Ukuqonda Izimiso Zobuchwepheshe Nendima Yazo Yokuqala

Izimiso ze-Electoral ziyizakhiwo ezihlela amavoti ezihlalweni ezimelelweni zabameleli. Lezizimiso zinquma indlela izakhamuzi ezikhetha ngayo abaholi bazo nendlela amaqembu ezombangazwe athola ngayo ukumelelwa. Ubuhlobo phakathi kwesimiso sokhetho nokuzinza kwezombangazwe buye baba yinto eyinhloko ekhathaza ososayensi bezombangazwe, abaklami bomthetho-sisekelo, nabenzi bezimiso, ikakhulukazi ekuvezeni idemokrasi nezinhlangano ze-post.

Ukuzinza kwezombangazwe kuhlanganisa ukuhlala njalo kwezinhlangano ezibusayo, ikhono lokulawula izimpi zezombangazwe ngaphandle kobudlova, kanye nekhono lokugcina isimiso sisebenza ngokulandelana kwemijikelezo ye-votor. Ukukhethwa kwemithetho ekhethweyo kuhlela izimiso zeqembu, kuthonya amandla ahlangene, futhi kuthinta indlela izakhamuzi eziqonda ngayo ukuthi imiphumela ifanelekile. Isimiso esimiswe kahle singakhuthaza ukuvumelana nokubusa okuphumelelayo, kanti isimiso esingahambisani kahle singaveza ukuhlukana futhi sibangele ukukhubazeka.

Imikhaya Emikhulu Enakekela Izinqubo Zokuzijabulisa

Izimiso ze-Electoral ngokuvamile ziwela ezigabani eziningi ezibanzi, ngayinye enezinqubo ezihlukile zokuguqula amavoti ezihlalweni. Ukukhethwa kwesimiso kuhilela ukudayisa phakathi kommeleli, ukulandisa, nokuzimela, futhi akukho simiso esisebenza kahle kuyo yonke indawo kuzo zonke izimo zezombangazwe nezezenhlalo.

Isimiso sePost-past-posi

I-stade yokuqala-phambili yisimiso esilula sobuningi: umvoti othola amavoti amaningi esifundeni esisodwa uwina isihlalo. Isetshenziswa eUnited States, eUnited Kingdom, eCanada, naseNdiya, phakathi kwamanye amazwe. FPTP ithanda ukuveza ohulumeni abaningi abayingxenye eyodwa ngoba inikeza isigaba esikhulu kakhulu futhi imelela ngaphansi kwesigaba esincane kakhulu samaqembu nezinhlangano zezifunda.

Ukuzinza kwe-FPTP kungaba okuphawulekayo: ohulumeni abaningi bajabulela izigijimi ezicacile zomthetho kanye nokulandisa okuqondile kubavoti. Nokho, lesi simiso singaveza futhi izikhawu ezinkulu phakathi kwesabelo sokuvota nokuhlanganyela esihlalweni, okuphumela ohulumeni abangenaso isisekelo esibanzi. Lokhu kushendeza kungaqeda ukwethemba komphakathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwezikhulu ezikhetha ukuncitshiswa njalo.

Izimiso Zokumelela

Izimiso zokulinganisa ze-propotical zihlela izihlalo ezingxenyeni eziningi zezifunda ngokulingana namavoti atholwa yiqembu ngalinye. I-PR iyisimiso esilawulayo ezwekazini leYurophu ne-Latin America. Iveza izishaya-mthetho ezibonisa ngokuseduze kakhulu lokho okuthandwa yivoti futhi zisekela ukumelelwa kwamaqembu amancane namaqembu amancane.

