Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Senkululeko Kamuntu Ngamunye

Amalungelo oMthetho-sisekelo akha isisekelo sokubusa kwentando yeningi, ukumisa ukuhlelwa kwezakhiwo okungokomthetho okuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye ekuphathweni uhulumeni. E-United States, uMthetho-sisekelo kanye nezinguquko zawo kwakha uhlelo oluye lwavela emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka lokuchaza, ukuhlaziywa, nokulwa komphakathi. I-Bill of Rights .Nkathi yokuqala eyishumi inguquko eyagunyazwa ngo-1791.91.29.Nkathi olusemthethweni oluthandwa kakhulu lwalezi sivikelo, kodwa umbhalo ogcwele woMthetho-sisekelo, kuhlanganise nokubuyiselwa komthetho, ukuhlanganisa nokuhlanganisa, ukuhlanganisa yonke into emalungelo okuvotayo nenqubo efanelekile.

Lamalungelo awagcini. Awezi zincwadi eziphilayo ezichazwa kabusha njengeziqondwa umphakathi njengobulungisa zijule. Ngokwesibonelo, isiqinisekiso sokuKhunyelwa kokuqala sokukhuluma ngokukhululekile siye sandiswa ukuze sivikele ukubonakaliswa okungokomfanekiso, iminikelo yezombangazwe, nenkulumo ye-ingosi ye-intanethi, kuyilapho kubhekene nemibuzo emisha mayelana nokungaqondi nokukhuluma ngenzondo. ISichibiyelo sesine sokuvikela ekuphenyeni okungenangqondo siye savivinywa ngobuchwepheshe bokuhlola amanani abaqali abangasoze bacabanga. ISiphenduli se-Ath Rendement siye savimbela unya nesijeziso esingavamile eziqhubekayo ngokuphathelene nesigwebo sokubulala abantu.

Ukuqonda amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo kudinga ukuqaphela ukuthi akhona ngokuphikisana. Ilungelo lokuhlangana ngokukhululekile lingaphikisana nezinkathazo zomphakathi. Ilungelo lokuphatha izikhali, elivikelwe ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo sesibili, ngokuvamile lingqubuzana nemizamo yokumisa izinyathelo zokuvimbela ubudlova bezibhamu. Lemizwa ayiwona amaphutha kodwa izici zesimiso esiklanyelwe ukulinganisela izindinganiso ezincintisanayo. ISikhungo somthetho-mthetho wesizwe [[ inikeza imithombo emikhulu yendlela lamalungelo asebenza ngayo futhi iveza ukuguquka.

Amalungelo ayinhloko omthetho - sisekelo ahlangana njalo nezinkathazo zobulungisa bezenhlalo ahlanganisa:

  • Isichibiyeli sokuqala: Inkululeko yokukhuluma, inkolo, ukunyathelisa, umhlangano, nesicelo
  • Isichibiyeli seNguqulo Yesine:[ Isivikelo ekuphenyeni okungacabangeki kanye nokuquleka
  • Isichibiyeli se-F5th:[ inqubo elindelekile, isivikelo ekuzikhetheni, kanye nendawo edumile
  • Isichibiyeli sobubanzi:[ Isivikelo ekubekeni ibheyili eqile, amafashini, nesijeziso sonya nesingavamile
  • Isichibiyeli seshumi nane:[ Isivikelo esilinganayo ngaphansi komthetho, inqubo efanele, namalungelo ezakhamuzi
  • Isichibiyeli se-piffeth: Amalungelo okwazisa kungakhathaliseki uhlanga
  • [[INDANGO:0] ISichibiyelo seNineteth:[ Amalungelo akhishwayo kungakhathaliseki ubulili

Ngasinye salezinguquko zinomlando wokwanda nokuhlangana, ngokuvamile okubonisa isimo sezombangazwe nesezenhlalo esibanzi salenkathi. Ngokwesibonelo, iSichibiyelo seshumi nane seSichibiyelo sagunyazwa ngemva kweMpi Yombango ukuze kuqinisekiswe isivikelo esifanayo kubantu ababegqilaziwe ngaphambili, kodwa kwathatha cishe ikhulu leminyaka lokuthatha ukukhushulwa nokuthatha ukwenziwa kwezenzo − ngenxa yezenzakalo ezifana Brown v. Board of Education[ [1954])]

Ubulungisa Bezenhlalo Njengesisekelo Sendawo Yokuhlala Kahle

Ubulungisa bezenhlalo budlulela ngalé komthetho wamalungelo ukusingatha ukusakazwa kwamandla, imithombo, kanye nethuba emphakathini. Nakuba amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo emisa lokho uhulumeni angenakukwenza kubantu ngabanye, ubulungisa bezenhlalo bubuza ukuthi yini umphakathi okufanele uyenze [ ka ka-[_1] ngamalungu awo asuswe ngokwesimiso noma ancishwa. Lokhu kukhululeka: amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo ayinkululeko ephambene kakhulu (inkululeko yokuphazamisa), kuyilapho ubulungisa bezenhlalo ngokuvamile bufuna izibophopho eziqondile (inkululeko yokufinyelela izimpahla nezinkonzo ezidingekile).

