UMthetho-sisekelo we-United States, kanye nokulungisa kwawo, kwakha isisekelo senkululeko yaseMelika. Lapho ukugcinwa komthetho, izinhlangano zikahulumeni, noma abadlali bomuntu siqu abasebenza ngaphansi kombala womthetho bephula lenkululeko eqinisekisiwe, umthetho unikeza izinqubo zokulungisa. Nokho, ukwazi ukuthi kungaphikiswa kanjani ngokuphumelelayo ukwephulwa komthetho - sisekelo ngokuvamile kubalulekile njengokuqaphela ukwephulwa ngokwako. Lokhu kuqondisa okukhudlwanayo phakathi nenyathelo ngalinye lenqubo, ukuhlukanisa ukuphambana ngokufinyelela isinqumo.

Ukuqonda Amalungelo Akho Omthetho - sisekelo

Ngaphambi kokuba ubeke inselele, kumelwe ube nokuqonda okuqinile kwalokho okuvikelwa nguMthetho-sisekelo. IBhili yamaLungelo (izinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi) kanye nezinguquko ezilandelayo (ngokulindelekile iSichibiyelo seshumi nane) imisa amalungelo asebenza ekuxhumaneni nohulumeni, umbuso, nohulumeni bendawo. Isivikelo esiyinhloko sihlanganisa:

  • Isichibiyeli sokuqala:[ Inkululeko yokukhuluma, inkolo, umshini wokunyathelisa, umhlangano, nelungelo lokucela uhulumeni ukuba alungise izikhalo.
  • [[UMTH:0] ISichibiyelo esihlangene:[ Ilungelo lokugcina nokuphatha izingalo.
  • [[NTL:0] Isichibiyeli seNguqulo sesithathu:[ Isivikelo ekuphenyeni okungacabangeki nokuquleka; izimvume kumelwe zisekelwe ngokunokwenzeka futhi ikakhulukazi zichaze indawo okungaseshwa kuyo futhi abantu noma izinto ezizothathwa.
  • Isichibiyeli se-pith: Ilungelo lenqubo efanelekile ngaphambi kokuncishwa kokuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla; ukuvikelwa ekuzibekeleni; ukuvinjelwa ezingozini eziphindwe kabili nangaphandle kokukhokha.
  • Isichibiyeli se-xxte:[ Ekumangaleleni kobugebengu, ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala okusheshayo nokusobala yijaji elingakhethi, ukutshelwa ngamacala, ukumangalelwa kofakazi, nokuba nosizo lweseluleko.
  • Isichibiyeli sobubanzi: Ukulahlwa kwebheyili ephakeme, amafashini aphakeme, nesijeziso sonya nesingajwayelekile.
  • ISichibiyelo seshumi nane: sihlanganisa izivikelo eziningi zamalungelo ombuso nohulumeni bendawo nge-Claus Programme ne-Actal Protection Clause.

Lamalungelo awaphelele .courts azilinganisi ngokumelene nezithakazelo zikahulumeni eziphoqelelayo, kodwa noma yikuphi ukugqekeza okubalulekile kudinga ukulunga okuqinile komthetho. Ukuzijwayeza ngencazelo yengcaciso yeNkantolo Ephakeme nesihluthulelo (umz., ] Miranda v. Arizona[, [[FLT]]] [[FLT]][FLT]], [[FLT]], [[FLT]] i-SLTybourceb v.]) ingakusiza ukuba ubone ukuphulwa komthetho okungaqondana ngokunembile. [FLD:] [FLT] [FLT]

Ukubona Imithetho Engqubuzanayo

Ukuqaphela ukwephulwa kwemithetho akudingi ukuqonda ilungelo ngokwalo kuphela kodwa futhi nomongo okuphikiswa kuwo. Izenzakalo ezivamile zihlanganisa:

  • Ukuboshwa noma ukuvalelwa okungekho emthethweni: Amaphoyisa kumelwe abe nesizathu sokukubopha futhi, ezimweni eziningi, imvume yokungena ekhaya lakho. Ukuboshwa ngaphandle kwamacala isikhathi eside kungaphula inqubo efanele.
  • [[QUT: 0] Amandla angokomthetho: ukugcinwa komthetho kungase kungasebenzisi amandla amaningi kunalawo anengqondo ngaphansi kwezimo. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme Graham v.Connor yamisa indinganiso "yokuqonda".
  • Imvume yenkulumo evikelwe: Izikhulu zomphakathi azinakukujezisa ngokuzigxeka noma ngokusebenzisa amalungelo akho eSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuboshwa, izenzo zomsebenzi, noma ukuvumela ukuphika.
  • Ukuphikisana: Isivikelo se-Encible Protection Claus state sho abadlali baleyondawo ekuphatheni abantu ngokungefani ngokwezinhlanga, ubulili, ubulili, imvelaphi yobuzwe, noma inkolo ngaphandle kokuzithethelela okuphoqelelayo noma okuqinile.
  • Inkululeko engokwenkolo: Isichibiyeli sokuqala sivikela kokubili ukusebenzisa inkolo ngenkululeko futhi sinqabela ukumiswa kukahulumeni wenkolo. Lokhu kungavela ekwakheni, ezimisweni zesikole, noma emsebenzini.
  • Ukusesha okungenangqondo: Amaphoyisa ngokuvamile adinga imvume yokusesha ekhaya lakho, imoto (ngokunye okungahlangani), noma imishini yobuchwepheshe. Ukwanda kwamuva kwamalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu Carpent . United States kugcizelela ukuthi imininingwane yendawo yocingo ivikelwe.

Uma usola ukwephulwa kwemithetho, bhala ngokushesha ngenkathi, usuku, indawo, namagama ezikhulu ezihilelekile. Ungamelani noma uphikise lapho ubona isenzakalo, kodwa kamuva uphikise ngezindlela ezingokomthetho.

Izingozi Ezivamile Ekuzibonakaliseni

Akuyona yonke imibuthano engathandeki nesikhulu sikahulumeni enyuka ibe ukwephulwa komthetho-sisekelo. Ukudelela, ukuphazamisa, noma ukuhlukunyezwa okungokwasemzimbeni kungase kungabi namsebenzi ngaphandle kokugxambukela okuboniswayo ngakwesokudla esithile. Ngokuphambene, kubonakala kuyinto encane yokugxambukela (umz., ukuhlola okungenasiqinisekiso kocingo lwakho lwamakhalekhukhwini) kungaba ngokungathi sína. Ukubuza ummeli kusekuqaleni kusiza ukuhlukanisa iziphakamiso ezisebenzayo kubantu abangathathi zenzo.

Ukuqoqa Ubufakazi

Ubufakazi obuqinile buwumgogodla wanoma yikuphi ukusho komthetho-sisekelo. Ngenxa yokuthi lokho kugomela kuhilela amaqiniso aphikisanayo, ukubhalwa kwezincwadi ngesikhathi esisodwa kuyagxeka. Izinyathelo eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • Bhala indaba eningiliziwe [ ngokushesha ngemva kwesenzakalo. Hlanganisa izenzo zakho, izitatimende zesikhulu, noma yiziphi izinsongo, kanye nazo zonke izici ezihlobene (ukukhanyisela, isimo sezulu, ofakazi).
  • Iqopha ubufakazi obungokoqobo nobungokwezinombolo: izithombe zokulimala, impahla elimalayo, noma isithombe. I-vidiyo ethathwe kucingo lwakho noma kumakhamera okuhlola aseduze. Ukuthola ikhamera yekhamera efakwa emshinini osuka ekuqikelelweni komthetho ngezicelo zezicelo zerekhodi lomphakathi ngaphambi kokuba icinywe.
  • Phezulisa ukufakaza ngokwaziswa: Amagama, izinombolo zocingo, namakheli e-imeyili kanoma ubani owabona le senzakalo. Bacele ukuba babhale phansi lokho abakukhumbulayo lapho inkumbulo isasha.
  • Izingxoxo ezigciniwe:[ Ama-imeyili, izinhlamvu, izikhundla zezokuxhumana, noma izikhalo zangaphakathi ezihlobene nesenzakalo. Ungawasusi amarekhodi.
  • Isikhangiso selungelo lokuhlala: Uma unikeza ubufakazi eqenjini lomthetho noma kummeli, idokhumende edlulisa amafayela enombolo, gcina amakhophi emthonjeni olondekile, ngaphandle kolayini ukuze uvimbele izikhalo zokushintsha.

Izindaba ezingokwesayensi nazo zingaba ubufakazi. Ngokwesibonelo, uma uboshwa ngaphandle kwemvume, phawula ukuthi amaphoyisa ayenezimo ezixegayo. Uma uphenyiswa ukuze uboshwe, phawula ukuthi ukuseshwa kulinganiselwe kuwe nendawo eseduze.

