Incazelo yoMthetho-sisekelo ifana nenye yemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu engenziwa uchwepheshe wezomthetho. Amazwi asho ukuthi isikhumba siye saguqula izimpi, sawisa imithetho, futhi sachaza amalungelo ezigidi. Nokho, lencwadi endala ngokuphawulekayo, ibhalwe ngolimi olungase luzwakale ludala futhi lungaqondakali kakhulu. Iyini indlela abahluleli, abameli, nezazi ezisuka embhalweni wekhulu leshumi elinesibhozo kuya yiqiniso lekhulu lama-20? Le nqubo iyingxubevange eyinkimbinkimbi yemisebenzi yezandla, umlando, nefilosofi. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ngayo ukucaciciwa okucacile kwamathuluzi nezindlela ezisetshenziswa yikhomba esemthethweni ukuze kunqunywe lokho ngempela okushiwo uMthetho-sisekelo.

Okwenza Ukuchazwa Komthetho - sisekelo Kubaluleke Kuwo Wonke Umuntu

UMthetho-sisekelo ungumthetho ophakeme wezwe, kodwa awuyona incwadi yeziqondiso ezizihlukanisayo. Uma uhulumeni udlulisa umthetho ovimbela ukukhishwa kwezisu, uMkhandlu udala inxusa elikhulu lokuqondisa, noma uMongameli uthi unelungelo lokulawula, umuntu kumelwe anqume ukuthi lezo zenzo ziyasebenza yini ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo. Lowo umsebenzi oyinhloko wokuchaza umthetho-sisekelo. Izigxobo ziphakeme kakhulu, zithinta yonke into kusukela ekubeni nesibhamu kanye nenkululeko yokukhuluma emalungelweni eyimfihlo kanye nokulingana kwamandla phakathi kukahulumeni wezwe nezifundazwe. Ukuqonda indlela izazi zezomthetho ezibheka ngayo le mibuzo kukhanyisa ngayo isisekelo sombuso waseMelika.

Imithombo Eyinhloko: Lapho Ukuchazwa Kuqala Khona

Ngaphambi kokuba isazi sezomthetho sisungule umbono othile, kumelwe siqoqe izinto ezizosetshenziswa.

Umbhalo Womthetho - sisekelo

Loluhambo luqala ngamagama ngokwawo. Ochwepheshe bezomthetho baqeqeshelwe ukufunda uMthetho-sisekelo ngokunemba okukhulu. Babuza: Iyini incazelo evamile yaleligama? Ingabe igama elithi “i-creast ne" alijwayelekile” linoncazelo emisiwe, noma liyanwebeka? Lokhu kuchaza okushiwoyo ngamagama akhethekile kulokho umhumushi angase akufise ukuba asho. Ngokwesibonelo, iPrevention Claus inikeza uKhomishani amandla ku-“ Claus Commerce nezizwe zakwamanye amazwe, naphakathi kwamaZwe amaningana, kanye namaNdiya.” Incazelo eqondile ye-“Commerce” kanye “phakathi kwamaZwe amaningana” ibilokhu iyindaba yempikiswano enkulu emakhulwini amabili eminyaka, isenza isisekelo se-omidiyana.

Isakhiwo Sencwadi

Ngezinye izikhathi, incazelo ayiveli nje kulokho okushiwo uMthetho-sisekelo, kodwa ekwakhiweni kwawo konke. Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi ukuchazwa kokwakha. UMthetho-sisekelo wakha amagatsha amathathu kahulumeni, uhlukanisa amandla phakathi kohulumeni nohulumeni, futhi umise isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisa. Kulesi sakhiwo, ochwepheshe bezimiso ezingachazwanga ngokuqondile. Ngokwesibonelo, imfundiso yokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso ayibhalwanga eqenjini elilodwa, kodwa iboniswa ngokusobala ngendalo yemithetho ehlukile, yesikhulu, namagatsha okwahlulela. ISikhulu uJohn Marshall wasebenzisa lokhu kuqondana okudumile [[FL:] ku-[FLT]. [FLCClg] v. Mary [19] ekusekeleni indalo ye-bangesizwe, ukuphikisa i-Constitutionstions Commotion, ishoshoshoshod provideticssion.

