwa nge-suffgege ezindaweni zonke ezisezingeni elilodwa ngokusebenzisa isimiso sokuqala se-predefini-presel. Imisebenzi iholwa yi-Ecommotion Commission of India njalo eminyakeni emihlanu, ngaphandle kokuba indlu incibilike ekuqaleni. I-Lok Sabha's ibekwa igama elineminyaka emihlanu emisiwe, kodwa uMongameli angayihlanganisa ngeseluleko seNgqongqonyelo yenduna, iholela ohlwini olusha.

ILok Sabha iphethe isigaba esiphezulu ezindaweni eziningi ezibucayi. UMkhandlu weMinisters, oholwa nguNdunankulu, unomthwalo wemfanelo wonke weLok Sabba. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uhulumeni kumelwe ajabulele ukwethenjwa yiLok Sabha ukuze ahlale esesikhundleni. Ivoti engathembi muntu, uma idluliswa yiningi, ingawisa uhulumeni. Lokhu kwenza iLok Sabba inkundla eyinhloko yecala lokulandisa kwezombangazwe nokuphathwa kwesikhulu. USithethi weLok Sabha, okhethwe phakathi kwamalungu ayo, uphethe imithetho echaza imithetho yephalamende futhi unegunya elikhulu lokulawula imithetho yemithetho nokugcina uhlelo.

IRaje Sabra: ISigungu Sikahulumeni

IRaje Sabra, enamandla aphakeme amalunga angu-250 (238) akhethwa yimihlangano yesizwe futhi angu-12 amiswa nguMongameli ngenxa yobuchwepheshe bawo ezincwadini, isayensi, ubuciko, noma inkonzo yezenhlalo), imelela isimo sikahulumeni we-Indian Union. Amalungu akhonza amabinzana anyaka eyisithupha, athathe isithathu sesigaba njalo eminyakeni emibili. Lokhu kusho indlu yeRaybya Sabha eyindlu ehlala njalo engenakuncitshiswa. Umongameli waseNdiya ukhonza njenge-offio - taberman we-Rajiya Sabha, kuyilapho u-Seaderman ekhethwa phakathi kwamalungu ayo.

Ukukhethwa ngokungaqondile kukaRajeya Sabba amalungu emihlangano kahulumeni kuqinisekisa ukuthi i-odolthi inezwi elingokomthetho wesizwe elilingana nenani labantu bawo. Amalungu aneziphakamiso aletha ulwazi olukhethekile ezimpikiswaneni zephalamende. Isizinda esihlala njalo sikaRajiya Sabba sinikeza inkumbulo yokuhlelwa nokuzinza, ivimbela ukuguqukela ngokuphelele kolwazi lwemithetho eyenzeka eLok Sabba ngemva kokhetho oluvamile. Nokho, ngenxa yokuthi iRapya Sabhaha ayihlanganyeli ezimpikiswaneni zokuqiniseka, inezimo ezibonisa ukugcinwa kwemithetho eqinile nesiyalukile ezimweni ezithile.

Imithetho: Umthelela Wokwenza Imithetho

Isingeniso Nokufunda Kokuqala

Iphepha lingafakwa kunoma yimuphi umnyango wePhalamende, ngaphandle kwezindleko zemali kanye nezikweleti ezithile zezimali, okumelwe zivele eLok Sabha. Isitatimende sokuqala, esaziwa njengesokuqala ukufundwa, sihilela ilungu eliphethe imvume yokuyichaza. Isihloko semali siyafundwa, futhi usuku lumiselwe ukuba ibhalwe eGazette yaseNdiya. Kulesisigaba, akukho mpikiswano ngokubaluleka kwemali. Isethulo ngokwaso singamelana nezisekelo ukuthi isikhwama siphuma ngaphandle kwemvume yomthetho wendlu.

Ukufunda Okwesibili: Ukuqina Kokufunda

Ukufundwa kwesibili kuyisigaba esingaphansi kakhulu senqubo yemithetho. Icala lihlolwa ngokwezinombolo zomthetho, futhi amalungu angahlongoza ukulungisa. Lesigaba ngokuvamile sihlanganisa izinyathelo ezintathu: okokuqala, ingxoxo evamile ngezimiso zemali; okwesibili, ikhonsathi ibhekiswa ekomitini ekhethiwe, ikomiti ehlangene kuzo zombili izindlu, noma idluliselwe umbono womphakathi; futhi eyesithathu, isamba semali sithathwa njengesigaba esithathwe ngokwezigaba. Isigaba sibaluleke kakhulu, njengoba sivumela ukuhlolwa ngokuningiliziwe amalungu anolwazi olukhethekile. Imibiko yamakomiti ngokuvamile iholela ekulungiseni okuphawulekayo okuthuthukisa izinga lomthetho.

