Indima Yezigebengu Ezimisweni Yentando Yeningi

Imisebenzi isebenza njengokhetho lwangaphakathi lweqembu olunquma ukuthi obani abazomelela iqembu ekukhetheni okuvamile. Injongo yabo eyinhloko iwukuqinisekisa ukuthi umnyunyu uveza okuthandwa yisigaba nehele lesigaba noma, ezimisweni ezivulekile, izikhethelo ezibanzi. Ngokuhluza iziphephelo eziningi zibe isigaba esisodwa, iziqu zosizo lokuvimbela ukuhlukana futhi zinikeze abavoti ngokukhetha okucacile emkhankasweni wecala. Kodwa ithonya labo lidlulela kude kakhulu ekukhetheni isigaba somkhandlu. I-Primshapes ingabuyisela amapulatifomu, isisekelo noma izikhankanyiso zobuthelo, futhi ibeke umsindo wendilingalo yonke. Kumazwe lapho abahlawulwayo behleliwe, ngokuvamile baba yi-projectivesssssss mayelana nenkulumo ebanzi yezentando yentando yeningi, i-demo yemali, nendima yezezombangazwe.

Ukuziphendukela Okungokomlando Kwemibono Eyinhloko

Umqondo wokhetho oluyinhloko wavela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 nasekuqaleni kwelama-20 njengengxenye yenhlangano eqhubekekayo eUnited States, eyayifuna ukunqanda amandla abalawuli beqembu nokubuyisela ukulawula kwabavoti abavamile. Ngaphambi kwalokho, abavoti babekhethwe ngokusemthethweni emihlanganweni emikhulu evaliwe noma ekubusweni yizintambo ezibuswa yiqembu elincane. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, isimiso esiyinhloko sasakazekela kwezinye izakhiwo zentando yeningi, nakuba ngokuvamile sasizishintshashintshashintshashintsha. IFrance yamukela izikhundla zabelo ezivulekile zokhetho lwayo lukamongameli ngo-2010, kuyilapho amaqembu eJalimane nase United Kingdom aye azama ukuba amalungu elungu elilodwa leqembu lezimiso zesizwe. Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kubonisa ukufunwa nokuthathelana kwezindlela, njengethonya lemisebenzi yezombangazwe embulungeni lonke.

Izinhlobo Zezibhamu Nezimfanelo Zazo

Ukuqonda lezi zinhlobo kubalulekile ukuze sihlaziye imiphumela yazo yezombangazwe.

Ukuvula Imisebenzi

Kubantu abaqashelwe, noma yimuphi umvoti obhaliwe angahlanganyela kunoma yimuphi umkhakha oyinhloko, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungowaliphi iqembu. Lesimiso sikhuthaza ukuthatha igalelo elibanzi futhi singaholela ekuvoteleni, lapho abasekeli beqembu elithile ngokusemthethweni bevota kwelinye icala ngokuyinhloko ukuze banqande umphikisi obuthakathaka. Ukuvula ama-prime kuvamile ezifundazweni zase-U.S. njengoWisconsian noMichigan, futhi baye basetshenziswa kumaPrincile aseFrance. Nakuba besandisa ukukhethwa komvoti, balula ukulawulwa kweqembu.

Izinhlamvu Zemali Ezivalekile

Izindawo ezivalelwe zivimbela ukuthatha iqhaza kubavoti abangamalungu abhaliswe aleyonhlangano. Lesimiso sigcina ubuqotho beqembu futhi siqinisekisa ukuthi abamelelwayo kuphela abakhetha i-comminee. Nokho, ingakhipha abavoti abazimele futhi inciphise i-overse. Ama-primendrime avamile ezifundazweni eziningi zase-U.S., njengaseNew York nase Florida, futhi ivamile emaqenjini amaningi aseYurophu asebenzisa amabhola angaphakathi. Ukuhweba kumane kuphuma okuvale izakhiwo okuvame ukuveza abavoti abakhomba ngokweqile kakhulu, ngoba abaqalayo abaholi abaphambili bavame ukuveza izikhundla eziphambili.