Umqondo wobulungisa bezenhlalo unemvelaphi ejulile yefilosofi. uPlato uRepublic wabheka ubulungisa njengovumelana phakathi komphakathi lapho ingxenye ngayinye idlala khona indima yayo efanele. Izazi zokukhanyiselwa (John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, ne-Emmanuel Kant) izinkolelo-zesivumelwano somphakathi kanye nesithunzi sobuntu esiyisisekelo esisekela inkulumo yamalungelo anamuhla. Ekhulwini lama-20, izihlakaniphisi njengoJohn Rawls zichaza izinkolelo zobulungisa njengenhlangothi olulungile, ziphikisa ngokuthi umphakathi nje uhlela ukungalingani okuzuzisa okuncane. "isizathu sokungazi" ucabanga ukuthi uhlale uyithuluzi elinamandla lokuhlola ukuthi amalungiselelo ezenhlalo ngempela yini.

Izinhlangano zobulungisa zezenhlalo zangesikhathi esizayo zigxile ezindaweni eziningana ezihlangene:

  • Ubulungisa bezomnotho:[ Iholo lokuphila, izindlu ezikhokhayo, ukunakekelwa kwempilo yonke, nentela elungile
  • Ubulungisa bezezimali: Ukususa ubandlululo lwesimiso sokulawula inqubo ekubanjweni kwe-polishi, indlu, imfundo, nomsebenzi
  • [[QULT:0] Isahlulelo esiphethe:[ Iholo elilinganayo, ukuzibusa kokuzala, kanye nenkululeko ebudloveni obusekelwe ebulilini obusekelwe ebulilini
  • Ubulungisa obungokomzimba: Ukunquma ithonya elingalinganiyo lokungcola nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu emiphakathini etholakele nemiphakathi enemibala ephansi
  • Ukuguqula ukwahlulela okungokomthetho: ukuqeda ukuboshwa kwabantu abaningi, ukususa ibheyili yemali, nokuthuthukisa ubulungisa bokubuyisela
  • Ubulungisa obungalungiseki: Ukusiza ukufinyelela, indawo yokuhlala, nokuhlanganyela ngokugcwele emphakathini

Lezindawo azikho ngokwehlukana. I-fraigality .a eqanjwe isazi sezomthetho uKimberlé Crenshaw − iveza indlela ukubekwa kwenani njengesizwe, ubulili, isigaba, kanye nobulili okungakha ngayo okuhlangenwe nakho okuyingqayizivele kokubili ilungelo nokucindezelwa. Owesifazane omnyama obhekene nobandlululo emsebenzini angase abhekane nalokhu kucwaswa ngendlela ehlukile kunowelungu noma indoda emnyama, ngoba ukubekwa kwakhe kuhlala enqamuleneni yezigaba eziningi ezihlukene. Izimiso zezenhlalo ezisebenzayo zokuphatha izinhlanga kumelwe zinikeze inzuzo yalezi zimiso ezihlukene zengozi.

I- yeZizwe ezihlangene ekwahluleleni komphakathi [ lemigomo njengezinto eziyimfuneko zembulunga yonke, iqaphela ukuthi ubumpofu, ukungalingani, nokushiya indleko kululaza ukuthula nentuthuko emhlabeni wonke. IZinjongo ze-UN Eziphathekayo zentuthuko, ezamukelwa ngo-2015, zihlanganisa izisulu zokunciphisa ukungalingani, ukuthuthukisa umsebenzi ohloniphekile, nokuqinisekisa ukufinyelela ekulungeni kobulungisa kubo bonke abantu.