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwe-PR nokuzinza buyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Nakuba izimiso zePR zivame ukuveza ukwaneliseka okukhulu kovoti nobungane, ziveza imibuso ehlangene efuna ukuxoxisana ngokuqhubekayo ukuze kulondolozwe izikhulu ze-operation. Ezimisweni zeqembu ezihlukene, imifelandawonye ingahlala isikhathi esifushane, iholele kukhetho oluvamile nenqubo. Nokho, emazweni anezinhlangano zentando yeningi eziqinile namasiko ezombangazwe aqinile, i-PR ingasekela i-PR futhi imelelwe isikhathi esiqinile.

Izimiso Ezixubile Nezinhlanzi

Izimiso zokhetho ezixubene zihlanganisa izici zobuningi noma ukuhluzeka komqondo okuphakathi kanye nokuhlelwa ngokwezilinganiso. Indlela evame kakhulu uhlelo oluxubene lwezigaba olusetshenziswa eJalimane, eNew Zealand, kanye nezinye idemokrasi eziningana. Kulezi zimiso, abavoti bafaka amabhola amabili — elinye lommeleli wesifunda nelokuqala sohlu lwezihlalo ezihlangeneyo lilungiswa ukuze kufinyelelwe ukulingana.

Izimiso ezixubile zizama ukuthatha izinzuzo zokulandisa zezingxenye eyodwa zesifunda kuyilapho zilondoloza ukulunga kwe-PR. Isenzakalo saseJalimane sisikisela ukuthi i-MMP ingasekela ohulumeni abahlangene ngokuzinzile kuyilapho igcina amaqembu angenangqondo ethola ithonya elingenakulinganiswa. Impumelelo yezimiso ezinjalo ixhomeke kakhulu ekukhetheni okukhethekile, kuhlanganise nomnyango womklamo we-palamente kanye nobuhlobo phakathi kwezinhlalo ezimbili zezihlalo.

Izimiso Zokusakaza Ezingadluliswa Zisodwa

Ivoti eyodwa edluliswayo isebenzisa ukuvota okulinganiselwe ezifundeni eziningi. Abavoteli banezigaba ezilandelana ngokuthanda, futhi izihlalo zabelwa ngesimiso somkhakha odlulisa amavoti asele futhi zisusa abafuna ukuvota ababuthakathaka kakhulu kuze kube yilapho zonke izihlalo zigcwalisiwe. i-STV isetshenziselwa ukukhetha kwesizwe e-Ireland naseMalta, futhi kusetshenziswa ukhetho lwesizwe oluhlukahlukene nolwezinyulo lwezimo ezisemfashini kwezinye izindawo.

STV iveza imiphumela elingana kakhulu kuyilapho inikeza abavoti ithonya eliqondile lokuthi abavoti abaphi abakhethwayo. Ikhuthaza ukuhwebelana ngengxenye ephambanayo futhi inganciphisa ezombangazwe ezithandwayo. Isimiso sisekela ukubusa okusesilinganisweni, okusekelwe ngokuhlangene, nakuba inqubo yokubala iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi icace kakhulu kunezindlela ezilula.

Imishini Ihlobanisa Ukwakheka Kwesimiso Somzimba Nomshini Nobumbano Lwezombangazwe

Izindlela zomfula phakathi kwemithetho yokuvota nokuzinza kwezombangazwe zisebenza ngezinqubo eziningana ezihlukene, ngayinye engaqinisa noma ilulaze izinga lokubusa kuye ngokuthi iyindawo ezungezile nengokwezenhlalo.

Umthetho Wezinhlangano Nokuthenjwa Umphakathi

Izimiso ze-Electoral ezinikeza imiphumela ebhekwa njengelungile nemelelwayo zithuthukisa ukufaneleka kwezinhlangano ezibusayo. Uma izakhamuzi zikholelwa ukuthi amavoti azo nokuthi isimiso sisingatha imibono ehlukene yezombangazwe ngokulinganayo, zithambekele kakhulu ukwamukela imiphumela yokukhetha futhi zivumelane nemithetho. Le misebenzi yobugunya njengenzuzo eqinisayo phakathi nezikhathi zokuphikisana kwezombangazwe.

