Izenzakalo ezinkulu zomphakathi, kusukela emibuthanweni yezezombangazwe nasemikhosini yomculo kuya emidlalweni yokudlangalaza, zidonsa izinkulungwane zabathathi-nxaxheba nezibukeli. Ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha komphakathi emibuthanweni enjalo kuxhomeke kakhulu emaphoyiseni kahulumeni, okumelwe alawule izixuku ezigcwele imizwelo egcwele ukukhathalela inkululeko eyisisekelo yomphakathi. Izindinganiso ezingokomthetho ezibusa amaphoyisa amaphoyisa aphethe phakathi nokulawula kwesixuku zisekelwe ekuvikelweni okungokomthetho, iziyalezo zomthetho, nomthetho oweze-asemhlanganweni. Lezizindinganiso zidinga ukulinganisela ukunakekelwa kwamalungelo abantu ngabanye, ukubeka imingcele ecacile ekusetshenzisweni kwempoqo, ukuboshwa, ukuvalelwa, nokulawulwa kwezixuku. Ukuqonda lezizinqubo zomthetho kubalulekile ekuqondiseni umthetho, izigijikelezo zeze, izigijikelezo zezekwahluleki, nezakhamuzi ukuze kuqinise ukubekwa kwenkululeko nenkululeko yentando yentando yentando yeningi.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Sokulawula Isixuku

UMthetho - sisekelo waseU.S. unikeza isisekelo sokuhlola ukuziphatha kwamaphoyisa phakathi nezenzakalo ezinkulu. Izinguquko ezintathu zibaluleke ngokukhethekile: isivikelo seSichibiyelo Sokuqala somhlangano onokuthula, imingcele yeSichibiyelo Sesine sokuphenya nokuquleka, kanye nesiqinisekiso seSichibiyelo se - 14th senqubo efanele nesivikelo esifanayo.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala - Ilungelo Lokuhlangana

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sithi “ilungelo labantu lokuhlangana ngokuthula, nokunxusa uHulumeni ukuba alungise izikhalo” ngeke livalwe. Leli lungelo lidlulela ezindaweni zomphakathi njengemigwaqo, imigwaqwe, namapaki, okubhekwa njengomphakathi ovamile. Phakathi nezenzakalo ezinkulu, amaphoyisa awakwazi ukuvimbela ukuhlangana ngenxa yokuthi umbuthano mkhulu noma uxabana. Nokho, uhulumeni angabeka isikhathi esilinganiselwe, indawo, nendlela yokuvimbela ukulondeka, uma imingcele ekhona ikhona ibekelwe imingcele edinga i-neutral, incincane, ishiye imikhondo evulekileyo yokubonisa ukuthi awukho. Isibonelo, imvume noma ukubhikisha okusemthethweni kuvumelekile uma kusetshenziswa futhi kungasetshenziswa ngendlela ethile. Uma isimo samaphoyisa siqeda, kumelwe sibe nesisekelo esiqondile, isisekelo esiqondile esidinga ukulawulwa ubudlova, noma esimweni esivamile sesidingo esingokomthetho sokulawula ibhizinisi esingokomthetho sezisebenzi esingokomthetho esingokomthetho sokulawula ibhizinisi.

ISichibiyelo Sesine – Ukuhlola, Ukusebenzisa Amandla, Nokusebenzisa

ISichibiyelo sesine sivikela izakhamuzi ekuphenyeni ngokungenangqondo nokuquleka. Emkhakheni wokulawula kwesixuku, yonke imibuthano evimbela inkululeko (noma ukuma okufushane, noma ukuboshwa) kumelwe ithethelelwe ngokunyundela okunengqondo noma okunokwenzeka. Amaphoyisa awanakuphatha inqwaba “iTerry” noma ukuphenya ngokunyenyeza abantu ngaphandle kokusolana ngokungenangqondo. Icala elivelele [[FLT:]] Terry v. [1968] [ikhulu] livumela izikhulu ukuba zime futhi zisole umuntu uma zinombono wokuthi umuntu uhlomile futhi uyingozi, kodwa izinkantolo zixwayise ngokumelene nalokhu kusetshenziswa kwamaqembu ahlukene. Ngokunjalo, ukusetshenziswa kwesilinganiso sesilinganiso sesilinganiso sokulinganisela kwesilinganiso sesilinganiso se-Dintshinga. [FRA] [FRA] [2] [3]