Lapho Amalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo Ehlangabezana Khona Nobulungisa Bezenhlalo

Ukuhlangana kwamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo nobulungisa bezenhlalo kulapho izimiso ezingekho ngokomthetho eziqondakele zibhekene khona. Ukubhalwa kwelungelo ephepheni kusho okuncane uma imingcele yezimiso ivimbela abantu ukuba bayenze. Ilungelo lokuvota, ukuvikelwa okusobala yimithetho eminingi yomthetho-sisekelo, kuye kwakhishwa imithetho ye-ID yokuvota, ukususwa kwemivoti, nokuvalwa kwezindawo zokuvota ezisendaweni ephakathi kwezindawo ezimbalwa. Ilungelo lokuqulwa ngokulunga lincishwa ubandlululo ekukhetheni kwejaji, ukungameleni okungokomthetho kwabamangalelwa abakhonzi abakhonzi abakhokhi abasemthethweni, nemithetho elinganiselwe yokugweba eveza imiphumela engapheliyo.

Leligebe phakathi kwesithembiso somthetho-sisekelo kanye neqiniso elingokoqobo liyindaba eyinhloko yokulawula kwezenhlalakahle. Izinhlangano azifuni ukuthatha indawo yamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo; zifuna ukuwenza abe yiqiniso futhi abe nokubaluleka kuwo wonke umuntu. Ngokuvamile umzabalazo uphathelene nokuchazwa nokugcinwa: yini ngempela edinga isivikelo esifanayo? Inqubo efanele idinga okungaphezu komthetho wezenhlalakahle? Izinkantolo kufanele zilinganise kanjani amalungelo aphikisanayo lapho zisempini?

Inhlangano Yamalungelo Abantu: Ukuvala Igebe Lokuphoqelelwa

I-Civil Rights Movement of the 1950 no 1960 inikeza isibonelo esinamandla kakhulu sendlela ukuthatha isinyathelo sobulungisa bezenhlalo okungaguqula ngayo incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo. Cishe ekhulwini leminyaka ngemva kweZiphendulo zeshumi nane neshumi nanhlanu eziqinisekisa isivikelo kanye namalungelo okuvota, amazwe aseNingizimu alondoloza isimiso sonya sokuhlukanisa nokulahla imithetho ngoJim Crow. Ama-Afrika angeke avote, afunde ezikoleni ezimhlophe, asebenzise izindawo zomphakathi, noma asebenze ezinkantolo. Amalungelo omthetho-mthetho ayekhona ephepheni kodwa ancishwa ngezindlela ezingokomthetho ngobudlova, ukugcona nomthetho.

Inhlangano yasebenzisa amasu amaningi ukuvala leligebe: ukuthatha izinyathelo ze-NaACP Ecligin Defense Fund's amacala aphumela Brown v. Ibhodi lemfundo[, isenzo esiqondile (izingeni, inkululeko, nokuhamba), kanye nokushaya umthetho wemithetho (iSivumelwano samalungelo esizwe sango-1964 kanye ne-Voting Rights Act ka-19656). Inhlangano yaphumelela hhayi nje ekushintsheni imithetho kodwa ekuqapheleni umphakathi ngokushintsha isilinganiso. Inkokhela-ACP] Esemthethweni Imali yokhuselo iyaqhubeka lo msebenzi, ukulwa nobandlululo lwezemfundo, nomthetho wezomthetho womthetho womthetho.

Inhlangano Yabesifazane Yamalungelo Abantu Nokulwela I - ERA Okuqhubekayo

Umzabalazo wamalungelo abesifazane ubonisa kokubili amandla nemingcele yokushintsha komthetho-sisekelo. ISichibiyelo seshumi elinesitho, esagunyazwa ngo-1920, sanika abesifazane ilungelo lokuvota, kodwa asiqinisekisanga ukuphathwa ngendlela efanayo kwezinye izingxenye zomthetho. Emashumini eminyaka, abesifazane babebhekene nokucwaswa okungokomthetho emsebenzini, ukubongwa, ukuboshelwa, umshado, nokuzimela okuzimele. ISichibiyelo samaLungelo esiBanzi (ERA), esaqala ngo-1923, sasungulwa ukuqeda lokhu ngokunqabela ngokucacile ukucwa kwezocalula ngocalulo olusekelwe eMthethweni.

I-ERA yagcina idluliswe yiSishayandlela ngo-1971 futhi yagunyazwa yizifundazwe ezingu-35, kodwa yawa kunezinga ezintathu kwezingu-38 ezazidingeka ukuze ithandwe. Ukwehluleka kwenhlangano ukuvikela i-ERA kuye kwashiya ukulingana kwe-ERA ngaphandle kwesisekelo somthetho-sisekelo esicacile, iphoqelela abameleli ukuba bathembele eMthethweni weSiphendulo seshumi nane wesivikelo esifanayo nasemithethweni kahulumeni njengesihloko se-I ne-Title IX. Ukulwela i-ERA (e) okuqhubekayo ezindlini zikahulumeni zokushaya izishaya umthetho-mthetho (index) kulokhu kubuye kwaqala ukuqina kwemithetho yemithetho (i-ERA) [1] shadisterodisssssssssssssssstion of comment (istruverstrust) is procectionmented) es newmented yezinhlangano zobulungisa zomphakathi.

