Ukuqonda abamangaleli becala kubalulekile kochwepheshe bezenkantolo, abafundi, nabanikazi bamabhizinisi ngokufanayo. Indlela kusukela esikhalo kuya ekwahluleleni kokugcina ilandela ukulandelana okuhlelwe njengenqubo yomphakathi. Lesi simiso siqinisekisa ukubikezelwa, ukungalungi, nokwethembeka ekuqondiseni umthetho. Lesisiqondiso sinikeza ukuwohloka okuqinile kwesigaba ngasinye senqubo engokomthetho, kusukela ekufakeni isiqinisekiso sokugcina, ukuchaza ngokuningiliziwe indlela izingxabano ezincikene ngayo esimisweni sobulungisa sanamuhla.

Isinyathelo Sokuqala: Ukusungula Isinyathelo Esingokomthetho

Isiqalo esingokomthetho sokumangalela sidinga ummangaleli ukuba athathe izinyathelo ezithile ezimisa igunya lenkantolo futhi azise ummangalelwa. Le sigaba sokuqalisa sibekela wonke imingcele.

Ukuqeda Isikhalo

Le nqubo iqala lapho amafomethi avamile eqala futhi ifakela "ukukhalaza" noma "ukukhalaze" ngenkantolo elungile. Le ncwajana ikhomba isisekelo esiyiqiniso sempikiswano, izinkolelo-lwazi ezingokomthetho lapho kufunwa khona usizo (njengesephulo sesivumelwano noma ukunganaki), nekhambi eliqondile elifunwayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi indinganiso yemali noma impumuzo eyimfihlo. Ukukhononda kumele kuhlangabezene nendinganiso engokomthetho "ukunxusa," isho ukuthi kumelwe iqukethe inkulumo emfushane nengacacile ebonisa ukuthi ummangalelwa unelungelo lokukhululeka.

I - Jurisdiction Ne - Venue

Ngaphambi kokuba icala liqhubeke, inkantolo kumelwe ibe negunya lokulizwa. Ukubusa kwesihloko-matterture kubhekisela emandleni enkantolo ohlobo lwecala (ama-fester vs. umthetho wezwe). Ukulawula komuntu siqu kubhekisela emandleni enkantolo phezu kwamaqembu, ngokuvamile okufuna ukuba ummangalelwa abe nokwanele "ukuxhumana okungalinganiyo" nesifundazwe se-aum. UVenue, ohlukile egunyeni, unquma indawo ethile lapho icala kufanele lizwiwe khona, ngokuvamile lapho kuvela khona impikiswano noma lapho ummangalelwa.

Inkonzo Yenqubo Nezikhombo

Uma isikhalo sesiqanjiwe, umabhalane wenkantolo ufaka isaziso. Ummangalelwa unomthwalo wokukhonza ummangalelwa ngokufaka kokubili isaziso kanye nokukhononda phakathi kwe-frame yesikhathi esithile (ngokuvamile izinsuku ezingu-90 noma ezingu-20). Inkonzo efanele iyimfuneko efunekayo yomthetho-sisekelo; iqinisekisa ukuthi ummangalelwa uthola isaziso sangempela sokumangalelwa nethuba lokusabela. Inkonzo ingenziwa nge-message, iposi egunyaziwe, noma ngokunye njengokuvunyelwa yimithetho.

Izilinganiso Zokulinganiselwa

Zonke iziphakamiso zezakhamuzi zingaphansi komthetho olinganiselwe, umthetho omisa isikhathi esiphezulu ngemva kwesenzakalo okungase kuqalwe kuso icala elingokomthetho. Uma inkathi yokumiswa kwemithetho iphela, ilungelo lokukhohliswa livinjelwe unomphela. Lemingcele yesikhathi ihluka kakhulu kuye ngohlobo lwezimo (umz., ukulimala komuntu siqu, ukwephulwa kwesivumelwano) kanye nokubekwa kwesivumelwano. Ukunquma umthetho olungile wokulinganiselwa kuyinyathelo elibucayi ekunqumeni noma isiphi isikhala.