Ama - semi - Primicrial Avalekile

I-semi-primid occid primiers ivumela amalungu eqembu abhalisiwe kanye nabavoti abangabhaliswanga ukuba bahlanganyele, kodwa hhayi amalungu amanye amaqembu. Lendlela exubile izama ukulinganisela ukuvumelana nombuso weqembu. Isetshenziswa kwezinye izifundazwe njengeNyakatho Carolina nakwiimome zeYurophu. Izimiso ezivalekile zingandisa ukuhlanganyela phakathi kwabazimele kuyilapho zisavimbela ukungenela kwesiphambano.

Izindlu Zomshinyana Eziphezulu Ezimbili Nezingaphakamisi

Ezinye izifundazwe zisebenzisa isimiso esiyinhloko “phezulu-2”, lapho bonke abazobhapathizwa bevela eqenjini elilodwa kungakhathaliseki ukuthi liliphi iqembu, futhi abakhi bamavoti ababili abaphezulu beqhubekela phambili kukhetho oluvamile. Lesimiso, esisetshenziswa esifundazweni saseCalifornia naseWashington, siklanyelwe ukunciphisa ukuhlahlela futhi sikhuthaze abazothatha i-ocentium. Nokho, abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi singaholela kubantu ababili abazobhapathizwa eqenjini elifanayo elibhekene nokhetho, ukuhlukanisa abasekeli bezinye izigaba.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo: Izenzakalo Eziwubugebengu Emhlabeni Wonke

Ukuhlola amazwe athile kwembula indlela izimiso eziyinhloko ezizivumelanisa ngayo namasiko ezombangazwe nezakhiwo zendawo.

United States

Isimiso esiyinhloko se-U.S. siyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi sinethonya emhlabeni. Ama-presidenti abekwa kuwo wonke amazwe nezindawo, nezwe ngalinye lizibekela imithetho yalo ma-U.S. ngokuphathelene novulo, nokuvalwa, noma amafomethi axubene. I-Iowa caucuuses ne New Hampshire ngokuyinhloko ziye zaveza ukubaluleka ngenxa yezikhundla zawo zekhalenda lakuqala, ngokuvamile ukweluleka insimu phambi kwevota yamaMelika amaningi. Imiphumela ye-U.S. Imiphumela ye-Primesters inemiphumela yayo ebanzi efinyelela kude: bangaphakamisa abathathi-endicard, amapulatifomu e-partum, futhi banqume izikhawulo zezombangazwe zesizwe. I-2016, ngokwesibonelo, i-Dona BARMP yanqoba insimu enkulu yezombangazwe ehla utshani olukhangayo, futhi i-Pinversestingstings ofs of the the African.[12]

i-France

Isimiso esiyinhloko saseFrance sintsha kodwa sibuye salandela kakhulu. Ngo-20, iQembu lobuSocialist laba nesiqalo esivulekile sokukhetha umongameli ngokokuqala ngqá, livumela noma yimuphi umvoti ukuba ahlanganyele uma asayina umthetho wezindinganiso zangakwesobunxele. Isimiso esiyinhloko esikhishwe uFrançois Hollane, esaqhubeka ukuze siwine i-demon. Isikhungo sokudla salandela isu lokuthatha i-Réblicains ngo 2016 ne-offracton evulekile ekhethwe u-Françocleon. Nokho, lesimiso siye saveza imiphumela engalindelekile: ukunqoba kwabonwa njengokulahlwa kwezibalo, kodwa kamuva umkhankaso wakhe wawohloka phakathi nezonakaliso. Izikhulu zaseFrance ziphawuleka kakhulu ngokuhlanganyela kwazo: izigidi ezimbili ezise 2016. I-Riphabliki likhuthaza futhi ukukhanga i-fton, nakuba i-Foffic.[2] Izimiso eziyinhloko zika-Foperations.[1]

