Isingeniso

Ubandlululo lweminyaka luhlala lungenye yezindlela eziphikelelayo zobandlululo emsebenzini, oluthinta izigidi zezisebenzi esezikhulile ezimbonini. Kodwa lapho ubandlululo lobudala luhlangana nezinye izici ezivikelekile − njengohlanga, ubulili, noma inkolo − lokhu kuthinteka kuya kuba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Lolu bandlululo oluvalekile, ngokuvamile olubizwa ngokuthi ubandlululo [, ludala izinselele eziyingqayizivele ezisebenzela izisebenzi ezibhekene nezindlela eziningi zokuvikela ezingokomthetho, nobaqashi abamele ukuhlanganisa imingcele engokomthetho. Ukuqonda indlela ubandlululo oluphakathi kwezinye izigaba ezivikezelwe ngayo kubalulekile kubaluleke kakhulu ekwakheni impela imisebenzi futhi kuvumelane nemithetho engokomthetho, izimpawu zangempela zezwe, nezindlela ezingcono kakhulu zokuphatha ezinye lapho kuhlangana nezinye izici.

Ukucwasana Ngeminyaka Emsebenzini: Izinga Nomphumela

I-Age Discrimination in Act (ADEA) ka-1967 ivikela abantu abaneminyaka engu-40 nangaphezulu ekucwaseni ngemisebenzi ngenxa yobudala. Umthetho usebenza kubaqashi abasebenzayo abaneziqeshana ezingu-20 noma ngaphezulu futhi umbophele wonke amacala okuqasha, ukudubula, ukukhushulelwa, ukukhokhelwa, izikweletu, izabelo zomsebenzi, nokuqeqeshwa. Naphezu kwamashumi eminyaka okugcinwa kwemithetho yokugcinwa kwamandla, ukucwaswa kobudala kuyaqhubeka. Ngokwe-U.S. i-Ecompaliction Option Option Commission (EOC), iminyaka ehlobene namacala angaphezulu ka-20% amacala obandlululo abekwe eminyakeni yamuva. Kodwa izenzakalo eziningi azikhonjwa ngenxa yokwesaba ukuphindiselwa noma ukukholelwa ukuthi ukucwa kwezisebenzi abadala kucishe kungabi naka.

Ubandlululo lweminyaka luvame ukubonakala ngokubheka inkathi njengeminyaka, ukuthi izisebenzi ezindala azikwazi ukuvumelana nezimo, azikwazi ukumelana nokushintsha, noma zibiza kakhulu ukuba zingagcinwa. Lokhu kuthambekela kungaholela ekucindezelekeni kwasekuqaleni, kude nemisebenzi ebalulekile, futhi kunciphe kakhulu. Uma kuhlangene nezinye izimo zobandlululo, imiphumela iyakhula. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlolwa kuka-2020 kwe-European Journal of Ageing kwathola ukuthi abesifazane abadala babhekene nosongo oluphindwe kabili [[FLT:], ukubhekana nakho kokubili ubudala kanye nobulili, okunganciphisa amathuba abo emisebenzi yabo kakhulu kunawamadoda amadala.

Ukuze babhekane ngokugcwele nokucwaswa kweminyaka yobudala, abaqashi kumelwe babheke ngalé kwezenzakalo zobudala futhi baqaphele ukuthi ubudala buhlobene kanjani nezinye izici ezivikelwe.

Ukuqonda Amakilasi Avikelwe Ngaphansi Komthetho Ozimele

Amakilasi avikelwe amaqembu abantu abavikelekile ekucwaseni ngaphansi kwemithetho kahulumeni. E - United States, la maqembu ahlanganisa:

  • I-race nombala – Ivikelwe ngaphansi kwesihloko VII soMthetho wamalungelo omphakathi ka-1964. Asikho isisebenzi okufanele siphathwe ngokungemthetho ngenxa yebala lesikhumba noma isizinda sobuzwe.
  • Sex kanye ne Gender – Kukhona kuhlanganisiwe isihloko VII, kuhlanganise nokukhulelwa, ukuthambekela kobulili, kanye nokuzichaza kwabobulili obufanayo okusungulwe yiNkantolo Ephakeme Bostock v. Clayton County.
  • Ukungaguquguquki – i-Melika enomthetho wokukhubazeka (ADA) inqabela ukucwaswa kwabantu abafanelekayo abakhubazekile emzimbeni noma ngokwengqondo.
  • Inkolo[ - Abaqashi kumelwe bavumelane ngokunengqondo nemikhuba engokwenkolo ngaphandle kokuba ibangele ubunzima obungafanele.
  • Imvelaphi yesizwe[ - - Ivikela abantu ekukhetheni okusekelwe ekuzalweni, okhokho, noma isizinda sempucuko.
  • [ Age – i-ADEA ivikela labo abangu-40 nangaphezulu, kodwa ayigubuzeli izisebenzi ezisencane (nakuba eminye imithetho yombuso iyazivikela).
  • [[INDAWO]] I-Genetic [ – The Genetic Information Nondicringation Act (GINA) unqabela ukusetshenziswa kokwaziswa kwezakhi zofuzo ezinqumweni zemisebenzi.

Le mithetho ivame ukusingatha ubandlululo olusekelwe esicini esisodwa. Nokho, izisebenzi zivame ukuba ngamaqembu avikelwe kaningi ngesikhathi esisodwa. Indoda eneminyaka engu-55 yobudala obumnyama, owesifazane oneminyaka engu-62 ubudala okhubazekile, noma umSulumane ongumSulumane oneminyaka engu-48 ubudala ngamunye uphethe izimpawu eziningana ezivikelwe. Umthetho uqala ukubhekana nobandlululo olukhona ekunqamuleneni imigwaqo.

Ukuhlangana Kweminyaka Nezinye Izici Ezivikelwe

Ukucwaswa okungavumelani nokunye kwenzeka lapho isisebenzi siphathwa ngokungafanele hhayi ngenxa yobudala noma esinye isici sodwa, kodwa ngenxa yokuhlanganiswa kwaso okukhethekile. i-EEOC iye yaqaphela kakhulu ukuthi ubandlululo luvame ukuvela emibonweni ehlukene.

Ubudala Nohlanga Noma Ubuhlanga

Izisebenzi ezindala zemibala zibhekana nohlobo oluhlukile lobandlululo oluhlanganisa kokubili ukubheka abantu abadala nobandlululo lobuhlanga. Ngokwesibonelo, isisebenzi sase-Afrika esineminyaka engaphezu kwengu-50 singabhekwa njengo ongakwaziyo [ ngenxa yokubheka izinto ngokulandelana cishe kokubili ubudala nohlanga, ukunciphisa amathuba okukhushulelwa kwazo. Ukuhlola kuye kwabonisa ukuthi izisebenzi ezindala zabamnyama zisengozini yokukhishwa kunezakwabo abamhlophe, ngisho nalapho zilawula umsebenzi. Ngokufanayo, izisebenzi ezindala zase-Spenish zingabhekana nokweqikelelwa ngamakhono olimi noma ukufaneleka kwezempucuko, zihlanganiswe nezinkolelo zokuthi "zingabadala kakhulu ukuba zifunde izindlela ezintsha.""""

Esinye isibonelo sezwe sangempela sivela e-EEOC litigation, lapho kwatholakala khona ukuthi inkampani ethile yadlula ngokulandelana izisebenzi zase-Asia nase-Afrika ezindala ukuze iqeqeshe amathuba lapho ithuthukisa izisebenzi ezisencane ezimhlophe. Indaba yaqokomisa indlela ubandlululo lwezinhlanga olungaqinisana ngayo, ibangele isimo esingesihle ngezisebenzi ezimbalwa esezikhulile.