Izimiso ezihlanekezela ngokulandelana, njenge-FPTP emiphakathini ehlukene kakhulu, zingabangela ukuhlukaniswa futhi zikhuthaze ukuthatha isinyathelo sezombangazwe esengeziwe. Umbono wokuthi isimiso sokhetho silwa namaqembu athile uthathe ukuqina okungokomlando emazweni kusukela eNyakatho Ireland kuya eKenya.

Ukuhlukaniswa Kweqembu Nokuhlelwa Kukahulumeni

Izimiso ze-Electoral zithonya ngokuqondile inani nobukhulu bamaqembu akhona esigungwini somthetho. Umthetho kaDuverger ubikezela ukuthi izimiso zobuningi ziveza ukuncintisana okunezingxenye ezimbili, kuyilapho izimiso zokuhlela zikhuthaza izimiso eziningi ezihlukene. Ubuhlobo phakathi kokuhlukana kwesimiso seqembu nokuzinza abulingani: ukuhlukanisa ngokulinganisela namaqembu amane kuya kwamaqembu ayisithupha ngokuvamile kuveza ohulumeni abahlangeneyo abaqinile, kuyilapho ukwehlukana okukhulu kwamaqembu ayishumi ahlukene ephalamendeni kungenza ukwakhiwa kohulumeni kube nzima kakhulu.

Izinhlelo ezinemigoqo ephumelela kakhulu yokumelelwa, njenge-PR ecwengisiwe enezifunda ezinkulu, zivumela indawo kanye namaqembu aneziqu ezihlukene ukuba abe khona kwemithetho. Nakuba lokhu kuthuthukisa ukuhlukahluka kwendlela yokumelelwa, kungasiza futhi amaqembu ashisekayo ukuba avimbele ukubusa nokululaza izimiso ze-democracy. Izimiso eziningi eziqinile ze-PR zisebenzisa izingeno ezikhethelwayo — ezivame ukuba izigaba ezine kuya kwezinhlanu zovota zesizwe — ukunqanda ukwahlukana nokusebenzisa ukubusa okunelisayo.

Ukulawulwa Kwezingxabano Emiphakathini Ehlukene

Emiphakathini ehlukene ngokwezinhlanga, ngokwenkolo, noma ngolimi, umklamo wesimiso sokhetho ubalulekile ekulawuleni izingxabano. Izimo ezihambelanayo ze-PR ezinamaqembu amakhulu nezingena emaphethelweni ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi wonke amaqembu abalulekile athola izimpawu kuhulumeni. Lokhu kuthatha indlela, esetshenziswa emazweni anjenge-Lebanon, Bosnia, neSwitzerland, kuzama ukushintsha umncintiswano we-zero-sum kube inqubo ebambisanayo yokulawula amandla.

Ukucwaninga ngezimiso ze-votoram nempi yobuhlanga kusikisela ukuthi abenzi bezimiso zobuningi be-PR banciphisa ingozi yobudlova bezakhamuzi. Uma amaqembu amancane ebhekene nokukhishwa ngokuhleliwe ekumeleni, izikhalo zingakhula zibe izimpi zezikhali. Nokho, i-PR ngaphandle kwezinhlangano ezisekela amandla ahlangeneyo — njengezikhundla ze-khatheyini eziqinisekisweyo noma amalungelo e-veto — kungase kunganele ukuthwala izingxabano ezijulile.

Ukulandisa Nokungaguquguquki Kwesimiso

Izimiso zezintambo eziphambili njenge FPTP ziveza imikhakha ecacile yokulandisa: abavoti bazi ukuthi iliphi iqembu elilawula uhulumeni futhi lingavuza noma lijezise ngokufanele. Lokhu kucacisa kusekela ukungaguquguquki kwenqubo nesenzo esiwujuqu, esinganezela ekuzinzeni kwezomnotho nasekuzameni. Nokho, izimiso eziyinhloko zivumela futhi ukuguqulwa kwezimiso ngokushesha ngemva kokhetho, kudala ukungaqiniseki ngezibopho ezithatha isikhathi eside.