EJalimane

Ukukhetha kweJalimane kulungele ukuncitshiswa futhi kubekwe phambili. I-Christian Democratic Union (CDU) ne-Social Democratic Party (SPD) ngokwesiko zikhetha abazohlolwa ngemihlangano yesifunda noma ukuvota. Nokho, ekuphenduleni ukuncipha kwamalungu eqembu kanye nesifiso sokuthola ilungelo elikhudlwana lobudemokrasi, ezinye izinkolo ziye zasungula inqubo eziyinhloko. I-Greenland Proce isebenzise izinqubo zokulawula ubuholi kanye nabaholi abaphambili, kuyilapho i-diefay Die Line iqhuba uvoti yenyeza ngezikhathi ezithile. Inhlangano exubene nesigaba sokhetho esine kakhulu se-equator isholote. [AD][0] Iqembu elivamile liveza ukuthi abavoti abashakazi abambalwa, ukunikeza amagatsha esizwe amandla abalulekile. Amagatsha ahlala kancane kakhulu kunabantu baseJalimane. Kodwa, njengoba kuhlola kusanda kuhlola amalungu ango 20 angokwayo eqembu elingundawodwayo kuveza i-S.[10][3]

United Kingdom

I-UK ayinaso isimiso esiyisisekelo esingokomthetho ngomqondo waseMelika, kodwa amalungu amakhulu aye asebenzisa izinqubo zokukhetha ezivulekile. I-Labour Party, ngaphansi kobuholi bukaJeremy Corbyn, yamukela “ilungu elilodwa-esomkhakha” kukhetho lobuholi, ivumela wonke amalungu ukuba afake izinketho ezingokomthetho. Ama-Conservative aye asebenzisa izitembu zokuthumela amalungu eqembu ukuze akhethe umholi wawo, njengoba kubonakala emncintiswaneni wama-20222 owaveza i-Lizs. Ukukhetha kwe-ekhothamo lobufundisi, ukuhlangana okuvamile kuvame ukuvota phakathi kwamalungu, ngezinye izikhathi ngokuhileleka kwesikhungo esisendlunkulu. Njengakwamanye amazwe, lemizwa i-odwa i-Revoluntelligence.[1] I-Flactive ikhuthaza ukumangala kokunqoba kweqembu lezombangazwe eliphikisa i-UKnethina.[3][0]

eNdiya

Isimiso esiyinhloko saseNdiya siseyizinsana, kodwa ngo-2014, i-Bharatiya Janata Party ebusayo (BP) ne-Indiya National Congress baye bazama ngokhetho lwangaphakathi. Isimiso sokuqala se-Indiya esine-pastellary-state sokhetho sisho ukuthi ukukhetha kwe-odoli abamelelwayo ngokuvamile kulawulwa abalawuli beqembu nabaqondisi abahlukene. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, i-BJP yaqhuba inqubo eyinhloko enjengeyokukhonza kwayo, igcina ngokukhetha i-Narendra Modi nge-palmast i-ov eqenjini kunokuba ilahlekelwe yi-cooce yeqembu le-parliary. Kusukela lapho, ezinye izigaba zesifunda ziye zavumela amalungu ukuba avote abahloli bendawo bendawo. [FOLD: 0] inkathi ye-Indiya [FFF1:1] iphawule] iphawule ukuthi iyaziwa kakhulu ngenxa yokubusa kweqembu le-parthmagcotimesss, incitle ihamba i-oke kakhulu emphakathini, kusukela ekukhethelwe kakhulu.

Umphumela Wobugebengu Eqenjini Lezesayensi Nezindlela Zokusebenza

Izenzo zobugebengu zivame ukuphoqelela amaqembu ukuba athathe iziphakamiso zemibono ezeqisayo ngoba abavoti abahlanganyelayo banezimo zezombangazwe kakhulu futhi bashukunyiswa ngokwezimo zengqondo kunabo bonke abavoti. Ezindaweni ezivalekile, lomphumela unyusiwe, njengoba amalungu eqembu athwala amakhadi kuphela ehlanganyela. Lokhu okunamandla, okubizwa ngokuthi “umncintiswano we-priminary,” kungaholela ekukhetheni abavoti abakhululekile kakhulu noma abanolwazi oluqinile kunabo bonke, okubenza babe sengozini ekhethoni oluvamile. Ukunciphisa lokhu, amanye amalungu eqembu aye athatha “phezulu-2” noma“ ama-pringing) aqala ukudlulisela isikhalo kusuka ekuqaleni. Abavoti-mbhisi: kumelwe bawine kuqala ngaphambi kokuba bangene esikhungweni esikhungweni sokukhetha, ukukhonzwa okuvamile.