Ukufunda Okwesithathu Nokudluliswa Kwezigaba

Ngemva kokufunda kwesibili, isambathiso siqhubekela kulokhu kufundwa kwesithathu, lapho kuvunyelwa khona ukubuyiselwa okungokomthetho noma okushiwo ngamazwi kuphela. Impikiswano ilinganiselwe ekutheni imvume ingadluliswa noma inqatshwe. Uma amalungu amaningi ekhona futhi evota esekela imali, sithathwa njengesidluliswe kuleyondlu. Imali idluliselwa kwenye indlu ukuze ihlolwe. Imali edluliswa yizo zombili izindlu ithunyelwa kuMongameli ukuba ivunyelwe ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso 111. UMongameli angasivala, avume, abuye abuye athumele isibambiso sokuphinda sithathwe (ngaphandle kwemali). Uma kokubili izindlu ziphinde zithathe isimemezelo futhi, umongameli kumelwe anikeze uMongameli ukuba avume.

Imithetho yokuhlelwa kwemali nezezimali: I-Lok Sabha's Dominance

Umthetho wezezimali wembula ukuhlobana kwamandla phakathi kwalezi zindlu ezimbili. Isiqeshana sekhulu lekhulu lekhulu leminyaka sichaza imali njengemali esingatha ukukhokhwa kwentela, ukuboleka kukahulumeni, iNgxowa yemali ehlangene yaseNdiya, noma ukudluliswa kwemali ephuma eNgxobeni eQongopheleyo. USikhandi we-Lok Sabba unegunya lokugunyaza ukuthi imali iyimali yini. Imali ingangeniswa kuphela kuyiLok Sabba. Ngemva kokuba i-Lok Sabha idlulise, imali idluliselwa kuRajaya Sabha, okumelwe kubuye kudlule ngezinsuku ezingu-14 noma ngaphandle kokutusa. I-Lobha ingamukela noma isiphi noma yisiphi isikwenziso se-Sabha. Uma i-Sjaha ihluleka ukubuyisa izikha ezinsukwini ezingu-14.

Lendima elinganiselwe yeRaje Sabra ezindabeni zezimali ibonakalisa isimiso somthetho-sisekelo sokuthi intela nezindleko kufanele zilawulwe yigumbi elikhethwe ngokuqondile. Uhlelo lokusetshenziswa kwaminyaka yonke, oluhlanganisa i-Bill yezemali ne-Appropriation Bill, lulandela lenqubo. IRajiya Sabra ayinakukwazi ukulungisa izikweletu zemali, nakuba ingakwazi ukuzixoxa futhi ikwenze ukutusa okungagunyazi. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi iziphakamiso zemali zikahulumeni azinakuvinjelwa noma zishiywe ngokuyisisekelo yigumbi elingagunyaziwe.

Kunezikweletu zezimali ezingezona izikweleti zemali, njengalezo ezithinta izindleko ze-Contiod Fund ezingahlanganisiwe yi-Sigqeqekeso 110, i-Rajiya Sabhaha inamandla alinganayo. Lezizindleko zilandela inqubo evamile ye-gaspital, futhi i-Rajiya Sabra ingazenqaba noma izilungise. Nokho, ngokomthetho wezimali omningi uhlelwa njengentela yemali ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uhamba ngokushelela phakathi kweLok Sabha.

Iziphendu Zomthetho - sisekelo: Indima Ekhethekile NgeRaje Sabha

Ukulungisa umthetho-mthetho kudinga ukumiswa kwemithetho ekhethekile ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso 368 futhi kwezinye izimo, ukuhlaziywa yizishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni. Lapha, iRajiya Sabha ujabulela imibuso elinganayo ne-Lok Sabha. Isivumelwano sokulungisa somthetho-sisekelo singafakwa endlini noma yimuphi futhi kumelwe sidluliswe ngengqikithi yamalungu endlu ngayinye futhi ngeningi lamalungu amalunga amabili akhona nangu-Rocester. Uma i-Rajiya Sabba elahla umthetho we-ampment, ngeke ube ngumthetho, ngisho noma i-Lok Sab Syaha idlulise futhi. Lokhu kunikeza iRapya Sabba i-ha enamandla kakhulu cishe kwezintathu ezimbili ze-3 ze-overtivestion.