Isichibiyelo Seshumi Nane – Inqubo Efanele Nesivikelo Esilinganayo

ISichibiyelo seshumi nane sinikeza ezinye izingqimba zesivikelo. I-'System Procesme Claus' iyazenqabela izenzo zomthetho ozisebenzelayo futhi ifuna ukuba izimiso nemikhuba yamaphoyisa kuhlotshaniswe ngokunengqondo nezinhloso ezingokomthetho zikahulumeni. I-Umeal Protection Clause inqabela ukucwaswa okusekelwe ohlwini lohlanga, uhlanga, noma ezinye izici ezivikelwe. Isibonelo, uma amaphoyisa elokhu esebenzisa amasu aqinile ekulawuleni izixuku ngokumelene nokuvinjelwa kuphela okuholwa iqembu elithile lobuhlanga, ukuziphatha okunjalo kungabangela ukucunulwa okuqinile necala. Izinkantolo ezisebuthweni ziye zaqaphela futhi inqubo efanelekile esekelwe ebuqothweni, engaphulwa ngokusetshenziswa ngokweqile noma ngokukhokhwa kwezenzo zezikhali.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwezindinganiso Zamabutho Nemisebenzi Yokulawula Isixuku

Amaphoyisa kahulumeni agunyaziwe ukusebenzisa amandla ukuze avikele ukulondeka komphakathi, kodwa indinganiso engokomthetho yalelo butho icacile: Kumelwe ilinganisele, idingeke, futhi ilinganisene ngaphansi kwezimo. Amaqhinga okulawula isixuku ngokuvamile ahlanganisa izikhali ezingezona ezinamandla njengegesi yezinyembezi, ukufutha upelepele, izinhlamvu zenjoloba, nokushaya indwangu; ukuqashelwa kwawo ngokomthetho kuxhomeke endleleni esetshenziswa ngayo futhi noma kuncane kakhulu ezindlelani zokuzifaka.

Indinganiso Enengqondo

INkantolo Ephakeme Graham v.Connor yasungula ukuthi izibalo zamandla ezinamandla ngokweqile kufanele zahlulelwe ngokombono wesikhulu esinengqondo esisendaweni, ngaphandle kokucaca kwezindawo ezicashile. Izici zihlanganisa ubuqatha bosongo, ukuthi usongo lulwisana noma lubalekela, futhi ukuqina kobugebengu obukhona. Esixukwini, isikhulu kumelwe sihlole ukuziphatha komuntu ngamunye kunokuba sifake izenzo zabambalwa kuwo wonke umbuthano. Ukusebenzisa ibhomu lokubhula ngokukhazimu ukuze kucace emgwaqweni lapho abantu abaningi becula ngokuthula kungase kubhekwe njengokungenangqondo, kuyilapho ukubuswa ngokumelene neqembu eliphonsayo eqeshisweni.

Iziyalezo Ezingokomthetho Ezisekelwe Emasindini Aqondile

Izindlela eziningana zokulawula izixuku ziye zaba indaba yezinselele ezingokomthetho nezinguquko ezingokwesimiso:

  • Ama-cureatic (igesi edlulisayo, upelepele): Isifunda sesine siye sathi ukusebenzisa amakhemikhali angenasixwayiso noma abantu abangenabudlova kungakha amandla adlulele. Iminyango eminingi manje idinga abaphathi ukuba banikeze izixwayiso zomlomo futhi bavumele isikhathi esinengqondo sokukhipha.
  • Izikhali ezivundisiwe (izinhlamvu zebralb, ibhembag imizungezo): Izinkantolo ziye zathola ukuthi ukuqondisa izikhali ezinjalo ekhanda noma i-torso kwandisa ingozi yokulimala okungathi sína futhi kungaphula izinga lokuqonda okunenjongo. Imikhuba emihle kakhulu ilawula ukulawulwa kwemikhawulo ephansi nokusetshenziswa kuphela uma amandla abulalayo engagunyazwa.
  • Imiyalelo esusiwe eqinisekile: Imiyalelo yokuhlakazeka kumelwe icace, izwakale, futhi ihambisane nesikhathi esinengqondo sokulalela. Ukubanjwa kwehluleka ukusakaza kungenzeka kudinga ukuba umuntu azwe lomyalo futhi enqabe ukuhambisana ngaphandle kwesizathu esizwakalayo.
  • Klettling (ukuzungeza nokuphatha izixuku): Lelicebo livimbela abantu ekuphumeni endaweni, libangele ukuthatheka ngokuphumelelayo. Izinkantolo ezinjengeSigebengu seNinth e] ACLU of Nevada v. City of Las Vegas[FLT] [2020]) ziye zakholelwa ukuthi ukugwenywa ngaphandle kokusola iSiphendulo sesine ngaphandle kokuba sihambisane nohlelo olusemthethweni olulahlikihliwe nomgwaqo.

Izinhlangano eziningi zamaphoyisa zikahulumeni ziye zathatha i-apply esetshenziswa ngokuphoqelela edinga izikhulu ukuba zizame ukunqanda ukuhlasela nokungenela kwenhlekelele ngaphambi kokusebenzisa impoqo. Lapho kusetshenziswa amandla, umthetho kahulumeni unikeza imvume yokubika nokunakekela kokwelapha noma ubani olimele.

Izindinganiso Ezingokomthetho Zokuboshwa Nokuzindela Ezenzweni Ezinkulu

Ukuboshwa phakathi nezenzakalo ezinkulu kunikeza izinselele eziyingqayizivele ezingokomthetho. Amaphoyisa kumelwe asebenze phakathi nembangela okungenzeka ikhona yeSichibiyelo sesine lapho elawula ukucindezela komthetho wokusebenza kwesixuku esiminyene, esihambayo.

Imbangela Efanelekile Yomuntu Ngamunye

Ukuze kuboshwe ngokomthetho, isikhulu kumelwe sibe nesizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi umuntu othile wenziwa ubugebengu. Ukuboshwa kweMisa − lapho wonke amaqembu eboshwa khona ngenxa yokuthi ayekhona phakathi nokuphazamiseka(-8) kuye kwashaywa njalo izinkantolo. Hasell v. [Henkel [2029], i-D.C. isifunda sathi ukubopha bonke ababhikishi endaweni lapho abanye babephule iSiphendulo Sesine ngoba kwakungekho sisekelo somthetho ngamunye.

UTerry Stons NoPat-Ehlas Esixukwini

Iziboshwa eziphenyayo eziboshiwe ezifingqiwe ngaphansi Terry v. iOhio ivunyelwe uma iphoyisa lisola ngokunengqondo ukuthi ubugebengu buhamba ngezinyawo. Nokho, ukusebenzisa uTerry kuso sonke isixuku akunakwenzeka. Isibonelo, [ku- Brown v. City of New York [2015], inkantolo yayikholelwa ukuthi “ukuma ne-frisk” kulelo lomuzi lokungaqondani. Ezimisweni zesixuku, iphoyisa abantu abathile ngokusekelwe ezindleleni ezithile zezenziwa ngenkathi ifihlekile noma ngokusongela, kodwa izimpawu zempatho ezivamile zeze zeze.

Umnikeli nemfuneko yokugcina-rekhodi

Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi kuqinisekiswe ukuthi kumele kuqashelwe, izifunda zidinga ukugcinwa komthetho ukuze kubhalwe ukuhlangana ngakunye phakathi nokulawula kwesixuku. Lokhu kuhlanganisa isisekelo sokuma, noma ikuphi ukuphesha okwenziwayo, nomphumela (ukuqamba, ukubopha, ukubopha). Ukwehluleka ukugcina amarekhodi anjalo kungaholela ezinkingeni ezinkantolo ezibonisa ukuthi amalungelo omphakathi alandelanayo akhona. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amakhamera asebenza ngokuqubuka kumelwe aqhutshekiswe phakathi nokunqanda kwesixuku, nakuba imithetho ihlukahluka lapho ukuqoshwa. Eminye imithetho kahulumeni iyala ukuba amakhamera ahlale ekhona phakathi nokusetshenziswa kwezikhali.