I - LGBTQ+ Inhlangano Yamalungelo Nokulingana Komshado

I-LGBTQ+ i-LGBT+ amalungelo afinyelela olunye lwenguquko ezishesha kakhulu emthethweni womthetho-sisekelo ngokulwela ukulingana komshado. Ngo-1986, iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela imithetho enqabela ukusondelana okufanayo kobulili kubowrs v. Hardwick[. Ngo- 2015, iNkantolo efanayo yabusa ewehlelekile v. Hodges ukuthi imibhangqwana efanayo enelungelo lomthetho womthetho wokushada. Lenguquko ephawulekayo yayingewona umkhiqizo wokuziphendukela kwemvelo kuphela; yaqhutshwa amashumi eminyaka ezenzo zomthetho, imfundo yomphakathi, nezinyuko zotshani yashintsha imithetho yombili nezinhliziyo.

Icebo lenhlangano lahlanganisa i-ligitation (izindaba zomshado ezisezingeni eliphezulu), umthetho (ukubuyiselwa kwe-Defense of Marriage Act), kanye nokushintsha kwempucuko (ukwandiswa kokubonakala ngemidiyamu, ukwamukelwa komkhaya, nokufakwa emsebenzini). Umphumela waba ukunqoba komthetho-sisekelo okwahunyushelwa ngokuqondile ekwahluleleni komphakathi: imibhangqwana eshadile exhunyiwe engokwabelanayo yathola ithuba lokuthola izinqumo zempilo, amalungelo efa, izinzuzo zentela, nokuqaphela umphakathi. Nokho lenhlangano iqaphela ukuthi ukulingana okungokomthetho akuqinisekisi ukulingana okuhlala; LGBTQ+ amaMelika ayaqhubeka ebhekenelwa ngokwezikhundla, imisebenzi, nokunakekela impilo ezizweni eziningi ngaphandle kwesivikelo esiqondile sezenteko.

Izindawo Eziqamba Ikhanda: Ukukhipha Amalungelo Nokuphikisa

Izindawo ezimbili ezicindezelwe kakhulu zamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo nobulungisa bezenhlalo namuhla zingamalungelo okuvota nelungelo lokubhikisha. Umthetho ka-1965 wawungomunye wemithetho ephumelela kakhulu yamalungelo abantu emlandweni waseMelika, kodwa isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ka-2013 [i-FLT:0] iShelby County v. I-Hanger ibulala amalungiselelo abalulekile adingekayo ngemida yobandlululo ukuze ithole ukuvunyelwa nguhulumeni ngaphambi kokushintsha imithetho yokuvota. Iminyaka eminingi kusukela lapho, iye yamisa imithetho ye-ontather, i-opera imivhotela, ivala izindawo, futhi ivotahliswa ngokushesha okungaqondaniwe kakhulu, ukuthinta imibala, asebe asebe nabafundi, nabafundi.

Ilungelo lokubhikisha, elivikelwe yiSichibiyelo Sokuqala, liye labhekana nezinselele ezintsha. Ukusabela kwamaphoyisa ekubhikisheni kukaGeorge Floyd ngo-2020 kwembula umehluko endleleni imiphakathi ehlukene ephathwa ngayo. Izikhulu zempi ziye zahlangabezana nobudlova noma ukungakhathaleli okungokomthetho. Abameli bezenhlalakahle baphikisa ngokuthi ilungelo lokuhlangana lisho okuncane uma amaphoyisa engamemezela cishe noma yimuphi umbuthano ongagunyaziwe "omhlangano ongavunyelwe umthetho" noma uma i-masipala lingaphonsa izimfuneko zemvume kanye nezidingo zomshuwalenselo.

Izithiyo Eziphikelelayo Ekulungiseni Izenhlalo

Naphezu kwesivikelo somthetho - sisekelo namashumi eminyaka ezenzo zokubambisana, izithiyo zezimiso ziyaqhubeka zivimbela intuthuko empilweni yobulungisa bezenhlalo. Lemingcele ayikona nje ukwakheka; igxile emithethweni, ezimisweni, nasezinhlelweni ngokuvamile ezaziklanyelwe ukuveza imiphumela engenakulinganiswa.