Isinyathelo Sesibili: Ukusabela Kwamanxusa

Ngemva kokukhishwa, ummangalelwa kumelwe athathe isinyathelo noma afake isahlulelo esiphelele. Ukusabela kumelwe kugcinwe phakathi nosuku olumisiwe, ngokuvamile izinsuku ezingu - 21 kuya kwezingu - 30.

Ikhambi Nezindlela Zokuzivikela

Impendulo evame kakhulu "Yiphendule" empendulweni, ummangalelwa kumelwe aphendule inombolo ngayinye yamacala ekukhonondeni ngokuvuma, ukuphika, noma ngokusho ukuthi abanalo ulwazi olwanele lokukuvuma noma lokukuphika. Ummangalelwa kumelwe futhi aphakamise noma iziphi izisekelo "eziqinile," njengomthetho wokulinganiselwa, ukuvinjelwa, noma iphutha eliqhathaniswa. Lokhu kuyisivikelo esinganqoba ukumangalelwa ngisho noma izimpikiswano zommangalelwa ziyiqiniso.

Izingcindezi ezidlulile: Imfuduko yokuxosha

Kunokuba afake impendulo, ummangalelwa angase athathe isinyathelo sokuxosha (ngezinye izikhathi esibizwa ngokuthi idemurrer). Lokhu kunyakaza kuphikisa ukuthi isikhalo sombhishobhi sihluleka ukusho amazwi angokomthetho, ngisho noma wonke amaqiniso ashiwoyo ethathwa njengeyiqiniso. Uma inkantolo inikeza lokhu kuhamba, icala lingase lisuswe ngokuphelele, noma ummangalelwa anganikezwa ikhefu ukuze aqede isikhalo sokulungisa ukukhubazeka okungokomthetho. Izizathu ezivamile zihlanganisa ukuntula igunya, ukuhluleka ukubeka icala okunganikezwa ngalo usizo, noma inkonzo engafanele.

Ukwahlulela Okungakhohlakala

Uma ummangalelwa ehluleka ukuphendula phakathi nesikhathi esimisiwe, ummangalelwa angase acele isahlulelo esinephutha. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ummangalelwa ucatshangelwa njengoye wavuma zonke izikhalo eziyiqiniso ekukhanseleni, futhi inkantolo ingathatha isahlulelo evuna ummangalelwa ngaphandle kokuqulwa kwecala. Izinkantolo ngokuvamile zifuna ummangalelwa ukuba afakazele isilinganiso sengozi, kodwa isigaba secala sivunywa ngokuphumelelayo.

Iziqu Zasemkhathini Nezithiyo Zesithathu

Impendulo yommangalelwa ayigcini ekuvikeleni okumsulwa. Ummangalelwa angafaka isimangalo esimelene ne-paltiff ephuma entengiselwaneni efanayo noma esenzeka. Ummangalelwa angase afake futhi isiphambano esimelene ne-co-defentant noma isikhalo sesithathu ngomuntu ongekangeni enkantolo (umholi). Lemikhakha ihlanganisa izimpikiswano ezihlobene nesenzo esisodwa sokusebenza kokwahlulela.

Isinyathelo 3: Ukwehluleka Kokutholwa

Kutholakala ukuthi isigaba sangaphambi kokuhlolwa lapho umkhandlu ngamunye angathola khona ubufakazi komunye umuntu nakumalungu amathathu. Ngokuvamile kuyisimo eside kakhulu, esibiza kakhulu, futhi esixabana kakhulu. Ngaphansi kwe-Federal Parment of Civil Procedature, ukutholakala kwecala kumelwe kuvumelane nezidingo zecala.

Ukungenela

Imibuzo yokuphendula ibhalwe omunye umuntu ayithumela komunye, okumelwe iphendulwe ngaphansi kwesifungo. Iwusizo ekutholeni ukwaziswa okuyisisekelo, njengamagama ofakazi, ukuba khona kwezincwadi, kanye nemininingwane yemisho eyimfihlo. Imibuso eminingi ilinganisela imingcele eqinile enanini lophenyo lomncinaniso ongase usebenze (futhi angu-25 noma angu-30).