Izinqubo ze-propotical, ngokuphambene, zivame ukuveza ukuhlanganisa, ukwenza izimiso ezixoxiwe. Ohulumeni besivumelwano kumelwe bakhe ukuvumelana ngamaqembu, okuthatha kancane ekwenzeni izinqumo kodwa futhi kuvikele ekushintsheni kwezimiso eziqinile. Emiphakathini ebhekene nokuhlukana okujulile noma ukushintsha okubucayi, lendlela yokuzimela ingasekela ukuzinza ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi izinguquko ezinkulu zenqubo zijabulela imvume ebanzi.

Ukuhlanganyela Kwezombangazwe Nokuhlanganyela Kwesivumelwano

Izimiso ze-Elector zithonya labo abavotayo, indlela eqhutshwa ngayo imikhankaso, kanye nezinga lokuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe. Izimiso ezinamaqoqo aphakeme futhi ezinezinqumo ezinengqondo zivame ukusekela umvoti ophakeme, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabantu abasebasha nabangaphansi kwemingcele. Uma izakhamuzi zinomuzwa wokuthi imiphumela yokukhetha inqunywa kusengaphambili noma ukuthi abathandi babo abanalo ithuba elingokoqobo lokuwina, ukuhlukanisa i-gallery.

Ukuthatha isinyathelo esiphakeme kuqinisa ukuzinza ngokujulisa ukuhlobana kwezakhamuzi nombuso. Izimiso zevota ezihlanganisayo zivame ukusekela ukuma okuhlukene kakhulu kwabesifazane namaqembu amancane, okungathuthukisa ukusabela okungokomthetho nokuthembana kwezinhlangano. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lezinzuzo zokuzihlukanisa ziyanqwabelana futhi ziqinise ukuqina kwentando yeningi.

Ukuhlola Icala Okuqhathaniswayo Ngalé Kwesimo Sezombangazwe

Ukuhlola okuhlangenwe nakho okuqondile kwesizwe okuklanywe isimiso sokukhetha kwembula indlela imithetho ehleliwe esebenzelana ngayo nezimo zendawo ukuze kuveze imiphumela yokuzinza.

I - United States: Ukuqina Okukhulu Kwe - Polargradation Ephakamayo

Isimiso se-FPTP saseMelika, sihlangene nokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kwabaphathi, siye saveza esinye sezimiso eziqinile ezimbili emlandweni wentando yeningi. Engxenyeni enkulu yekhulu lamashumi amabili, leli lungiselelo lasekela ukwenziwa kwezimiso okungaguquguquki nokulawulwa okusekelwe ezindaweni ezibanzi. Nokho, amashumi eminyaka amuva nje kuye kwabonakala ukujula okujulile, ukubekwa kwemithetho ye-reatlock, nokuncipha kokwethenjwa komphakathi ezinhlanganweni ezikhethayo.

Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi i-FPTP iye yanezela kulesisimo ngokwenza izingxabano zikwazi ukuhlanganisa abantu, zikhuthaze iziqalo ezinikeza inzuzo yemibono eyeqisayo, futhi zinikeza imibono yabavoti abangayisekeli noma yimiphi imikhakha emikhulu. Nakuba isakhiwo senhlangano silokhu singashintshi, ukuqina kwalesi simiso kuvivinywa ngokuqhubekayo ngezingxabano ngokulawula ukuvota, ukufinyelela kokhetho, kanye nokufaneleka kwemiphumela.