Ubuhlanga Obuhleliwe Nokungalingani Kwezimiso

Izindlela zokucwasana kwezinhlanga ezivezwa futhi ziphinde zivulwe ngemisebenzi evamile yezinhlangano, ngisho nalapho kungekho nhloso ecacile yokukhipha ubandlululo. Izimiso zezindlu, ukuboleka imikhuba yokuxhasa isikole, kanye nezinqubo zokwahlulela zobugebengu konke kuveza imiphumela ehlukene ngokwezinhlanga. URedlin, umkhuba wokuphika izikweletu ezibolekisayo ezizulwini zabamnyama, wavinjelwa ezindaweni ezivamile ze-1968 Fair Hollas Act, kodwa imiphumela yazo iyaqhubeka ezindaweni ezidume ngokwezezezezentengiselwano, ubumpofu obugcwele ingqhwebo, nengcebo yezizukulwane. Umkhaya wezindaba ezimhlophe uveza ingcebo ecishe ngokuphindwe kasishiyagalombili komkhaya wezindaba abamnyama, igebe eliye lanciphe kakhulu emashumini eminyaka.

Ukungalingani Kwezomnotho Nokuthola Ubulungisa

Ilungelo lomthetho-sisekelo lokunikeza iseluleko ezicabeni zobugebengu, elisungulwe Gideon v. Wainwright (1963), livame ukudunyiswa ekwaphukeni. Izimiso zomphakathi zokuvikela kulo lonke izwe zihlala zingaphansi kwemithetho, nezintelekiso ezithwele izigijimi ezenza ukumelelwa okuphumelelayo. Isiphetho sommangalelwa singaxhomeke kakhulu ekhonweni labo lokuthenga ummeli wangasese kunasemandleni obufakazi. [`Izimo zomphakathi] ezixoxisayo, ukumangalelwa kwabantwana, ukukhokhwana kwezikweletu zezingane] [FLT] [FLT] [3] ukumiswa kwesokudla, futhi abantu abaphansi bangathola inzuzo engcono kakhulu.

Ukungalingani kwezomnotho nakho kumelela amandla ezombangazwe. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme sihlangene ne. I-FEC (2010) ivumela izinhlangano zenkampani nemali echithwayo emikhankasweni yezombangazwe, kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka kokuthi izakhamuzi ezivamile zincishwa izithakazelo ezicebile. U Voter uphendulwa kakhulu yimali nemfundo, okusho ukuthi unyuswano alumeleli umphakathi njengeqembu lonke. Izehlulelo zezentengiselwano zezempi, ukubhalisa okuzenzekelayo, nokuthatha inyathelo lokuqinisekisa ukuthi isimo sezomnotho asinqunyiwe ngezeli.

Ukungavumelani Kwezombangazwe Nezithiyo Ezingokwe - Elector

I-United States ingenye yezindawo ezimbalwa zentando yeningi eziphika amalungelo okuvota ezakhamuzini ezinezinsolo, ngokuvamile iminyaka eminingi noma ngisho naphila ngemva kokuba seziqede izigwebo zazo. Lomkhuba ususa cishe izigidi eziyisithupha zaseMelika, i-Black ne-Latino. Ezizweni eziningi, imithetho yokuvota ehlukene nemithetho yokuvota yamiswa ngokuqondile ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuvota emvuthwa kweMpi Yombango. Ithonya lobuhlanga lwalemithetho liyaqhubeka namuhla, futhi imizamo yokubuyisela amalungelo okuvota ngokuvamile empini engokomphakathi ebhekene nokuphepha kwezombangazwe okuvame ukumiswa ngokwezimo ezisemthethweni zomphakathi kodwa njengesithiyo sokuhlanganyela ekuhlanganyele entando yentando yeningi.

Ngalé kokudideka kwe-felon, ukuthatha izifunda ezikhethiweyo ukuze kuzuze iqembu elilodwa noma iqembu elilodwa, − disterts ukumelela kwezombangazwe. Zihlangene ne-volution primerimrities ne-Electoral College, lezizici zokwakha zidala isimiso lapho abavoti abaningi benomuzwa wokuthi amavoti abo awakhathazeki. Izinhlangano zomthetho zigxila kakhulu ekuguqukeni kwezakhiwo: ukuvota okuzimele, ukuthatha izikhomishane zokuzimela, nokuqeda iElmectoral College, zonke iziphano ezihloselwe ukwenza isimiso sezombangazwe siphendule futhi singakwazi ukufezeka.