Ukubekwa Kwezindawo

I-live religion iyindlela ephilayo, ukuhlola ngomlomo kofakazi noma umkhandlu, okwenziwa ngaphansi kwesifungo nokufakwa kwenye i-project. Izikhombi ziyithuluzi elinamandla lokuthola ngoba zivumela abameli ukuba bahlole ukwethenjelwa nokuziphatha kofakazi futhi babophe ubufakazi babo ngaphansi kwesigwebo sobuqaphungu. Kokubili ukuhlola okuqondile nokuhlola okunqamlezile kwenzeka emalini. Izikhombo zingasetshenziswa ekunikezeni ubufakazi uma ubufakazi bushintsha.

Izicelo Zokukhiqizwa Nezokufundwa Kwayo

Leli thuluzi livumela umsizi ukuba acele amabhukwana athile, ukwaziswa okugcinwe ngemishini (ESI), noma izinto ezibonakalayo ezivela komunye umkhakha. Ukutholakala kwanamuhla kuhilela kakhulu i-e-revory, ehlanganisa ama-imeyili, ama-metameter, nezindawo zokuxhumana. Imithetho enjenge-Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(f) ifuna ukuba abantu bahlangane ngaphambi kwesikhathi ukuze baxoxe ngezindaba zokulondoloza i-ESI nomkhiqizo. Amaqembu kumelwe axoxe nangezindaba zelungelo nesivikelo somsebenzi.

Izicelo Zokuvunyelwa

Lena yizinkulumo ezibhaliwe ezidluliselwe omunye umuntu okumelwe omunye avume noma aphike. Noma iziphi izindaba ezivunywayo zibhekwa njengeziqinisekisiwe ngezinjongo zokuqulwa kwecala. Izicelo zokuvuma zisetshenziselwa ukuvala izimpikiswano eziyiqiniso eziphikisanayo, ukugcina isikhathi nezindleko ekuqulweni.

I - subpoenas Nokutholwa Kwesithathu Kwengxenye

Amadili awagcini nje ekutholeni ubufakazi obubodwa. I-topina ingakhishwa ukuze iphoqelele i-opersethi engekho ukunikeza imibhalo noma ukuvela kwe-pareding. Nakuba ukutholakala kwengxenye yesithathu kungaphansi kwemithetho efanayo, ngokuvamile kulinganiselwe kakhulu ekuvikeleni okungangeni ezingxenyeni ezingekho ezisindayo ezithwaleni noma ezindlekweni ezingadingekile.

Iziqondiso Ezivikelayo Nezingxabano Ezitholakalayo

Uma umkhakha okholelwa ukuthi isicelo sokuthola into etholakalayo sibanzi kakhulu, siwumthwalo onzima ngokungafanele, noma sifuna ukwaziswa okukhethekile, bangafuna umyalo ovikelayo enkantolo. Ukuthola izimpikiswano kuvamile futhi ngokuvamile kudinga ukungenela kokwahlulela. Inkantolo inokuhlakanipha okukhulu ukulinganisela isilinganiso sokuthola uma inquma ukuthi lokho okufunwayo kuhlanganisa noma kuphindaphinda ngokungenangqondo.

Isinyathelo 4: Izindlela Nezindlela Zokuhamba Ngaphambili

Njengoba kutholakala ukuthi leli cala liyoqedwa, inkantolo namaqembu agxila ekulungiseleleni icala noma ekulixazululeni ngaphandle kwalo.

Ukuhamba Kwesinqumo Esifingqiwe

Ukwahlulela okufingqiwe kuyisinyathelo sokukhipha impikiswano esicela inkantolo ukuba inqume ukuthi azikho izimpikiswano zangempela nganoma imaphi amaqiniso ezinto ezibonakalayo nokuthi lowo onyakazayo unelungelo lokwahlulela njengendaba yomthetho. Uma imvumelwa, icala linqunywa ngaphandle kokuqulwa kwecala. Inkantolo kumelwe ibheke ubufakazi ngokukhanyayo obuvumelana kakhulu neqembu elingahambi. Uma amaqiniso ezinto ezibonakalayo ephikiswana ngempela, ukunyakaza kumelwe kuphiwe futhi icala liqhubekele ekuqulweni kwecala.