IJalimane: Ukuqina Ngomklamo Wemidwebo Exutshiwe

Isimiso se-MMP saseJalimane sibhekwa kabanzi njengesibonelo esiphumelelayo sokuhlanganisa ukulandisa kwendawo nokulunga. Isimiso sihlanganisa umnyango ongamaphesenti amahlanu wokuvimbela ukuhlukana kwephalamende futhi siye sasekela ohulumeni ababumbene abaqinile ngokomlando ababuswa amaqembu aphakathi kwesokudla nakunxele phakathi. Ukuvota okwakhayo kokungathembi — okudinga uhulumeni othatha indawo ngaphambi kokususa ishansela — kunezela ukuzinza okuqhubekayo.

Okuhlangenwe nakho kweJalimane kubonisa ukuthi izimiso ezixubile zingasekela ukuncintisana kwentando yeningi okuphakeme okungalinganiswayo kuyilapho ziqondisa ukuncintisana kweqembu ngokuphumelelayo. INkantolo ye-Federal Constitutional ifeza indima esebenzayo ekucociseni imithetho yabakhethi, iqinisekisa ukuthi isimiso sihlala silinganiswa futhi sisabela ezindinganisweni zomthetho-sisekelo. Ukuqina emongweni waseJalimane akuphelele, kodwa kuyaqina futhi kuyavumelana.

INdiya: I-Past-the Post kumphakathi ohluke kakhulu

I-Indiya iyisimiso sentando yeningi esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni futhi isebenza isimiso sokuqala sezikhombo emphakathini omkhulu nohlukene kakhulu. Naphezu kwesigaba solimi, inkolo, nesigaba sesigaba sesigaba sesigaba sesizwe, isimiso se-FPTP saseNdiya siye sasekela ukubusa kwentando yeningi okuzinzile iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-70. Isimiso siye sasiza ukushintshwa kwamandla phakathi kwemiphakathi ehlangene futhi siye saqhubeka sithatha igalelo elidlula elezikhundla zedemocracy eziningi ezicebile.

Indaba yaseNdiya ibekela inselele ukubekwa kalula kwe-FPTP nokuzinza. Imiphumela yokuzinza kwesimiso ixhomeke kakhulu ezinhlanganweni ezisekelanayo: ikhomishane eqinile yezejaji, yokukhetha, uhulumeni, nempucuko yezombangazwe eye yaziswa ngokomlando ngobuningi nendawo yokuhlala. Uma lokhu kusekela ukuba buthaka, isimo sobukhomasha be-FPTPP singabangela izingxabano emphakathini.

INew Zealand: Ukusuka EMajoritha kuya Ekushintsheni Okuxutshiwe

I-FPP yaseNew Zealand yashintshela ku-MMP ngo-1996 isuka ku-FPP yaya ku-MMP ngo-1996 ilandela i-parender eqhutshwa ukunganeliseki yimiphumela ye-vota esontekile. Ngaphansi kwe-FPTPPP, ohulumeni banqoba njalo izikhundla ezinkulu kakhulu ngamaphesenti angaphansi kwama-40 evoti yesizwe, babangela ukuqondwa okusakazekele. Ukuthunyelwa kwe-MMP kwaveza imiphumela engcono, ukubusa okukhuphule, nokumelelwa kwemiphakathi, kanye nokuthuthukisa i-mmorive yabesifazane ne-Māori.

Lolu shintsho lwalungabizi izindleko: ukhetho lokuqala lwe-MMP lwaveza iziphakamiso ezihlukene kanye nokwakhiwa kukahulumeni onwetshiwe. Nokho, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, isimiso seqembu laseNew Zealand saqina, futhi ukubusa okuhlangene kwasetshenziswa. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi ukushintsha kwesimiso sokhetho kungaba ukusabela okusemthethweni okungokomthetho ekuzinziseni izikwele zezedemo-demokhrasi, futhi izindleko zokuqala zingalandelwa intuthuko eqinile ekuthembeni kwezinhlangano.