Ubudala Nohlanga

Abesifazane abadala babhekene nenhlanganisela yobudala nobulili elimaza kakhulu. Abesifazane asebekhulile bavame ukubhekwa njengabangenamdlandla, abakwaziyo, futhi babekwe ezindleleni zabo kakhulu kunabesifazane abasebasha noma amadoda amadala. lokhu kuphindeka kabili [[ kuthinta ukuthuthuka komsebenzi nokukhokhelwa. Ukucwaninga kwe-AARP kubonisa ukuthi abesifazane abaneminyaka engaphezu kwengu-50 bazuza imali engaphansi kwamashumi amane ngokwemisebenzi efanayo, ngisho nangemva kolwazi nangemfundo. Isenzakalo se-"galve-gender" sithinta futhi ubandlululo lwezimo zenkambiso ze-mostions , isibonelo samadoda amadala asemasimu akhumile abesilisa, amadala asemasimini abhekene noma anamandla.

Kuzo zobuchwepheshe, ubuchwepheshe obubhalwe kahle bubonisa ukuthi onjiniyela besifazane abadala bavame ukudluliswa ukuze bahole futhi banikwe isilinganiso esiphansi kunabesifazane abasebasha namadoda amadala. Lokhu kukhetha ukuhlangana kungaholela ezinguqukweni zomhlalaphansi noma zomsebenzi, ukuncishwa kwezinkampani ezinamasu.

Ukukhula Nokukhubazeka

Izisebenzi ezikhubazeka kamuva zibhekene nemigwaqo ehlukile: azizinkulu kakhulu kodwa zithathwa njengezingakwazi. I-ADA idinga indawo yokuhlala elinganiselwe, kodwa izisebenzi ezindala ezikhubazekile zivame ukubhekana nezimo zobudala zombili (umz., "azikwazi ukubhekana") kanye nokuzibheka njengezingabalulekile. Lo mbhangqwana ungaholela ekukhetheni ekuqasheni iholo, abaqashi becabanga ukuthi iminyaka engu-55 ubudala elinganiselwe emzimbeni ayizuzisi kakhulu kunesekho ukusebenza okuncane okusesimweni esifanayo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlangana phakathi kobudala nokukhubazeka kungathinta impucuko yasemsebenzini. Isisebenzi esikhulile esiphuthelwa ukuzwa singase sikhishwe indawo yokuhlala ngenxa yokuthi abaphathi bakholelwa ukuthi ubudala buye babangela ukukhubazeka okungokwemvelo, ukunganakwa isibopho esingokomthetho sokunikeza imishini yokusiza. i-EOC iye yabona ukwanda kwecala elihlanganisa iminyaka yobudala nokukhubazeka, ikakhulukazi ezimbonini ezinezindima ezicindezelayo ngokomzimba.

Ubudala Nenkolo Noma Umsuka Wesizwe

Ubandlululo olungokwenkolo luvame ukuhlangana nobudala lapho izisebenzi esezikhulile zibambelele ezinkolelweni ezingokwesiko eziphikisana nemikhuba yanamuhla yomsebenzi. Ngokwesibonelo, isisebenzi esisesidala samaSulumane singase sincishwe isikhathi sokuthandaza phakathi namashifu, umqashi ebhekisela ekungabini nalusizo ngenxa yobudala. Ngokufanayo, izisebenzi ezindala zezwe elithile zingabhekana nobandlululo olusekelwe olimini [1] Ngokwesibonelo, isisebenzi esikhulile esinolimi oluphimisela amagama singase sikhululeke kabi emakhonweni okuxhumana ngenxa yakho kokubili ubudala namasiko esizwe.

Nokho, i - EEOC iye yanikeza isiqondiso sokuthi ukuphambana kuyasebenza, futhi izinkantolo seziqale ukuvuma ukuthi ukukhula kuhlangene nezinye izici ezivikelwe kungadala umonakalo oyingqayizivele.

Ukuhlolwa Okungokomthetho Kwenkathi Yokungezwani Nokucwaswa

Umthetho kaFederal awunikezi mthetho owodwa, obanzi ohlanganisa ukucwasana okukhuphuka kwemigwaqo. Kunalokho, izisebenzi kumelwe zilethe izibopho ngaphansi kwemithetho eminingi noma zithembele emcabangweni "onezimo ezidibeneyo". Endaweni exubile, isisebenzi kumelwe sibonise ukuthi isici esivikelekile (isigaba, uhlanga, njll.njl.) sasiyisici esishukumisayo esenzweni esibucayi, ngisho noma ezinye izici zifezile indima. Umthwalo ushintsha umqashi ukubonisa ukuthi isinqumo esifanayo sasiyokwenziwa noma sisiphi.