Izinyathelo ELimine

Ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, izimpi zivame ukuhlanganisa ama-limine ukuze zikhiphe noma zinciphise ukusungulwa kobufakazi obuthile. Ngokwesibonelo, omunye angase afune ukungakhombi ukuxhumana kobuntu, ubufakazi obubonisa izimpawu, noma ubufakazi obungenasisekelo esifanelekile. Lokhu kuthatha izintambo kwenza umahluleli axazulule izindaba ezisobala ngaphambi kokuba amajaji azwe ukwaziswa okungahlukanisayo.

Imihlangano Neziqondiso Zangaphambi Kwesenzakalo

Inkantolo ingaba nengqungquthela eyodwa noma ngaphezulu ngaphambi kokwahlulela ukuze ihlele icala, ixoxe ngokungenzeki kobufakazi, futhi ikhuthaze ukuhlaliswa kwezindawo. Emhlanganweni wokugcina wangaphambi kwezomthetho, amaqembu afaka uhlelo oluhlangene olufingqa izindaba ezingokomthetho, ifuna amaqiniso angenakuphikwa, ihlela ofakazi kanye nesiboniso ngasinye esihlose ukunikeza, futhi isho iziphakamiso ezingokomthetho nezivikeleo ezisele kulendaba.

Isinyathelo So - 5: Inqubo Yovivinyo

Icala linikezwa ubufakazi obala phambi kwamajaji noma abahluleli.

Ukukhetha I - Jury (I - voir Dire)

Ecaleni lejaji, lenqubo iqala nge- ihlasimlisa, lapho ijaji nabameli bebuza khona abazobe bejaji ukuba baphawule ubandlululo. Iqembu ngalinye lingasebenzisa izinselele ezilinganiselwe (ukususa umsizi ngaphandle kokusho isizathu) nenani elingenamkhawulo lezinselele ngenxa yesizathu. Umgomo ukubeka ipaneral indawo engakhethi eyonquma icala elisekelwe ebufakazini obunikezwayo kuphela.

Ukuvula Izinkulumo

Ngemva kokuba abahluleli befungele, iqembu ngalinye likhipha isifungo sokuqala. Ummangalelwa uhamba kuqala, alandelwe ummangalelwa. Inkulumo yokuqala iwukucaciswa kobufakazi obucatshangelwe yiqembu elibulindele ukubunikeza. Akuyona impikiswano kodwa i-pap yabaphathi bejaji. Ama-Atttorney kumelwe agweme ukwenza izinkulumo abangazimisele ukusekela ubufakazi obungaqondakali.

Ukuboniswa Kobufakazi

Ummangalelwa uveza icala lakhe kuqala, ubiza ofakazi nokwethula imibukiso. Ufakazi ngamunye uhlolwa ngokuqondile yiqembu elibizayo, kulandelwa ukuhlolwa okuphambaniswayo. Ukuthatha isinyathelo kanye nokuhlola isiphambano kuvunyelwa ngokwesilinganiso esilinganiselwe. Ummangalelwa angase anikeze ofakazi nobufakazi bakhe siqu. Ummangalelwa angase azise ubufakazi obuveza ubufakazi obubodwa ngemva kokuba ummangalelwa esekhona.

Imithetho Yobufakazi Nomthwalo Wobufakazi

Ukungaboni bufakazi kulawulwa imithetho yobufakazi, njenge-Federal Rules of Ubufakazi. Lemithetho ilawula inzwabethi, inzuzo, ilungelo nobufakazi obuqaphile. Ezindabeni zomphakathi, umchasi kumelwe afakazele icala lakhe ngobufakazi obuqandwé kahle," okusho ukuthi kungenzeka kakhulu ukuba ummangalelwa abe necala.

Amampikiswano Okuvala

Ngemva kokuba sekunikezwe bonke ubufakazi, abamangalelwa banikeza izimpikiswano zokuphetha. Leli ithuba lokugcina lommeli ngamunye ukuba afushanise ubufakazi obuyinhloko, futhi aphikise ngokuthi kungani abahluleli kufanele babuphendulele isahlulelo besekela. Umphetho unikeza impikiswano yabo yokuphetha kuqala, alandelwe ummangalelwa, futhi ummangalelwa angase anikeze imvume emfushane.