Imishini Yezohwebo Neyomklamo Ezikhethayo Enqubweni Yobunjiniyela Besimiso Somklamo

Akukho simiso sokhetho esigcwalisa yonke imigomo ngesikhathi esisodwa. Abaklami kumelwe benze ukudayisa okunzima phakathi kokulunga kommeleli, ukulandisa, ukuhlala kahle kukahulumeni, nokuphatha izimpi. Lemisebenzi ayiyona inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi: baveza izibopho ezivamile ngokuthi yiluphi uhlobo lwedemokrasi umphakathi ofuna ukulwakha.

Izimiso ezimisa ukuqina ngemithetho emikhulu zingadela ukufakwa nokubekwa ngokomthetho kwamaqembu athile. Izimiso ezigcizelela ukulingana zingakwamukela izingxoxo ezihlangeneyo kanye nokwenza izinqumo ezithatha isikhathi. Izimiso ze-hybrid zizama ukuxazulula lokhu kucindezeleka kodwa ziveze ukunkima kwazo, kuhlanganise nokuvota okukhethekile kanye nokuphatha imikhaya engafani.

Izimiso zekhethelo ezinamandla kakhulu yilezo ezihlanganisa imithetho engokomthetho wezomthetho-sisekelo, wezenhlalo, nempucuko. Isimiso esisebenza kahle emphakathini ohlangene, othembekile kakhulu singabonakala siphazamiseka endaweni ehlukene, engathembiwe kakhulu. Uzwela lwendawo, kunokuba luqondiswe ekupheleleni okungaqondakali, kufanele luqondise ukuhlaziya nokuguqula.

Isiphetho: Umklamo Wezinqubo Njengenqubo Eqhubekayo

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwezimiso ze-votorotal nokuzinza kwezombangazwe abusona isithiyo noma esiqinile. Imithetho ehleliwe ihlela izilinganiso ezibalulekile zokubusa, kodwa imiphumela yayo iphakanyiswa isiko lezombangazwe, izakhiwo ezihlangene, ubuholi, nomlando. Izimiso ezisekela ukuqina ekuqaleni zingaba imithombo yokucindezeleka njengoba imiphakathi ishintsha, futhi ngokuvamile inguquko idingekile ukuze kubuyiselwe ukulingana.

Imibuso eye yazinza ngokuzinza okuqinile phakathi kwemithetho emide ehlelwe kahle nezinhlangano eziqinile ezizimele, izikhululo zezindaba, umphakathi womphakathi okhuthele, kanye nempucuko yezombangazwe emukela ukufaneleka kokuphikiswa. Umklamo wesimiso sobuqhawe kuphela awunakuqinisekisa ukuzinza, kodwa imithetho engalungile ingalimaza ngisho nezimo ezingcono kakhulu.

Emiphakathini ecabangela izinguquko zomthetho - sisekelo noma ukushintshela ekubuseni kwentando yeningi, ukuhlaziywa kokukhetha kwesimiso sokukhetha — okunokwaziswa okuhlangenwe nakho okuqhathaniswa nokunakekela izimo zendawo — kumelela ukutshala inzuzo ebalulekile ekuthuleni okuhlala njalo nokuzibusa okuphumelelayo.

Imibiko Nokufunda Okwengeziwe

  • INhlangano yezizwe zonke yeDemokrase ne-Electoral Alters (International IDEA) inikeza ukwaziswa komshini omningi kanye nokuhlola okuqhathanisayo emazweni emhlabeni wonke.
  • I-ACE: I-Electoral Knote inikeza i-octal yobuchwepheshe eningiliziwe emikhayeni yezimiso zogesi kanye nemiphumela yayo yokumelelwa nokuzinza .
  • IJournal of Democracy iye yanyathelisa ukuhlola kontanga okuningi okuye kwahlolwa mayelana nokuhlobana phakathi komklamo wenhlangano nesimiso sentando yeningi, okutholakala nge umkhondo [.
  • Isigaba se-Propalitical Political Science Association ye-American Political Science Association silondoloza ukucwaninga okuqhubekayo ngemiphumela yesimiso sokukhetha enqubweni yokubusa kanye nobudlova bezombangazwe.