Lendima elinganayo ibonakalisa inhloso yomsunguli yokuthi ukulungisa uMthetho-sisekelo kufanele kudinge ukuvumelana okukhulu ngalé komthetho omkhulu. IRaje Sabha, nobuntu bayo bezwe kanye namalungu axegayo, inikeza ukuzinza futhi ivimbele izici ezinkulu zezombangazwe ezithatha isikhathi esifushane ekushintsheni uhlelo lomthetho-sisekelo. Izinguquko ezifuna ukuhlaziywa kwezwe (njengalezo ezithinta ukwabiwa kwemibuso phakathi kwe-Uni nemibuso), okungenani ingxenye yezindlu zombuso kumelwe ivumelane ngesinqumo. Lenqubo ephindaphindiwe iqinisekisa ukuthi ushintsho lomthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho luyivolobolo ngokomthetho futhi lubonisa i-bumbano-mthetho.

Ukuxazulula Ukungezwani: Isimiso Esihlangene Somshini

Uma lezi zindlu ezimbili zingavumelani nomthetho ovamile, iSiphakamiso 108 sinikeza ukuhlalisana kwazo zombili izindlu ukuze kuxazululwe isondo. UMongameli angacela ingqungquthela uma isambathi sidluliswa enye indlu, noma uma izindlu zingavumelani ngokulungisa, noma uma sekudlule izinyanga ezingaphezu kweziyisithupha indlu etholakele ingadluliswanga mthetho. Isimiso esihlangene siqondiswa uSiphini weLok Sabha, futhi izinqumo zithathwa ingqikithi yeningi lamalungu azo zombili izindlu ezikhona nezingagunyazi.

Njengoba izibalo zeLok Sabha (543 amalungu ahlangene namalungu amabili aneziqu zobuNgisi namaIndiya, ku-245 yamalungu amaRajiya Sabhaha), i-Lok Sabhaha ngokuvamile ikhona ezinhlanganweni ezihlangene. Lo mshini uye wasetshenziswa kathathu kuphela emlandweni we-palamende yaseNdiya: ngenxa yosongo lweDowry Probition Act (1961), iBhange Commission Repeal Bill (1988), kanye nokuvikelwa kwe-Terberic Act (2002), kanye nokuvikelwa kwezimiso ezihlangene kubonisa ukuthi ukungavumelani okuningi kuxazululwa ngomlando we-palamenti futhi kuhle ngaphambi kokufinyelela lesisigaba. Usongo lwesimiso esihlangene ngokuvamile lukhuthaza i-Rajeha ukuba ifinyelele ukuhlehlise umthetho osemthethweni kunokuba iphoqeqele.

Ibhukwana Lamalungu Angasese: Ithuba Lokuhlanganyela

Zombili izindlu zinikeza amathuba amalungu azimele (amalungu angewona abefundisi) okumisa umthetho. Ihora lokugcina losuku ngalunye lokuhlala ligcinelwe ibhizinisi lamalungu angabodwa. Nakuba izikweleti eziningi zamalungu angasese zingabe ngokomthetho, zifeza umsebenzi obalulekile ngokudonsela ukunakekela ezindabeni okungenzeka ukuthi uhulumeni ungazinaki. Ukunikeza inani eliqondene, izindleko zamalungu azimele ezingu - 14 kuphela ezibekwe emthethweni, ezisanda kuba iNkantolo Ephakeme (inkulu yeSigebengu Julistion) Act (1970). Naphezu kwalesi simo sempumelelo esiphansi, lenqubo yenza amalungu ngamanye angakwazi ukuhlanganyela ngokuqondile ekwenzeni umthetho futhi aphakamise izindaba zomphakathi.

IRaje Sabba ibone ngokomlando ukuhlanganyela okusheshayo emthethweni wamalungu angawomuntu ngoba amalungu ayo, angabhekene nokucindezela kokhetho okusheshayo, angagxila ezimpikiswaneni zenqubo yesikhathi eside. Ukusheshisa kwe-Rajiya Sabba futhi kusho ukuthi angaphishekela amanyathelo okulawula ezinhlanganweni eziningi ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka kokhetho. Izikweletu eziphambili zamalungu azimele ezithola ukunakekela okukhulu zihlanganisa lezo ezivikela inkululeko yomphakathi, imithetho yendawo ezungezile, kanye nomthetho wezenhlalo.

Indima YamaKomiti EPhalamende

Zombili izindlu zithembele kakhulu kumakomiti ephalamende ukuba ahlole umthetho, ahlole izimali, futhi aqondise umsebenzi wokuphatha. Amakomiti akhona, amakomiti akhethayo, namakomiti ahlangene afeza indima ebalulekile enqubweni ye-actional. I-Derparmary Staimet Committee (DRSCs), esungulwe ngo-1993, imboza zonke izinkonzo futhi ihlola izikweletu ezibhekiswe kuzo. Lamakomiti ahlanganisa amalungu azo zombili izindlu, kanye nokulingana kwe-asethi ye-palmyment medias.