Ukulandisa Okungokomthetho

Lapho amaphoyisa kahulumeni edlula imingcele engokomthetho phakathi nokulawula kwesixuku, kukhona izindlela eziningana zokulandisa, zihlanganisa ukuqondisa kwangaphakathi, ukuphatha izakhamuzi, ukuquliswa kwecala kwezakhamuzi ngaphansi kuka - 42 U.S.C. 7683, kanye nokuquliswa kwecala.

Izindaba Zangaphakathi Nokubukeza Kwezisebenzi

Izinhlangano eziningi zamaphoyisa zikahulumeni zinamaqembu ahlola ukukhononda okunamandla adlulele, ukuboshwa okungamanga, noma ukuziphatha okubi. Nokho, ukuphumelela kokubukeza ngaphakathi ngokuvamile kuxhomeke ekuzikweni nasekubonakaleni kwezindawo. Ngemva kwezenzakalo zokulawula kwesixuku eziphikisanayo, ezinye izifunda ziye zasungula amabhodi okubukeza ngokuzimele namalungu angekho emthethweni. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Colorado’s Peace Programty Standards and Training (POST) i-alls directives abaphathi abaphula imithetho evimbela ukuvinjelwa noma umsebenzi wokungenela.

Imithetho Yamalungelo Omphakathi Ngaphansi Kwengxenye Ka - 1983

Ikhambi eliyinhloko likahulumeni lokwephulwa komthetho-mthetho amaphoyisa uhulumeni ngu-42 U.S.C.193. Izisulu zokucindezelwa ngokweqile, ukuboshwa okungekho emthethweni, noma ukuziphindiselela ngokusebenzisa inkululeko yokukhuluma zingamangalela izikhulu zikahulumeni ezindaweni zazo zokulimaza. Nokho, imfundiso yezikhulu ezifanelekayo zezokuvikela amaphetho uma ukuziphatha kwazo kungangqubuzani “okumisiwe noma amalungelo omthetho.” Ukulawula kwesixuku, lokhu kusho ukuthi uma inkantolo ingakamelene necebo elithile ngaphambili, iyakulahla ngokusemthethweni, njengoba isikhulu esiphoqa ucingo olungenamthetho esiphoqelelwe ukuba sikhululwe izikhulu ezingase-ikhubazeki. Abagxeki bethiwe abavikeli bangaba necala. Abagxeki abafanelekayo baye benza ukuba kube nzima ukuvikela izikhulu ekulawuleni izixuku, kuyilapho abavikeli bethi izikhulu ezishaya izinqumo ezihlukene. Izishayamthetho eziningi ziye zasabela ngomthetho omthetho onjalo ngaphansi kwemvume yokuzibo.

Inqubo Noma Umkhuba Wokuphenya

UMnyango Wezobulungisa wase-U.S. ungahlola izinhlangano zamaphoyisa zikahulumeni ngenxa “yokulingisa noma ukuqhuba” kokwephulwa komthetho-mthetho ngaphansi koMthetho Wobudlova Wokulawula ICrime noMthetho we-Law Enkorcement ka-1994. Izibonelo zamuva zihlanganisa ukuhlola koMnyango wamaphoyisa waseMinneapolis ngemva kokubulawa kukaGeorge Floyd nakuSekela likaLouisville Metro Police ngemva kokufa kukaBrenna Taylor. Lokho kuhlola kuvame ukuveza izimpikiswano zezimiso zokulawula isixuku esikhulu futhi kuholele ekuvumeni iziyalezo ezidinga izinguquko zenqubo, ukuqeqeshwa, nokubekwa kwe-galelo hlangothi.