Imithetho Eyinhloko

  • Ukucwasana kumthetho we-Openstration Act (ADEA) - Ivikela izisebenzi 40+ kodwa inesiqobo sokuzisholo esixubile. INkantolo Ephakeme Gross v. FBL Financial Services [2009]) yanquma ukuthi ama-pattiff kumele afakazele ubudala njengembangela "kodwa-ya" yenkathi, hhayi nje isici esishukumisayo. Lokhu kwenza inkathi yesiphakamiso isho ukuthi inzima kakhulu kune-hide noma ubulili ngaphansi kwesihloko se-I, lapho i-octive-otives ivunyelwe khona.
  • Isihloko VII se-Civil Rights Act - - Imbonakaliso yohlanga, ibala, inkolo, ubulili, nemvelaphi yobuzwe. Ivumela ukusho okuxubile, ngakho izisebenzi zingaphikisa ukuthi ubudala bungenye yezici eziningana kodwa kumelwe zixhumane nohlobo lwesihloko se VII esivikelwe. Ngokwesibonelo, owesifazane omnyama oneminyaka engaphezu kwengu-50 angaphikisa ngokuthi ubudala bakhe nohlanga lwakhe kwakuyizizathu zokuzalwa kwakhe.
  • AmaMelika ane-ADA Act (ADA) - - Ivikela abantu abakhubazekile noma yibuphi ubudala. Izisebenzi ezikhubazekayo ngemva kweminyaka engu-40, kokubili i-ADEA ne-ADA zingasebenzisa. Izinkantolo zivumele ukuthi ubudala nokukhubazeka kwabangela isithiyo esingekho emthethweni.
  • Isifundazwe nemithetho yendawo[ - Izifunda eziningi zinezivikelo ezinkulu kakhulu, kuhlanganise nemithetho ehlanganisa iminyaka yonke futhi ivumele ukuhlangana. Ezinye izifundazwe ziqaphela ngokucacile ukuhlangana kwezimiso zazo ezicwasanayo.

Izinselele Zokuveza Ukucwaswa Okungahlangani

Enye yezinselele ezinkulu kakhulu ukuhlukanisa ukuthi yikuphi ukubheka isinqumo njengokuvamile. Abaqashi ngokuvamile baphikisa ngokuthi ukuyeka noma ukwehluleka ukuqasha kwakungenxa yomsebenzi, hhayi ubandlululo. Ngaphandle kobufakazi obuqondile (umz., izinkulumo zobandlululo ezixhumanisa iminyaka yobudala nohlanga), abakhohlisi kumelwe bathembele ekuhlukaneni kwezibalo, ubufakazi bendlela yokusebenza, namaqiniso. Enye inselele ukuthi umthetho uyakwazi ukuphatha amakilasi avikelwe ngokwehlukene. AbaHluleli bangadinga abambalwa ukuba babonise ukucwasa ngokwesilinganiso sobudala, okungangenzeki uma bengaba nophawu oluhlukene.

Nokho, ezinye izinkantolo seziqale ukuthatha indlela yokuzimela. EOC v. M&M Supermarket (2018), inkantolo yavumela ukugomela kokuthi isisebenzi esidala esiNsundu sixoshwa ngenxa yokuhlangana kobudala nohlanga, ngisho noma umqashi wayenesisusa esixubile. Isinqumo saphawula ukuthi "ubandlululo alukwazi ukubekwa kahle."