Ukuhlanganyela Ekubeni Izisebenzi Zomthetho

Okhetho oluyinhloko luvame ukuveza abavoti abambalwa kakhulu kunabo bonke okhetho. E-United States, bathatha izilinganiso eziyinhloko zokhetho ezicishe zibe 20-30% zabavoti abafanelekayo, abaneminyaka engu-Primmist bavame ukucwila ngaphansi kwe-15%. Ukucwila kusho ukuthi amaprimend athathelwa indawo yiqembu elincane, elihloselwe kakhulu, eliphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nokumela. Nokho, abancintisanayo abanobuphini bezindawo zokumela i-projectives. Ngokungaphezulu, labo abanemikhankani ephezulu kakhulu, abanothezeleleka kakhulu. EFrance, amaPrimericarishi avu aheka ngaphezu kwezigidi ezine kulawo asokhohlo, abonisa ukuthi avula, athatha-ka-kade izigidi eziphezulu bangaqoqa izakhamuzi. U.

Izinselele Nokugxeka Kwezimiso Eziyinhloko

Naphezu kwesithembiso sabo sentando yeningi, amaqembu angaphansi kwesonto abhekene nezimpikiswano eziningana eziphikelelayo.

  • [[FLT: 0] Low Voter Turnout:[ Njengoba kuphawuliwe, ukuhlanganyela okuphansi ezihlahleni kungalulaza ukufaneleka kwazo futhi kuvumele amaqembu amancane ukuba abuse. Lokhu kusenkinga ikakhulukazi ezimisweni eziyinhloko lapho umvoti akhetha khona umgcini wehhovisi ogcina.
  • Imali egcwele: Imali ingabiza, kanye nabazoyisebenzisa kakhulu ekukhangiseni, ekuhloleni, nasekukhipheni imizamo. Abacebile noma abasekelwa ama-PAC amakhulu ngokuvamile banenzuzo enkulu, ifaka inqubo ezithakazelweni zemali. IU.S. iNkantolo Ephakeme i-CItamites United[ isinqumo siye samelana nalomkhuba.
  • Izimpi eziphambili zingashiya izimpi ezinkulu zidilizile, abasekeli abacela ukubhapathizwa benqabile ukubuyisela itshe kukhetho oluvamile. Lokhu kuhlukana kwangaphakathi kungaba okubulalayo emijahweni esondelene. Ngokwesibonelo, i-2016 Democratic yokuqala phakathi kuka-Hillary Clinton noBern Sanders yadala izingxabano ezihlala njalo phakathi kweqembu.
  • Ukusakaza: Ezindaweni ezivulekile, abavoti beqembu eliphikisayo banga “funda” ngokuyinhloko ukuba bachaze obuthakathaka. Nakuba ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi lokhu akuvamile, kungenzeka ukuziphatha komlandeli futhi kuqede ukwethembana.
  • I-lock of Flactdity: Emazweni anjenge-United States, umsebenzi wemithetho kahulumeni embaxa-nye udala ukudideka nokungalingani. Ezinye izifundazwe zisebenzisa ama-posi-ebolot, ezinye zidinga ukuvota-wodwa, futhi izinsuku ziyahlukahluka kakhulu, zithintana kakhulu, ukuthi ubani ongahlanganyela.

Ikusasa Lobugebengu Kwezombangazwe Zembulunga Yonke

Njengoba isimo sezombangazwe sishintsha, izimiso eziyinhloko cishe ziyoshintsha zibhekane nokucindezela kwezobuchwepheshe, kwenani labantu nokuhlalisana kwezikhungo.