Ukuqamba Amanga Kwesigebengu

Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, abashushisi bakahulumeni noma bahulumeni bangase balethe amacala obugebengu kubaphathi abasebenzisa amandla adlulele ngamabomu. Ngokwesibonelo, isikhulu esidubula inhlamvu yenjoloba esixukwini ngaphandle kosongo olubonakalayo singabekwa icala lokuhlasela noma lokubeka izingozi ezisobala. Ukuthola isigwebo kudinga ukufakazela ukuthi isikhulu sithatha isinyathelo ngenhloso yobugebengu ngokungenakungatshazwa, ikakhulukazi uma isimo esinesiyaluyalu sesenzakalo esikhulu singadala ukungezwani ngenhloso.

Ukuqeqeshwa Nezimiso Zokuqondisa Amaphoyisa Ombuso

Ukuvumelana nemithetho kuqala ngokuqeqeshwa okukhulu nezimiso ezicacile zezinhlangano.

Ukuqeqeshwa Kokwehla Kwemali Nezinkinga

Amazwe amaningi manje adinga izikhulu ukuba ziqeqeshe amasu okuqeda amasu okulawula isixuku ngaphambi kokuba zisebenze ezingeni elilawula isixuku. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuxoxisana ngamazwi, amasu esikhathi namasu, nokuqaphela uma isixuku sidinga ukuma kobuhlakani kunokusabela okunamandla. INhlangano yezizwe yeZikhulu zobuPhostoli (IACP) iye yakhipha imithetho egcizelela ukuthi abaphathi baqaphele ukuthi ukuqhekeka njengendlela yokugcina yokuxhumana futhi kufanele kubeke imingcele engokomthetho yokusebenzisa izinhlabamkhosi, izimpondo, nemingcele engokomzimba yokulawula ukuhamba.

Ukuvuselelwa Okungokomthetho Nokuvivinya Isimiso

Ngoba ukulawula kwesixuku kushintshashintsha − ikakhulukazi ngemva kwezenzakalo ezinkulu − abaqondisi bemithetho engokomthetho kufanele bahlaziye njalo ukuqeqeshwa kwangemva kwesikole. Ukuvivinya okusekelwe emibhalweni okulingisa ukubhikisha okukhulu okuphenduka ubudlova kungasiza izikhulu ukuba zisebenzise imbangela engenzeka yokuboshwa komuntu ngamunye, zikhiphe iziyalezo ezingokomthetho, futhi zikhethe izindlela ezifanele zokulwa. Lokhu kuqinisa umsebenzi wokungenela: umthetho wezwe ezizweni ezinjengoMinnesota noCalifornia manje ufuna izikhulu ukuba zinqande ukusebenza kwezisebenzi ekusebenziseni amandla amakhulu, umyalo osebenza ngokuqondile ekuvaleni imicimbi eqenjini lapho ukucindezela kontanga kungase kuthuthukise ubudlova.

Ukuhlanganyela Nokwenza Umphakathi Ube Nezimiso Zokwenza Ubonakale

Kuyi-i-inthanethi ukuphatha izinqubo zokunyathelisa futhi kuqhutshelwana nabahleli ngaphambi kwemihlangano. Ukubonana mayelana nemithetho . Njengendawo ababhikishi abangabuthana kuyo, lapho kunikezwa khona iziyalezo zokukhipha izikhali, nokuthi izikhali ezinciphisi ziyosetshenziswa kangakanani . /i izikhali zizokwakha ukwethembana futhi zivumele izakhamuzi ukuba zibeke inselele iziyalezo ezingekho emthethweni enkantolo ngobufakazi obungcono. Ezinye izinhlangano zamaphoyisa zimise amabhodi okuhlola umphakathi ahlola izenzakalo zesixuku futhi zitusa izinguquko zenqubo.

Izenzakalo Zamuva Nomthetho Wecala

Ukubhikisha kokwahlulela kohlanga ngo - 2020 kwabangela ukuba kuncishiswe amaphoyisa alawula izixuku.