Intuthuko Yamuva Engokomthetho

I-EEOC ibeke ukucwasana okusemfazaneni ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ngo-2020, le nhlangano yakhipha iphepha eliyiqiniso I-Intericational Traction, icacisa ukuthi amacala angase abekwe ngaphansi kwezisekelo eziningi ngesikhathi esisodwa. Nakuba lokhu kungawushintshi umthwalo wobufakazi, izimpawu zokuthi abacwaningi bayocabangela ubandlululo olungenayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye izifundazwe ezifana neCalifornia ziye zalungisa ukucwasa kwazo i-Fair Molectscreacts ne-Hollation Act ukuze zinqande ukuhlukanisa izinhlanga, zivumele izisebenzi ukuba zile izikhalo ezisekelwe ku "ukuvikelwa kwezici zezimfanelo ezivinjelweyo"."

Njengoba umphakathi ushintshashintsha futhi iminyaka ihamba isiya ishintsha, imingcele engokomthetho iqala kancane kancane. Abaqashi kumelwe bagcine lezi zinguquko ngokuqaphela ukuthi ubandlululo lobudala aluvamile ukuba khona.

Ithonya Kwabaqashi Nabaqashi

Imiphumela yokukhetha igeometry ifinyelela kude. Kuzisebenzi, kungaholela ekulahlekelweni iholo, ukulahlekelwa umsebenzi, ukuwohloka kwempilo yengqondo, nomuzwa wokungabi nabulungisa. Ukucwaninga okukhishwe ku- Journal of Applied Gerontology [ kwathola ukuthi abesifazane abadala bemibala ababhekana nakho kokubili ukucwaswa kobudala nohlanga babenobukhulu bokucindezeleka nokwaneliseka okuphezulu kunalabo ababhekene nohlobo olulodwa lobandlululo. Umphumela owengeziwe ungasusa izisebenzi ezinekhono ziphumele ngaphandle kwesikhathi esiphambili, kuholele ekulahlekelweni ulwazi lwezeluleko lwezenkolo kanye nokwehlukahlukahlukahluka.

Kubaqashi, izindleko zibalulekile. Imithetho ehilela izisekelo eziningi zobandlululo iyinkimbinkimbi futhi iyabiza ukuvikela. Ngaphandle kwemali engokomthetho, izinkampani zibhekana nomonakalo wedumela, ukukhohlakala kwezisebenzi eziphansi, nobunzima ekuheheni italente elihlukene. Ukuhlolwa kwe-SHRM kwathola ukuthi izinhlangano ezinamasiko ahlukene .Nhloko ehlobana nokucwasana nokuhlangana kwezindawo, [1] labo abazimisele ukubhekana nokucwasana nokunye okungundayo. Ukungavumelani kwezindawo kungaphumela ekuphunyulweni kwemisebenzi, njengoba amaqembu ahlukahlukene ethola ukuthi amaqembu akhona ngaphandle kwabantu abadala.

Imikhuba Emihle Kakhulu Abaqashi Abafuna Ukunikeza Ikheli Elingavumelani Nenkathi Yokucwasana

Abaqashi bangathatha izinyathelo zokuzilibazisa ukuze bavimbele ukucwaswa kwezindawo ezihlukene futhi bakhuthaze ukuba kube nendawo ezungezile ehlala abantu abahlala ndawonye.

Inkulumo Ekhuthaza Ukumelana Nokungezwani Nezici Ezikhona

Izikhulu zezokuphatha kufanele zisho ngokucacile ukuthi ubandlululo olusekelwe enhlanganiseleni yezici ezivikelekile lwenqatshelwe. Hlanganisa nolimi oluhlanganisa iminyaka yobudala, ubulili, ubulili, nokukhubazeka. Nikeza izibonelo zezimo zokuhamba ngephutha emthethweni ukuze izisebenzi ziqonde ukuthi kuyini ubandlululo.

Nikeza Ukuqeqesha Izinhlobo Zomzimba Okungaqondani Nakho

Ukuqeqesha okuvamile okuhlukile kuvame ukuphatha isigaba ngasinye esivikelekile. Kunalokho, hlanganisa ukuqeqeshwa okuhlola ukuthi abantu abakholelwa ekutheni izinto zinjani zingahlangana kanjani. Sebenzisa ucwaningo olubonisa ubudala obuhambisana nobulili noma ubuhlanga. Abaphathi abafundisayo ukuze bazihlole bona ngokwabo futhi bagweme ukwenza izinqumo ezisekelwe emizweni engase ithonywe ubandlululo oluhlukahlukene. Qeqesha izisebenzi ngendlela yokubika ukucwaswa kwemibono nokuqinisekiswa kokukhononda ukuthi ziyothathwa ngokungathi sína.