Ukufuna Iseluleko Esingokomthetho

I-Constitution iwulwazi olukhethekile. Ummeli onolwazi lwamalungelo omphakathi ngaphansi kuka-42 U.S.C. 1983 (imoto eyinhloko yokumangalela uhulumeni nezikhulu zendawo ngenxa yokuphula umthetho) angahlola icala lakho, anikeze icebo, futhi aphathe izithiyo ze-procedtural. Lapho efuna ummeli:

  • Funa amalungelo omphakathi noma umthetho-mthetho-sisekelo. Abayaleli besizwe UGuild nesifundazwe izahluko ze-ACLU zivame ukugcina izinhlu ze-arhente.
  • Buza ngamalungiselelo enkokhelo: Abameli abaningi bamalungelo omphakathi basebenza ngesisekelo esivumelanayo (bathatha amaphesenti anoma yisiphi isakhiwo noma isahlulelo) noma ngesisekelo se-bono, ikakhulukazi ezimweni ezihilela ukuxhashazwa kwezimiso.
  • Ngaphansi kwe-wirensi ye-wirede:[ Ummeli wakho uzochaza umthetho wokulinganiselwa (ngokuvamile iminyaka engu-1-3 ku- naasho ngo- naah 1983) futhi noma isiphi isidingo sokukhipha amakhambi okulawula ngaphambi kwesudi yokugcina.
  • [ Lungiselela ukuhlola kokuqala: ulethe amadokhumende akho, uhlu lwemibuzo, futhi ukulungele ukuchaza amaqiniso ngokucacile. Ummeli uzohlola ukuthi unakho yini ukuvuma okusebenzayo futhi axoxe ngengozi engakhona noma ukukhululeka.

Ukukhononda

Kuye ngokuthi uphukile kuphi, ungase ube namathuba amaningi okufaka isikhalo. Lawa angaphishekelwa ngokufanayo, kodwa kufanele uxhumane nommeli wakho ukuze ugweme ukulivala ilungelo lakho lokukhokha kamuva. Izindlela ezivamile zihlanganisa:

  • Izikhalo ze-internal: Ifa le-fauth nengxenye yezezimali zomthetho zenhlangano yokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwamalungelo noma ihhovisi lomqashi likahulumeni elilinganayo lamathuba. Nakuba izenzakalo zangaphakathi zingavamile ukuphumela ekungcoleni okukhulu, zidala irekhodi futhi zingaholela ezinguqulweni noma ekuqondiseni. Gcina amakhophi azo zonke izinto.
  • Izinhlangano zamalungelo omphakathi zasesizweni: Izifunda eziningi zinekhomishane yamalungelo omphakathi noma i-bureau yamalungelo abantu ehlola ukukhononda kobandlululo. Ukubhaka lapha kungase kuthathe umthetho wokulinganiselwa kwecala likahulumeni.
  • [ Izikhalo zamalungelo omphakathi: Umnyango we-U.S. we-Civil Rights Division uhlola izindlela zokuziphatha okubi, futhi i-Universe Accomplication Option Commission isingatha ukucwaswa emsebenzini. Ungafaka isikhalo neDOJ ngokuziphatha okubi kwamaphoyisa noma ubugebengu obuyinzondo.
  • Umthetho ngaphansi kuka-42 U.S.C. 76: Lona indlela eqondile yokuthola umonakalo wemali, iziyalezo, noma ukukhululeka kuhulumeni nakubaphathi bendawo. Icala kumelwe libekwe ngaphansi kwesifundazwe noma enkantolo kahulumeni; inkantolo kahulumeni ivame ukukhethelwa i 76 1983 ngenxa yezinzuzo ezingokwenzuzo.
  • Inselele yomthetho-sisekelo enzima: Ezimweni ezingavamile (umzk., umthetho kahulumeni noma uhlelo lwe-propati yephula amalungelo akho), ungamangalela uhulumeni wezwe ngaphansi Brivens v. Isi-6 Ongaziwa i-Omacts ngenxa yengozi, nakuba iziphakamiso ezinjalo zilinganiselwe futhi zicubungula ngokuqinile.

Ukuqeda Ukukhononda Okunamandla

Uma ufaka icala, isikhalo kumelwe siveze isisekelo esiyiqiniso sokwephulwa ngakunye, siphawule ilungelo eliqondile lomthetho-sisekelo eliphulwayo, futhi uqambe abamangalelwa abafanele (izikhulu ezizimele ezisesikhundleni sazo siqu, kanye nezinhlangano zikamasipala noma zikahulumeni lapho zifanelekile). Ummeli wakho uzoqinisekisa ukukhononda ngezindinganiso zokuncenga i-Iqal kanye [FLT] kanye kanye [i-2] nemikhambi ye-mbhu, edinga imininingwane eyiqiniso ukuze wenze ukuvuma kube nengqondo, hhayi nje.