ACLU wase-Oregon v. City of Portland (2021), iNgqungquthela yeNinth yasekela ukuthi izikhulu zomthetho zikahulumeni ezisebenzisa igagasi lesisi negalelo ezimelene nababhikishi abanokuthula kakhulu zaphula iSichibiyelo Sokuqala nesesine. Inkantolo yaphawula ukuthi uhulumeni akanakukwazi “ukunqanda amandla kubantu ngabanye ngaphandle kokusolanakwa ngenxa nje yokuthi bayingxenye yeqembu elihlanganisa amalungu ambalwa angalawuleki.” Lesinqumo siye sakhonjwa izinkantolo zikahulumeni njengesiqondiso sokuhlola ukuziphatha kwamaphoyisa phakathi kwezixuku ezixubile.

Amaxwell v. County of San Diego [202], iNkantolo yokudlulisa yaseCalifornia yanquma ukuthi amanxusa asebenzisa “ukuvuma” abambelele kumphathi ohleziyo owayevale umnyango kodwa enganqabi ukuboshwa aphula umthetho ovimbela ukuvinjelwa kwe-carotid kanye namandla aphakeme. Isinqumo sigcizelela ukuthi ngisho nesithibethiyo esiphansi esisesilinganisweni asizithethelelangakho izindlela zokulawula ubuhlungu ngaphandle kokuba kukhona usongo olushesha lokulimala.

Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zadlulisa imithetho evimbela ukunqandwa kwezixuku ngokuqondile. Ngokwesibonelo, i-SB20-217 ye-Colorado inqabela ukusetshenziswa kwegesi yezinyembezi, ukufutha upelepele, ne-kinetic siletili uma umphathi engagunyazi ukusetshenziswa kwazo futhi ngemva kokuba isixuku sesinikwe uhlelo olungokomthetho lokusakaza nesikhathi esifanele sokuvumelana. Umthetho weColorado uvimbela futhi ufuna izikhulu ukuba zisebenzise amasu avikelayo uma ziphephile. Izimiso ezinjalo zibeka isibopho sombuso esingaphezulu kwezindinganiso zomthetho womthetho-mthetho.

Ezinye izenzakalo eziphawulekayo zihlanganisa ukwakhiwa kwezindikimba ezikhethekile zababonisi njenge - Attorney General of Special Investigation, eye yaqulwa emacaleni ahilela ukubulawa kwezixuku. UMnyango Wokwahlulela waseU.S. uye wamemezela nesiqondiso esisha ngokuphathelene nokusetshenziswa kwezikhali ezingasasetshenziswa kakhulu, ugcizelela ukuthi ukuthunyelwa kwazo kumelwe kuphathwe njengokusetshenziswa okungathi sína kokuphoqelela ukuthethelelwa.

Isiphetho

Amaphoyisa oMbuso aziphatha phakathi nokulawula kwezixuku ezisezimweni ezinkulu zisebenza phakathi kwezimfuneko eziyinkimbinkimbi zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo, zomthetho, kanye nomthetho wecala. IziNguqulo Zokuqala nezesine zimisa imingcele ecacile: amaphoyisa kumelwe ahloniphe ilungelo lokuhlangana, kumelwe asekele noma abophe ukuma ngakunye kokusola okungokomuntu, futhi asebenzise amandla okuziphendulela okunengqondo kuphela ngaphansi kwezimo. Izimo zokuhlola okungokomthetho . Izimiso zokuqungamela okungokomthetho − ukubukeza, ukumangalelana kwezemthetho, nokumangalela kwezelelene, .[1] Ukuhlola ukuxhathisa ngokuxhathisa kobulungisa, nakuba indlela yokulunga ihlala inselele izisulu eziningi. Njengoba amasu nezindinganiso ezingokomthetho ziqhubeka ziguqula, ukufuzwa okusobala, izimiso ezicacile, nokuqondisa okusobala kuyoba okubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amaphoyisa angazigcina ukuphepha obala ngaphandle kokwenza ihlawulo lombuso wezwe laseMelika.