Ukusebenzisa Inqubo Yokuthuthukisa Okungaqondakali

Ukubukeza okungaqondakali kungasiza ekunciphiseni ubandlululo lapho umuntu eqashwa. Sebenzisa izingxoxo ezihleliwe ngemibuzo ehleliwe ukuze ugweme imibono engabonisa iminyaka yobudala noma ubuzwe. Ukukhushuliswa, kuqinisekisiwe ukuthi izimpawu zisobala, zinenjongo, futhi zihlobene nomsebenzi. Ukuhlolwa kwemiphumela yobudala, uhlanga, nobulili kanye nobulili kanye, hlola ukuthi abesifazane abadala abanemibala bayakhula yini ngokwezinga elilingana namanye amaqembu. Uma imingcele ikhona, hlola izimbangela eziyisisekelo.

Yenza Umbiko Ocacile Nezici Ezingalandisa

Abaqashwa badinga izindlela eziphephile zokubika ubandlululo ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuziphindiselela. Banike amachashaza amaningi: ummeleli obizwa ngokuthi i-HR, i-irline eshisayo, noma i-ombudsman yesithathu. Zifake ngokushesha nangokucophelela zonke izikhalo, futhi ulungise uma ubandlululo lutholakala. Banike abaphathi bazo icala lokuzigcina usendaweni ezungezile, kuhlanganise nokuhlola nokukhokha izinqumo.

Impucuko Yeminyaka Ehlanganisa Ukuhlukahluka Kwezindinganiso

Thokoza iminikelo yezisebenzi ezindala ezivela kuzo zonke izizinda. Yakha izinhlelo zobukheshi ezihlanganisa izisebenzi ezisezincane nezikhulile ukuze ziqede izinkolelo ezivamile. Khuthaza amaqembu ezisebenzi zemisebenzi athintana nokuhlangana kweminyaka yobudala kanye nezinye izikhundla, njenge-"Abesifazane Abaneminyaka engaphezu kwengu-40" noma "Akhubazekile". Zitshele njalo izisebenzi ngesimo sezulu emsebenzini futhi zilungise izimiso ngokufanele.

Isiphetho

Ukuhlangana kobandlululo lobudala nezinye izigaba ezivikelwe akuyona indaba ewumgomo .Ithinta ingxenye ekhulayo yezisebenzi. Njengoba isizukulwane esikhulayo siqhubeka sisebenza esikhathini sokuthatha umhlalaphansi futhi njengoba izindawo zomsebenzi zihlukahluka, ukungazinaki ukucwasana akuseyona indlela yokukhetha. Abaqondisi] abaqaphela ukuyinkimbinkimbi kobandlululo futhi bathathe isinyathelo sokubhekana nalo ngamabomu, bayokwakha izinhlangano eziqinile ngokwengeziwe. ngezisebenzi, ukuqonda amalungelo azo ngaphansi kwemithetho eminingi kuyisinyathelo sokuqala ekufuneni ubulungisa. Isimiso somthetho sishintsha kancane kancane kancane, kodwa ushintsho olubalulekile luyenzeka enkonzweni yezenkambisweni yenkambini yayo nakwenziswayo, ngokusebenzisa imithetho yezolimi, amabhizinisi, lapho izikhulu zeze ezindaweni zonke zezindawo zezemfutho, noma isigaba sokukhubazeka, isilinganiso seminyaka, futhi siphumelela.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe, bheka i-EOC’s Agescation short ikhasi bese uhlola SM] iziqondiso zemithetho yobandlululo yobudala[[. Ukufunda okwengeziwe mayelana nokuhlangana kungatholakala isihloko se-American Bar Association esiphathelene nemjaho yenkathi yobudala nobandlululo lohlanga .[FLT]]