Umlando Nephepha Lohlelo Lomlando

Ukuze baqonde incazelo yombhalo owabhalwa ngo-1787, ochwepheshe bezomthetho bazigcina begxile emlandweni weNkathi Yokusungulwa. Bafunda izimpikiswano e-Constitution, Féderalist Papers[ [incazelo yombhalo] (eye-Anti-Fedalist], futhi umgomo uvame ukuqonda “incazelo yasobala” yombhalo, [indlela] umuntu onengqondo ngesikhathi sokumiswa kwe-ratration wayeyowaqonda ngayo amagama. Lomlando unikeza umongo obalulekile ukuze kuqondwe amagama acacile. Uma iSichibiyelo sesi sesibili sivikela ilungelo lokuphatha ne-Alm, ochwepheshe babheka ukubheka ukucubukwa kwe-18 uma lombhalo ubhekwa njengomuntu oyedwa.

Indima Yezandulela Nezomlando

Nakuba umbhalo nomlando kuyisisekelo, amakhulu eminyaka ezinqumo zokwahlulela aye akha ungqimba oluqinile lwencazelo yamagama angenalutho.

Ukukhohlisa KweStar: Imfundiso Yokuqala

[[NTLT: 0] [[FF] [FFF] [FFF:] [10] [indlela] yesinqumo, (i-Latin esho “ukuma ngezinto ezinqunyiwe”) yisimiso esingokomthetho sokuthi izinkantolo kufanele zilandele izishaya-mthetho zangaphambili. Inikeza ukuzinza, ukubikezela, nokungaguquguquki emthethweni. [[FFFF:3] noma [FFF] [eyenum], uma kungenziwa ngokuphambene nomthetho: [FFF:] noma [FOF:] noma [FOF:].[10] [eye] i-vFOM.[10] i-v] i-vFOnke.[ev] i-ev.v:brobs [f] i-v: "5] ibuza i-', kodwa ibuza, kodwa i-FFoct.[F][5] i-evos.[irn.[evom]

Umkhuba Ongokomlando Wamagatsha Ezombangazwe

Omunye umthombo we- “glos” kuMthetho-sisekelo uwumkhuba osukhona isikhathi eside weSishaya-mthetho ne-Grand Breade. Uma uMongameli ebesebenzisa amandla athile iminyaka engu-150 ngaphandle kokuphikiswa yiSishaya-mthetho, lowo mkhuba ungasiza ekumiseni ubukho bomthetho-mthetho walelo gunya. Lokhu ngokuvamile kusetshenziswa ezimpikiswaneni zegunya lesikhulu nesimiso sangaphandle. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuba khona kombuso ozimele wokuphatha (impicaba enjenge-EPA noma FCC) kuthethelelwa kakhulu ngokuzijwayelwa ukusukela emuva emuva eRepublic yakuqala, naphezu kokuthula komthetho-mthetho-mgalelo-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho ezintweni ezinjalo. Umest Frankfurtrder wayengumsekeli onamandla walendlela yokuthatha isinyathelo “yo eyisayo.

Izikole Ezinkulu Zokuchaza Umthetho - sisekelo

Nakuba lezi zikole zomqondo zivumelana futhi zishintshashintsha, zimelela umehluko oyisisekelo endleleni uMthetho - sisekelo ofundwa ngayo.

Ukudazulula

Umthetho womthetho uqobo ungumbono wokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo unencazelo eqinile, enqunywe ukuthi wawusho ukuthini kubantu abawamukelayo. Kunemizwa ehlukene, kodwa evelele kakhulu namuhla i-Original Public Metainism [. Lokhu akufuni izinhloso eziqondene ze-James Madison noma amaFramers, kodwa kunalokho ukuqonda okunenjongo kombhalo ngendlela obekungaqondwa ngayo umphakathi ngesikhathi sokuziswa kwe-ratiation. IJaji Antonin Scalia yayiyingqwele edumile yalombono. I-Origistry iphikisa ngokuthi lendlela ivimbela abahluleli, ibavimbela ekubekeni izindinganiso zabo zomuntu siqu emthethweni. Imithetho yentando yentando yeningi, ishintshelwe ngenqubo yemithetho noma ngokungachazwangaculwangaculwanga.