Izivubukulo Zobuchwepheshe

I-blockchain esekelwe ekuvoteni kuyi-website, ama-apples alondekile, nokuhanjiswa kwe-electronic collet kunganciphisa izithiyo zokuhlanganyela nokuthola amandla okuthatha isinyathelo. I-Estonia kakade isebenzisa ukuvota ngemishini okhethwe yi-ovhoti, futhi ezinye izifundazwe zase-U.S. kodwa, izinsongo ze-inthanethi negebe-geomethi zihlala zinezithiyo. I-palies kudinga ukulingana nokutholakala kobuqotho.

Ukushintsha Ukuziphatha Kwezinti Zomuzwa

Ukwanda kwabavoti abazimele .(naba bangathathi hlangothi) bangaba nenselele kunoma yimuphi umkhakha ovalekile. E-United States, abazimeleyo manje bakha amaphesenti angaba ngu-40 abavoti. Izizwe eziningi ziye zaya emishinini evalekile ukuze zibabambe laba bavoti. Ngokufanayo, abavoti abasebasha basengozini kakhulu yokuhlangana nabangenayo abahlanganyeli, bakhetha ezombangazwe ezisekelwe eqenjini kunokuthembeka kwababelwayo. Uma lo kuthambekela kuqhubeka, amaqembu angase aphoqelelwe ukuvula izikhundla zawo ukuze ahlale ethembekile.

Isidingo Sokubona Ngokugqamile

Ngenxa yamahlazo kanye nokuthunjwa okubhekwa njengokuvelele, abavoti bafuna izinqubo zokukhetha ezicace kakhulu. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ekushintsheni njengezimpikiswano ezikhona, ukudalulwa kweminikelo yomkhankaso, nokungamele kwezindawo eziyinhloko. Abanye amaqembu baye bamukela “iziphakamiso ze-internet” ezihlanganisa ukuvota nge-orligate divolution.

Izinguquko Ezisemnyango

Izimfuneko zokuguqula izimiso eziyinhloko zihlanganisa ukumisa izindinganiso ezifanayo ezweni lonke, ukwamukela ukuvota okusemthethweni ukuze kukhuthazwe isakhiwo esihlangene, futhi kugcinwe iziqalo kamuva emjikelezweni wokhetho ukuze kuncishiswe ithonya lezifundazwe zokuqala. EUnited Kingdom, i- umGuardian umGuquli wesimiso esiyinhloko esihlelwe kahle kakhulu sokunciphisa amandla abalawuli beqembu. EJalimane, kunengxoxo ngokusungula izibophopho ezibophayo zonke izinkolo ezinkulu ngomthetho. Lenguquko inhloso yokwenza izikhundla zokwenezela, ukuhlukanisa, futhi zikwazi ukuphumelela kakhulu.

Isiphetho: Izenzo zobugebengu njengesibuko Sempilo Yentando Yeningi

Izenzo zobugebengu azizona nje izinqubo zobuchwepheshe zokukhetha abazobhapathizwa; ziwuphawu lwezindinganiso zentando yeningi nezinselele. Uma amaprotheni evuleka, encintisana, futhi ehloselwe kahle, angavuselela amaqembu ezombangazwe futhi aphoqelele ukuba alalele izigaba zawo. Lapho evalwa, ukubuya phansi, noma ebuswa yizithakazelo zemali, angaveza imingcele ehlukene nemfumba eqinile yentando yeningi. Njengoba izakhamuzi zisho ukuthi ukuthambekela kwembulunga yonke kwentando yeningi yentando yeningi eqondile ekhethelwe isigaba sokukhetha isigaba sokukhetha isigaba sombangoso cishe kuqhubeke, kuqhutshwa yizizwe ezifanayo ezisamukela izinhlelo ezisezingeni eliphansi: ezobuchwepheshe, ukungalingani, nokulangazelela ukubekwa kwezentengo. Ukuqonda indlela ukuma kwezombangazwe okulungisa isimo esikhona kubalulekile kunoma izikhulu zezombangazwe kubaluleke ngayo kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda isiphi isimiso sokhetho. Njengoba izakhamuzi ezithiwayo, ziqhubeka ngokulandelana kwezimiso ezisezimo ezisemuva zezentando zezentando yentando yeningi.