AmaKomiti anikeza i-commeter ukuze ahlolwe kabanzi okungenakwenzeka ekucushweni kwendlu. Angabiza ofakazi, amabhukwana okucela, futhi alalele ubufakazi obungochwepheshe. Isimiso sekomiti siye sathuthukisa kakhulu izinga lomthetho wamaNdiya ngokuvumela ukuba kuhlolwe abangekho abapathili, abachwepheshi. Isivumelwano esibhekiswe ekomitini sihlolwa ngokucophelela kakhulu kunesinye esiqhutshelwa phansi kuphela. Amakomiti angasikisela ukulungisa okuqinile, futhi atusa ukuba asebenze kahle, nakuba engabophekile kuhulumeni. Isimiso sekomiti sisiza futhi ukuphatha umsebenzi we-cregistrate, njengoba izikweleti zemali eziningi zingahlolwa kanyekanye.

Umthetho Ovamile Uqhathaniswa Nezincwadi Zemali: Umehluko Obucayi

Ukuhlelwa kwezikweleti njengentela zemali kuye kwaba yimbangela yempikiswano engokomthetho-sisekelo. Ukuncika okukhulayo kukahulumeni endleleni yemali yokukhipha umthetho obalulekile kuye kwabekelwa inselele ezinkantolo. Okuphawulekayo, uMthetho we-Aadhaar (2016) kanye nemisebenzi ethile yezimali eyamiswa ngoku ngokomthetho ngaphandle kwentela njengentela, ilinganisela indima yeRajya Sabba's. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yahlola ukuthi isitifiketi semali seSpenger semali silungile, futhi iNkantolo ibonise ukuthi i-credice i-octive ingabukelelwa ukufaneleka komthetho.

Lo magazini uqokomisa ukungezwani phakathi kwesifiso sikahulumeni sokusebenza kahle kwemithetho nendima yomthetho-sisekelo kaRaje Sabba njengegumbi lokulungisa. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukusebenzisa indlela yokukhipha imali ukuze kudlule umthetho wemithetho ye-bigaralism kululaza ukuthatha imithetho futhi kunciphisa izinga lokuhlola imithetho. Impikiswano ngenqubo yemali iyaqhubeka iqala ukuvela, kanye nezinga lokulingana kwamandla phakathi kwalezi zindlu ezimbili.

I - Ordinances: Ukudlulisa Imithetho Evamile

ISiphakamiso 123 sinika uMongameli amandla okukhipha imithetho uma iPhalamende lingase-yokuhlela uma izimo zidinga ukuthatha isinyathelo esisheshayo. Umthetho unamandla afanayo nawomthetho wePhalamende kodwa kumelwe uvunyelwe yizo zombili izindlu phakathi namasonto ayisithupha emvumelwane nePhalamende. Uma noma yiziphi izindlu ziwulahla lo mthetho, awusebenzi. Le lungiselelo livumela umphathi ukuba athathe imvume uma kuphuthuma, kodwa lingasetshenziswa kabi ukuze athathe ukuhlola iphalamende.

Indima kaRaje Sabra ekubukezeni imithetho ibaluleke kakhulu ngoba inikeza ukuhlola okwenziwayo phakathi nesigaba sephalamende. IRajiya Sabhaha ingasenqaba umthetho, iphoqelele uhulumeni ukuba awushiye noma awuzise njengemithetho evamile. Eminyakeni yamuva, indlela yemithetho iye yasetshenziswa kaningi, ibangela ukukhathazeka ngokuwohloka kobuphathi bemithetho. IRajiya Sabhata isho ukuthi ingabukeza imithetho ngisho nalapho iLok Sabhaha incibilikile, inikeza ukuqhubekeka kwemithetho.

Imishini Ewusizo: Ukubambisana Nokuxabana

Ngokwesiko, ubuhlobo obusebenzayo phakathi kwe-Lok Sabha ne-Rajiya Sabha bubunjwe yizici zezombangazwe. Uma iqembu elifanayo noma umfelandawonye ulawula zombili izindlu, ibhizinisi lezomthetho lihamba kahle. Nokho, uma amaqembu ahlukene elawula lezi zindlu ezimbili, iRajiya Sabhaha ngokuvamile iba yindawo emelene nomthetho kahulumeni. Lokhu kungaholela ekubekeni umthetho, ukulibala, nokumangalelwa kokuvimbela. Ikhono likahulumeni lokuhlela izimiso ezihlangene nemibuso ye-Rajiya Sabbaha yeSihla yemithetho.