Ukubhala ngokulotshiwe

I-Textalism ihlobene kakhulu ne-Extraryism kodwa igxile kakhulu embhalweni ngokwawo. Umahluleli we-Textumiclist unikeza amazwi oMthetho-sisekelo incazelo yawo evamile ngesikhathi sokumiswa kwemithetho, enqaba ukubheka umlando wemithetho noma injongo esekelwe kuyo. Kumehluleli oqinile, umbhalo uwukuphela kwegunya. Uma umbhalo ucacile, isiphetho sokuhlola. Lendlela inethonya elikhulu kuwo womashiqela womthetho-mthetho kanye nomthetho, isekelwa nguMahluleli uNeil Gormoth. Iwukuyala lokuzibamba, ifuna ukuba umahluleli asebenze ngalokho okushiwo umthetho ngempela, hhayi lokho abacabanga ukuthi kufanele usho.

Umthetho - sisekelo Ophilayo

Ngokuphikisana ngokuqondile nobuFordistism yifilosofi eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Living Constitution. Lombono ukholelwa ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo uyincwadi enamandla okuguqula umphakathi. Amagama awo abanzi (“inqubo yokuqala,”“ isivikelo esilinganayo,”” isijeziso esingavamile”) umema ukuchazwa “izindinganiso eziguquguqukayo zokuziphatha okuhle eziphawula intuthuko yomphakathi okhulayo.” IJaji William Brennan noJaji uStephen Breyer ukuba babe abasekeli abaholayo. Lokhu kuvumela uMthetho-Mpathistiki ukuba uqhubeke noshintsho lwezobuchwepheshe (njengendawo eyimfihlo yezezesayensi) nentuthuko yezenhlalo (njengeyomshado). Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi le nkolelo inikeza amandla amakhulu kakhulu okulawula umthetho ngaphansi kokuchaza.

Ukwakha

Njengoba kuphawuliwe ngaphambili, i-Calcalism iveza imithetho nezimiso ezithathwe ekuklanyweni komthetho-sisekelo wonke. Igxila ebuhlotsheni phakathi kwamagatsha kahulumeni nezifundazwe. Lendlela ayikhathazeki kakhulu ngombhalo oqondile wesisho esisodwa futhi ikhathalela kakhulu isimiso njengesonke. Ngokwesibonelo, wonke umthetho wezwe we-preplation (lapho umthetho kahulumeni uwephula umthetho wezwe) wakhiwe ezimisweni zokwakha ezisuka kuSupremacy Claus nohlobo lwe-somnistism. Umahluleli angabusa ngokumelene nesenzo sikahulumeni hhayi ngoba unqabela igebelo oluthile, kodwa ngenxa yokuthi uphazamisa ukulinganisela kwesilinganiso samandla phakathi kwezwe nohulumeni wesizwe.

Ukuphamba Nokusebenzisa Izinhlamvu Ezincane

I-Pragmaticism iyifilosofi esekelwe kakhulu. Umahluleli we-RAGMAT ugxila emiphumeleni yangempela yezwe yesinqumo. Abakhathazeki kakhulu ngokunamathela okuqinile kokulotshiwe noma emlandweni wokuqala futhi bakhathalela kakhulu ukusungula umthetho osebenza kahle. I-Justice Wendell Holmes Jr. iyi-search for American perectalismism. I-Minimalistism, ngokuvamile ehlobene noMahluleli uSandra Day O’Connor noJastier Ginsburg, iyicebo elihlobene kakhulu. Amasuntslayelo akhetha ukunquma izimpikiswano ezimfantu, ukuxazulula impikiswano ngaphandle kokubeka imithetho ebanzi yezomthetho wezomthetho wezomthetho. Baiela ukuhlelwa kwemithetho yentando yentando yeningi futhi ephazamisayo, ivumela umthetho ukuba ukhule kancane kancane.

Indlela Ukuchaza Okusebenza Ngayo

Ngokuvamile, ubulungisa busebenzisa izindlela eziningi ukuze buqinise isiphetho.

Izakhiwo Ezinkulu

Ochwepheshe bezomthetho basebenzisa imithetho yezilimi, eyaziwa njengemithetho yokwakha, ukuze basize ekuqondeni umbhalo. Abanye bayimithetho yolimi oluvamile: igama elithi “futhi” linencazelo; igama elithi “noma” lithukile. Abanye baqondene kakhulu nomthetho. Canon Against Surprage[[FL:1] icabanga ukuthi igama ngalinye elisemthethweni lisho okuthile. Isonto linikeza u-Esmem [u-generis[FLT]] u-Explot [[FLT]] umqulu uthi uma igama elivamile lilandela uhlu lwamagama aqondileyo, isigamusholo sisebenza kuphela ezintweni ezifanayo. Lezi ziveza indlela ezihlolwayo zolimi olufanayo.