Izisu Zokuthuthukisa Ubulungisa Bezenhlalo Ngobushiqela Bomthetho - sisekelo

Ubulungisa bezenhlalo obuqhubekayo budinga ukusebenza kokubili phakathi kwesimiso somthetho nangaphandle. Ukubekwa kwemithetho-mthetho kungamisa izenzakalo ezibalulekile, kodwa ukunqoba kwenkantolo kungaba okuncane, okuntekenteke, noma okungalungiseki ezinkantolo zesikhathi esizayo. Ukubekwa kwemithetho kungaveza izivikelo eziqinile ze-altutry, kodwa imithetho ingabuyiselwa noma ikhutshwe. Abahleli bamaqembu bahlela amandla noshintsho, kodwa kudinga umzamo oqhubekayo eminyakeni noma amashumi eminyaka.

Iqhinga Elingokomthetho Nokuthonya Kwalo

Impatho i-ligigation [1] ama-actives alethwa ukumisa izimiso ezibanzi zomthetho kunokuba awine amacala ngamanye, kwaye yaba isisekelo somthetho wezenhlalakahle kusukela Brown v. Ibhodi lemfundo[. Izinhlangano ezinjenge-ACLU, iNaACP Legal Defense, iNacillence Law Center ye-Profecter, ne Center for Constitutional Rights ziletha amacala abekela imithetho ephikisa imithetho yezempatho, ukuziphatha okubi kwamaphoyisa, nokuphulwa kwamalungelo omthetho-mthetho-mthetho. Lezi ziveza imibono yokwahlulela ecacisa incazelo yesivikelo somthetho-mthetho-mthetho futhi ifake ikhambiso ezikhungweni.

Nokho, ukuthembela ezinkantolo kunemingcele. Abahluleli bamiswa, abakhethwanga, futhi ijaji likahulumeni liye lathatha iziphazamiso emashumini eminyaka amuva. Izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme zamalungelo okuvota, izimali zomkhankaso, ukukhipha isisu, nokuvuma zonke ziye zahamba ngokufanele, zilinganisela amathuluzi atholakalayo kwabameleli bomphakathi. Ngakho - ke, icebo elingokomthetho kumelwe lihlanganiswe nezimpande zomthetho notshani ezingafinyelela ushintsho ezimweni ezingcono kakhulu.

Ukushaya Indiva Kwemithetho Nesimiso

Imithetho yokushaya umthetho ifuna ukumisa imithetho ehlanganisa izimiso zobulungisa zomphakathi zingene emthetho-mthetho. UMthetho we-Civil Rights, i-Voting Rights Act, i-American on Culcument Act, ne-Affordal Care Act zonke ziyizibonelo zendlela ukumiswa kwemithetho yokuguqula izindinganiso zomthetho-mthetho nezobulungisa zezenhlalo zibe amalungelo agunyazwayo. Ukulawula uhulumeni kusebenza futhi emazingeni endawo, lapho abameleli baphoqelela khona izinyathelo ezifana nenguquko yamaphoyisa, ukuqasha i-gadaldization, izivumelwano ezisebenzayo, nokukhokha iholo, nokunyuka kwemithetho esemthethweni yezentengoza umphakathi.

Inqubo yomthetho idinga ukwakhiwa kobunye, ukunxenxa, imfundo yomphakathi, nokucindezela kwezombangazwe. Izinhlangano zobulungisa bezenhlalo zihlanganyela kuyo yonke lemisebenzi, ngokuvamile zisebenza ngokubambisana ekuhlanganiseni ubulungisa bezinhlanga, ubulungisa bezomnotho, indawo ezungezile, namaqembu enkululeko yomphakathi. Impumelelo yomzabalazo wokulingana komshado, ngokwesibonelo, ixhomeke emizamweni ehlangene phakathi kwemithetho, imithetho, namasiko.

Izimpande Ezinomsila Zihlela Futhi Zakha Izindiza

Izinhlangano zomphakathi ziqeqesha abaholi, ukwakha izinhlangano, futhi zikhuthaza abantu ukuba bazithathele izintambo. Izinhlangano ezakhiwa ngama-croumess ahlela − i-Civil Rights Movement, inhlangano yepulazi ye-farker, ukulwela amalungelo okukhubazeka, ukulwela amalungelo okukhubazeka."Izinhlangano zomphakathi ziveza izinguquko ezingafezeki. Ukusungula intando yezombangazwe, ukuguqula umbono womphakathi, futhi zifunela izikhulu ezikhethiwe ukulandisa.