Iziqondiso Zokuxoxa

Ngaphambi kokuba abahluleli baqale ukuqagela, ijaji lifunda iziyalezo zejaji, libiza futhi icala. Lezi ziyalezo zichaza izindinganiso zomthetho abahluleli okumelwe bazisebenzise emaqinisweni. Amaqembu anikeza iziyalezo ezihlongozwayo zejaji, kodwa umahluleli ekugcineni unquma amagama okugcina. Isethi esifakelwe kahle seziqondiso sibalulekile ukuze kukhishwe isinqumo esinengqondo.

Isinyathelo 6: Isinqumo Nokwahlulela

Lapho abahluleli sebetholile iziyalezo zabo, bathatha umhlalaphansi ngasese.

Isiyalo

Ezindabeni zomphakathi, indinganiso ngokuvamile ayilingani, nakuba eminye imikhandlu ivumela izinqumo eziningi. Ijaji libuyisela isinqumo ku-paltiff noma kummangalelwa. Uma ku-paltiff, isinqumo sisho inani lemali ediliziwe. Uma abahluleli bengenakukwazi ukufinyelela isahlulelo, icala liyakhishwa, futhi icala kumelwe libuyiselwe phambi kwabahluleli abasha.

Ukungena Ekwahlulelweni

Ngemva kokuba isinqumo sesimenyezelwe, inkantolo ifaka isahlulelo esingokomthetho. Lena incwadi esemthethweni ebhalweyo ehlanganisa isinqumo sokugcina senkantolo futhi inikeza usizo olunikezwayo, uma lukhona. Isahlulelo yisona esiphoqelelwayo ngokumelene neqembu elilahlekelwayo.

Isinyathelo Sesi - 7: Ukuhamba Nokukhanga Kwangemva Komsindo

Isiphetho secala asisho ukuphela kwe-ligitary. Iqembu elilahlekelwayo linezinketho eziningana zangemva kwe-intshi.

Ukuthuthwa Okuvuselelwe Kokwahlulela Njengendaba YoMthetho

Futhi yaziwa nangokuthatha isahlulelo naphezu kwesinqumo (JNOV), lesi sinyathelo sicela inkantolo ukuba ibeke eceleni isinqumo sabahluleli. Ithi asikho isisekelo esisobala esingokomthetho sokuba iqembu elikhona lithole isisekelo esinengqondo sokukhetha iqembu eliphethe. Inkantolo inikeza lokhu kuthatha isinyathelo kuphela uma ithola ukuthi isinqumo asisekelwe ngokuphelele ebufakazini.

Ukuqulwa Kwecala Elisha

Umuntu angase athathe isinyathelo sokuqulwa kwecala elisha ngezizathu ezinjengokukhetha iphutha, ukuziphatha okubi kweqembu noma kwejaji, ubufakazi obusanda kutholwa, noma isinqumo esiphikisana nobufakazi obukhulu. Uma sivunywa, isinqumo sokuqala siyaphikiswa, futhi icala liyasuswa kusukela ekuqaleni.

URemittitur No - Additur

Uma umonakalo wejaji uphakeme noma ungenamali, inkantolo inganika iqembu eliphikisayo ukukhetha phakathi kwecala elisha nesipho esinciphileyo (i-antitur) noma umklomelo owengeziwe (additur). Nokho, u-antitur ngokuvamile awugunyazi umthetho enkantolo kahulumeni ngaphansi kweSiphendulo seSegenth, nakuba sivunyelwe kwezinye izinkantolo zikahulumeni.

Inqubo Yokukhanga

Isikhalo siyisicelo enkantolo ephakeme sokuhlola isinqumo senkantolo secala ngephutha elingokomthetho. Icala lenkantolo lifaka amaface isaziso sokudlulisa icala futhi lidlulisele ukuphikisa okufushane okubhaliwe ukuthi kungani isinqumo senkantolo yecala sasingalungile. I-apelle ifaka amafafa kafushane ukuvikela isinqumo. Isikhalo asilona ikhambi elisha; inkantolo ephethe ibukeza umlando wenkantolo ephansi futhi inquma imibuzo yomthetho.

Izinkantolo eziphakanyiswayo zisebenzisa izindinganiso ezihlukene zokubukeza kuye ngendaba. Imibuzo yomthetho ibukezwa u-novo (intsha). Ukuthola iqiniso kubukezwa ngaphansi "kwephutha elicacile" indinganiso. Izinqumo zokuhlakanipha zibukezwa ngoku "sebenzisa ukwahlulela ngokuqondisisa" ngamaphesenti ambalwa kuphela okudluliswayo okuphumela ekunqanyulweni kwesahlulelo senkantolo ephansi.