Izinga Lokuhlola

Uma umthetho ubekelwe inselele njengokwephula uMthetho-sisekelo, iNkantolo isebenzisa izinga elithile lokuhlola, eliyikho ukuhlolwa kokwahlulela. Izinga elikhethwayo ngokuvamile linquma umphumela. Ratifastial Basis Review[ ingumthetho obekelwe indinganiso enzima kakhulu; umthetho uthathwa njengosebenza uma uhlangene ngokunengqondo nesithakazelo esingokomthetho sikahulumeni (umk., imithetho yezomnotho). [[FLT:] Scristinty[[FLT: 3] uyindinganiso enzima kakhulu; umthetho uthathwa njengongaqiniseki uma uhulumeni ungafaka isiqinisekiso esimweni sokusebenza ngokunye esiqinile sokufeza isithakazelo esiphoqekelelwe (umk., imithetho ethinta izinhlanga noma amalungelo ayisisekelo). [FTLT] [FT]: [FT] [FT] emithelct: [5] emithelweni esekelwe esimweni esiqinile., i-ssusivu se-smotimu.

Impikiswano Yanamuhla Nezimpikiswano

Impi yokuchaza umthetho-sisekelo ingaphakathi ekuhlukaneni kwezombangazwe kwaseMelika. INkantolo yamanje ePhakeme kakhulu inesici esiqinile sobuProtorystrianism ne-Textumicism iningi, iholela ekushintsheni okukhulu ezindaweni ezinjengokukhipha isisu, amalungelo okudubula, nenkolo. Impikiswano nge IMajor Questions Doctrine [ [1] Intuthuko yamuva efuna ukuba uMkhandlu ukhulume ngokucacile lapho ufuna ukumisa i-akhi ukuze inqununu inqume indaba yokubaluleka okukhulu kwezomnotho noma kwezombangazwe. [isibonelo esiyinhloko se-Tritualtualism nezimiso zobuPronika ezisebenzayo.

Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-Fractalism ngokuvamile kuwukufundwa okukhethayo komlando oklanyelwe ukufinyelela imiphumela engaguquki. Abalweli baphikisa ngokuthi indawo engasetshenziswayo ```a Living Constitution'" iyisimemo sokuba amajaji athathe umthetho ebhentshini. Zombili izinhlangothi zithi zivikela umthetho. Izimpi zokuqinisekiswa komthetho ezibekwa abahluleli beNkantolo Ephakeme manje ngokuyinhloko ziyizimpi zemibono okuzobusa ngazo.

Isiphetho: Impikiswano Engapheli

Ukunquma lokho uMthetho-sisekelo okushoyo akukona ukuvivinya umzimba ngomzabalazo. Umzamo womuntu ojulile ohlanganisa umlando, ulimi, ifilosofi, nezombangazwe. Umbhalo umisiwe, kodwa ukuqonda kwethu ngawo kuqondiswa ukuxoxa okungapheli phakathi kwesikhathi esidlule namanje. Ochwepheshe abaphambili bezomthetho baletha ukwethembeka kokuhlakanipha nokuthobeka emsebenzini, baqaphela umthwalo wemfanelo omkhulu wokuchaza incwadi ebusa isizwe esikhulu nesiyahlukahlukahluka. Noma umuntu ungumsunguli noma umkholwa eMthethweni Wemithetho Ephilayo, umgomo ofanayo: ukwenza umbhalo ongcwele ovumelana nowokusungula, ovumelana, nowodwa, nowodwa, futhi ovumelana nabantu baseMelika namuhla. Impikiswano eqondeni yeqiniso lomthetho womthetho-mthetho ingezindlela eziningi, ingxoxo yaseMelika ngokwayo.

Eminye Imithombo Yengcebo

Kulabo abafuna ukuhlola lemiqondo ngokuqhubekayo, kunemithombo eminingi emihle kakhulu etholakala kuyi-inthanethi. I-Constitution Anenomentived inikeza ukuhlaziywa okubanzi komthetho-mthetho womthetho njengoba uchazwa yiNkantolo Ephakeme. [[FLT:] i-Constitution’s Constitution [[FLT:]'Constitution Center [[FLT:]'s Center] inikeza izinqumo zezentelekelelo eziseceleneyo-hlangothini zemibono ehlukile echazayo kuyo yonke imibazwelo. [[FLT] [5] Izekthensiti ye-''ult.[5] [ignotective] [ig.S] [4]