Indima ye-Raje Sabra njengegumbi lokulungisa isebenza kakhulu uma inikeza ukulungisa okwakhayo kunokuba iphikise. Phakathi neminyaka, iRajiya Sabhaha iye yenza igalelo elibalulekile ekubekeni umthetho wokuvikela indawo ezungezile, amalungelo abantu, kanye nezindaba zikahulumeni. Isimiso sayo sekomiti siye saveza imibiko eye yaveza inqubo eklanywe ngendlela engenakukhokhwa umuntu ngamunye. Ukhetho olushaqisayo lukaRapya Sabbaha lusho ukuthi ukwakhiwa kwendlu kushintsha kancane kancane, kunikeze ukuqina futhi kuvimbele ukushintsha ngokushesha kwemithetho.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Njalo Kokungathathi - hlangothi

Ubudlelwane phakathi kweLok Sabba neRajiya Sabba buyisici esiklanywe kahle sokwakhiwa komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo waseNdiya. I-Lok Sabhaha inikeza igunya elingokomthetho ngokhetho oluqondile futhi ilawula umphathi ngokuvota ngokuqiniseka. IRajiya Sabba inikeza izimpawu zikahulumeni, ukuqhubeka kwenhlangano, nepulatifomu ukuze ihlolwe ngokuningiliziwe kwemithetho. Zibonke, ziqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho yenziwa ngokusekela okuthandwayo nokucubungula ngokucophelela.

Ukusebenza kwalesimiso kuxhomeke kuzo zombili izindlu eziqinisekisa indima yazo zomthetho-sisekelo kuyilapho zihlonipha imingcele emiswe nguMthetho-sisekelo. Isikhundla esiphezulu seLok Sabha ezindabeni zezimali kanye nokuqiniseka silinganiswa ngendima efanayo ekwakhekeni komthetho-sisekelo kanye nemisebenzi yaso. Isimiso sohlelo sinikeza i-valve yokuphepha ekuxazululeni inqubo yokufa yemithetho-mthetho. Njengoba idemokratismential yaseNdiya ikhula, ubuhlobo phakathi kwamagumbi ayo amabili ephalamende buzoqhubeka buvuleka, bubunjwe yimicimbiswa yizi yezombangazwe, incazelo yokwahlulela, nezidingo zomphakathi oyinkimbinkimbi.

  • I-Direct vs. Ukukhetha okungaqondile: I-Lok Sabha ikhethwa ngokuqondile abantu, kuyilapho i-Rajiya Sabha ikhethwa izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni, inikeza izinhlobo ezihlukene zobugunya bentando yeningi.
  • [ Amandla emali: Izindleko zemali zisuka kuyiLok Sabha, kanti iRajiya Sabra inesikhathi esilinganiselwe (izinsuku eziyi14) ukwenza ukutusa okungabopheleli.
  • Izichibiyelo ze-Cunistigal: zombili izindlu zinamandla alinganayo, zidinga izakhiwo ezikhethekile endlini ngayinye, zinika iRajiya Sabra i-veto ushintsho lomthetho-sisekelo.
  • Isinqumo: Iziqephu ezihlangene ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso 108 zixazulula ukungavumelani emthethweni ovamile, neLok Sabba eyakheka ngenxa yokuphakama kwenani.
  • [ Permanence: IRaje Sabha iyindlu ehlala njalo enokhetho olunyakaziswayo, iqinisekisa ukuqhubekeka, kuyilapho iLok Sabha ingakwazi ukuqedwa njalo ngemva kweminyaka emihlanu.
  • Ukulandisa okusemthethweni: ILok Sabha kuphela engadlula shwzansi yokuzithemba futhi ibeke uhulumeni icala lokusinda kwayo.
  • Uhlelo lwe-Committee: amakomiti ephalamende ahlangene anamalungu avela kuzo zombili izindlu anikeza ukucubungula okuningiliziwe kwemithetho nesimiso.
  • I-Ordinance Review: Zombili izindlu kumelwe zivumele izinqumo phakathi namasonto ayisithupha okuphindwa; isimo esiqinile sikaRajiya Sabhah sivumela ukuba ibukeze imithetho ngisho naphakathi nokuchitheka kwe-Lok Sabhaha.

Ukuze ufunde okwengeziwe ngesimiso somthetho- sisekelo se-bidaralism eNdiya, hlola i-website yePhalamende , i- Constitution of India[, futhi uhlaziyiswe [[FLT:] PRS]GRAS [ ukucwaninga okungaguquguqukiyo] ezinhlelweni zephalamende.