Ama-orchroot anamuhla ahlela ukusebenzisa amathuluzi amanani ngokwandayo. Ama-computer ezokuxhumana avumela izinhlangano ukuba zisakaze imiyalezo, izenzo zobudlelwane, futhi zakhe izinhlangano zezwe nembulunga yonke. Umzabalazo we-Black Live Matter, # MeToo, kanye nenhlangano yobulungisa bezulu eholwa yintsha efuna ushintsho oluqinile njenge Greta Thunberg, konke kuye kwasebenzisa ukulungiswa kwemishini ukuze kwandise amazwi ayo futhi kwandise amandla. Nokho ukwakheka kwemishini kumelwe kuxhunyiwe ebuhlotsheni nasemiphakathini esemhlabeni nasezindaweni ukuze kubangele ushintsho oluqinile.

Isakhiwo Esinemijondolo Nendawo Eqinile Engahlangana Nayo

Ayikho inhlangano eyodwa engafinyelela ubulungisa bezenhlalo iyodwa. Ukubambisana okunempumelelo kudinga ukwakha imifelandawonye phakathi kwezindaba nezindawo. Izinhlangano zezezenhlalakahle zihlangene nezinhlangano zezisebenzi nabasekeli bempilo yomphakathi. Izinhlangano zobulungisa bezinhlanga zisebenza namaqembu amalungelo abafuduki nezinhlangano zamalungelo okuvota. Izehlulelo zezentengiselwano ezisekela amaqembu alwela ukufinyelela kobuphini bempilo nokuklanywa kwendawo yonke. Lemibutho imisa amandla futhi iqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlangano zidingise ukuyinkimbinkimbi okugcwele kokungabi nabulungisa.

Ubumbano oluhlangene lusho futhi ukuthi imizabalazo kumelwe ihlole amandla ayo angaphakathi. Umzabalazo wobulungisa wohlanga onganaki ubulili noma ukukhubazeka ungafana nowodwa ofunwa yiwo ukudiliza. Izinhlangano zobulungisa bezenhlalo zithatha izisekelo zokungquzulana ezisekela okuhlangenwe nakho kwalabo abakweqile kakhulu, ziqaphela ukuthi ukuphakamisa abahlupheka kakhulu kuphakamisa wonke umuntu.

Amandla Emfundo Aguqulayo Obulungisa

Imfundo iyinhloso yokulunga kwezenhlalo elungelwe yona futhi iyithuluzi lokufinyelela ubulungisa bezenhlalo. Ukungalingani kwemfundo okubanzi kwezezimali, ingcebo, nemiphumela phakathi kwezifunda ezicebile nezimpofu, phakathi kwabafundi abamhlophe nabambalwa, kuyinkinga yobulungisa bezenhlalo. Kodwa imfundo futhi inamandla okudala olwazi, ibeke izakhamuzi ezidingekayo ukuze kusebenze idemokrasi nomphakathi onobulungisa.

Imfundo Yabo Bonke Nemfundo Yomthetho - sisekelo

Ulwazi ngamalungelo omthetho awusakazwanga ngendlela elinganayo. AmaMelika amaningi awakwazi ukuqamba amagama amagatsha amathathu kahulumeni noma ukuveza amalungelo avikelwe yiSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Lokhu kungabi namfundo esemthethweni kululaza ukuthatha isinyathelo sentando yeningi futhi kwenza kube nzima ngabantu ukuba bafune amalungelo abo. Imfundo yobulungisa kumelwe ihlanganise ukufundisa okucacile ngesivikelo somthetho-sisekelo, umlando wokwanda kwawo, kanye nemizabalazo eqhubekayo ukuze bawenze abe ngokoqobo.

Imfundo yomphakathi ephumelelayo idlula ukukhumbula. Ihilela abafundi ezingxoxweni zemibuzo ephikiswayo engokomthetho-mthetho, ukuhlola okungokomlando, kanye nokulingisa izinqubo zedemokrasi. Izinhlelo ezifana nethi People, Street Law, ne-iCbivics zinikeza izifundo ezisiza abafundi ukuba baqonde kokubili izimiso kanye nokucupha komthetho-sisekelo. Uma abafundi befunda ngokusetshenziswa kweZinkantolo, i-LGBTQ, noma impikiswano eqhubekayo emayelana namalungelo okuvota, baqonda ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo awusona isakhiwo esimisiwe kodwa uyisisekelo esiphilayo sokulwa okuqhubekayo.