Enye Impi Engaxazululwa

Akuzona zonke izingxabano okumelwe zihambe nge-parter egcwele ye-litatigation. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) inikeza izindlela zokuxazulula ezingashesha, ezingabizi kakhulu, futhi ezingabizi kakhulu.

Ukudluliselwa Kwezindawo

Ukuhlanganisa kuyinqubekela-phambili yangasese lapho abahilelekile bedlulisela icala labo kumphathi wengxenye yesithathu ongathathi hlangothi osinqumo sakhe ngokuvamile sibopha futhi siphoqelelwe enkantolo. Ukuthatha izivumelwano ngokuvamile kugunyazwa yizivumelwano ezindaweni ezinjengomsebenzi, izimali zabathengi, nokwakha. Lenqubo ayifaneleki kahle kunokuqulwa kwecala futhi inezizathu ezilinganiselwe zokudlulisa icala.

Isiphazamiso

Ukubuyisana kuhilela umlamuleli ongathathi hlangothi osiza amaqembu ukuba axoxele ukufinyelela indawo yokuzithandela. Umlamuleli akanqumi icala kodwa usiza amaqembu ukuba axhumane ngokuphumelelayo futhi ahlole izindlela zokunquma. Ukubuyisana akunakuhlanganisa ngaphandle kokuba kufinyelelwe isivumelwano somshado futhi sasayinwe. Izinkantolo eziningi zidinga ukuqulwa ngaphambi kokuba icala liqhubeke.

I - Federal Judiciary ikusekela ngokuqinile ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlelo ze - ADR ukuze inciphise iziphakamiso zenkantolo futhi inikeze ababhishobhi amandla okulawula imiphumela yezingxabano zabo.

Indima Yochwepheshe Bezomthetho Enqubweni

Isigaba ngasinye senqubo yokuzimela sincike ebuchwephesheni obungochwepheshe bezomthetho. Ama-Attorney asebenza njengabasekeli, abaqondisi, abaqondisi, abaqondisa amakhasimende ngemithetho eyinkimbinkimbi futhi bawakhuthaza ukuba asekele izithakazelo zabo. Abahluleli basebenza njengabathathi-mphikisi abangathathi hlangothi, abalawula ukuthatha isinyathelo, abaqondisi bezokuthola, futhi baqinisekise ukuthi ukuqulwa kwecala kwenziwa ngokulunga. Izisebenzi ezisekelayo zifeza umsebenzi ogxekayo ekubukezeni izincwadi, ukuphenya okungamangalelwa, nokulungiselela ukuhlola.

Ukuqonda izindima ezihlukile zalezi zingcweti kusiza abasebenza nabaphathi ukuba babeke amathemba angokoqobo futhi basebenzise isimiso ngendlela ephumelela ngokwengeziwe.

Isiphetho: Ukwakhiwa Kobulungisa

Inqubo engokomthetho inqubo ehlelwe kahle eklanyelwe ukulinganisela impumelelo, ubulungisa, nokugcina. Kusukela ekuqaleni ekudluliseleni isikhalo kuya esinqumweni sokugcina sokudlulisa, isinyathelo ngasinye se-producted sifeza injongo eqondile: ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izingxabano zixazululwa ngokwenzuzo yobufakazi futhi ngokuvumelana nokubusa komthetho. Nakuba le nqubo ingaba yinkimbinkimbi futhi ivumelanisa isikhathi, inikeza isimiso esibalulekile esiyala inkululeko ngaphansi kwesimiso sobulungisa.

Ukuze ungene jule kakhulu emithethweni eqondile ebusa i-ADR kazwelonke, bheka i- Imithetho ye-kivil Procedire enikezelwe yi-Cornell Legal Information Institute. Imithombo eyengeziwe eminyangweni ye-ADR ikhona nge-United States Courts ye-website. inikeza iNhlangano ye-American Bar futhi inikeza amaphuzu amakhulu ohlelo lwezezekhono zokuguqula ama-ADR.