Isimiso Sokwahlulela Esibucayi Nesezobulungisa Bezenhlalo

Isazi sezemfundo uPaulo Freire sathi imfundo ayithathi hlangothi; ihlala noma ikhululeke. Isigaba esinzima siphatha abafundi njengabahlanganyeli abakhuthele ekufundeni kwabo, sibakhuthaza ukuba bangabaze ukulinganiselwa, bahlaziye izakhiwo zamandla, futhi bathathe isinyathelo ezindabeni abazikhathalelayo. Imfundo yobulungisa engokwenhlalo ihlanganisa imibono eye yabekwa phansi ngemva kwemfundo engokwesiko .

Izikole ezihlanganisa imfundo yobulungisa yezenhlalo nazo zifeza izimo zokufunda ngokwazo. Ukusekela ngemali okungalinganiyo, abafundisi abahlukahlukene nabalungiselene kahle, isigaba esincane, nendawo esekelayo azihlukene nezifundo; ziyizimo zezinto ezibonakalayo ezenza ukufunda kube nokwenzeka. Ubulungisa bezemfundo busho ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umfundi ngamunye, kungakhathaliseki uhlanga, iholo, noma ukukhubazeka, uyakwazi ukufinyelela ingcebo ayidingayo ukuze achume.

Ukuhileleka Kwentsha Nokuhlanganyela Emsebenzini

Intsha ayilindele ukuba abantu abadala bayinikeze ubulungisa bezenhlalo. Unyaka owenzelwe ukuhlasela kwezemfundo yezeMiliyoni Yethu, owabangelwa ukudubulana kwesikole ngo-2018 eParkland, eFlorida, wakhuthaza izigidi zentsha ukuba ifune ukuvinjelwa kobudlova bezibhamu. Inhlangano yentsha yeClimate Attackings, egqugquzelwe nguGreta Thunberg, uye wahlela ukuzula kwesikole futhi wabhikisha kulo lonke izwekazi. Lezinhlangano zibonisa ukuthi intsha ingaba izithunywa ezinamandla zokushintsha lapho ifundiswa ngamalungelo ayo, ihlelwe ngezokuxhumana nezokuxhumana kwezesikole, futhi inikezwe amathuba okuhola.

Izikole zingasekela ukuthatha isinyathelo sobusha ngokunikeza indawo yokuhlela abafundi, ukufundisa amakhono okufundisa nokukhuluma obala, nokuvikela amalungelo abafundi okuveza imibono yabo. Uma abafundi bephathwa njengezakhamuzi kunokuba baphathwe njengabamukeli bemfundo nje kuphela, bathuthukisa imikhuba namakhono okuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi okusekela izinhlangano zobulungisa bomphakathi esikhathini eside.

Ukuphishekela Umphakathi Onobulungisa Kakhulu Okuqhubekayo

Ukuhlangana kwamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo nobulungisa bezenhlalo akuyona indawo eqinile kodwa umkhakha onamandla wokulwa. Isizukulwane ngasinye sizuza njengefa iqoqo lesivikelo somthetho-sisekelo esinqotshwe yizinhlangano zangaphambili futhi sibhekene nezinselele ezintsha ekwenzeni lezozivikelo zibe ngokoqobo kubo bonke abantu. Umlando ungavumelana nobulungisa, njengoba uMartin Luther King Jr. asho, kodwa awenzi umzamo onamandla.

Ubulungisa bezenhlalo abuyona indawo okuqashelwa kuyo kodwa buwumkhuba. Kudinga ukuqapha okuqhubekayo ukuvikela inzuzo enzima, ikhono lokusungula izinto ezintsha, nobunye ukuhlanganisa izinhlangano nezindawo. Amalungelo oMthetho-sisekelo anikeza uhlelo olubucayi kanye namazwi anamandla kulo msebenzi, kodwa awanele. Amalungelo ngaphandle kwezimo zezenhlalo nezomnotho ukuba ahlale engekho. Umthetho ngaphandle kokuqikelelwa ubhala incwadi. Ubulungisa ngaphandle kokuthatha isinyathelo ngokusebenza kwemiphakathi ayisebenzi, kodwa ayisebenzi, kodwa ayinamandla.

Umbuzo osekujuleni kwale ngqungquthela awukho ukuthi yini ethinta amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo, kodwa amalungelo avikelwe kakhulu, asebenza, futhi akhokhelwa kangakanani. Impendulo kulowombuzo ishintsha lapho izinhlangano zikha amandla, njengoba izinkantolo zichaza futhi zichaza kabusha umthetho, futhi njengoba isizukulwane ngasinye sinquma uhlobo lomphakathi esifuna ukulwakha. Umsebenzi wobulungisa obungokwenhlalo umsebenzi wokwenza izithembiso zomthetho-mthetho ube ngokoqobo kubo bonke abantu, futhi awupheli.