Inqubo Engokomthetho

Uma seliquliswe icala, icala liqhubeka ngezigaba eziningana, ukuqonda lokhu kungakusiza ukuba ulawule amathemba futhi usebenze ngokuphumelelayo neqembu lakho elingokomthetho.

Ukuhamba Kwangaphambili Nezindlebe

Ngemva kwenqubo, abamangalelwa bavame ukulahla amaphutha okuthatha amafayela, bephikisa ngokuthi ngisho noma wonke amaqiniso akho eyiqiniso, umthetho awukuboni ukwephulwa. Izizathu ezivamile zihlanganisa ukuvikeleka okufanelekayo (okungagunyaziwe ngezansi), ukuhluleka ukusho okuthile, noma ukuphela komthetho wokulinganiselwa. Ukuphumelela kulelizinga akuvamile kodwa akunakwenzeka; ukuphika ukuthatha isinyathelo kuyisibonakaliso esihle.

Uma leli cala liqhubeka, inkantolo iyokhipha uhlelo lokuhlela izikhathi ezimisiwe zokuthola, imibiko yochwepheshe, nezenzo zokwahlulela ezifingqiwe.

Ukuthola

Ukutholakala kwemininingwane kuyingxenye lapho zombili izinhlangothi ziphikisana khona nobufakazi. Lokhu kuhlanganisa:

  • Imibuzo elotshiwe ngamaqiniso nesivikelo.
  • Izicelo zokukhiqizwa: izicelo zamadokhumende, amavidiyo, ama-imeyili, namafayela ezisebenzi.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Izilinganiso:[ Imibuzo yomlomo ngaphansi kwesifungo, lapho ummeli wakho engahlola khona ulwazi lweqembu eliphikisayo nokwethenjelwa kwalo.
  • [ Subpoena kumacala amathathu:[ Ukuthola amarekhodi okuqeqesha kwamaphoyisa, izingodo zokuthumela, noma ubufakazi.

Ukuvubukula ngokuvamile kuyingxenye ebiza kakhulu nethatha isikhathi kakhulu yokukhangisa, kodwa futhi kulapho iqiniso livela khona. Ummeli wakho uyolisebenzisa ukwakha umbhalo onamandla.

Ukwahlulela Ngokufingqiwe

Ngemva kokuthola, nhlangothi ngalunye lungathatha isinyathelo ukuze luthole ukwahlulela okufingqiwe, luphikisa ngokuthi azikho izimpikiswano zangempela zeqiniso eliphathekayo nokuthi lowo ohambayo unelungelo lokwahlulela njengendaba yomthetho. Uma uhluleka ekwahlulelweni okufingqiwe, icala liyaphela ngaphandle kokuba udlulise icala. Uma uwina, ungathola umonakalo ngaphandle kokuqulwa icala, nakuba ukulimala kungase kudinge ukulalelwa.

Ukuqulwa Kwecala

Uma isahlulelo esifingqiwe siphikwa (noma sinikezwa kancane), icala liyaqulwa. Ecaleni labahluleli, abahluleli banquma ukuphikisana namaqiniso; umahluleli unquma umthetho. Ummeli wakho uzakunikeza ofakazi nobufakazi, futhi abamangalelwa bazodlulisela i-examine. Izigwebo ezicatshangelwe emacaleni amalungelo abantu zingaba yishwankathelane; indaba eyiqiniso ibalulekile.

Ukukhanga

Uma umphumela wokwahlulela ungajabulisi, ungadlulisa icala enkantolo yesifunda yecala (noma inkantolo yecala likahulumeni) futhi ekugcineni, eNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. izikhalo zilinganiselwe emasondweni angokomthetho, hhayi ekungavumelani namaqiniso, ngakho zidinga umbhalo oqinile ngezansi. Amacala amaningi omthetho sisekelo ayanqotshwa noma alahleke ekudluliseni.

Imiphumela Engenzeka

Ukuphumelela esimweni samalungelo omthetho - sisekelo kungaba nezindlela ezihlukahlukene, ngasinye sinezinzuzo ezihlukile:

  • Isinxephezelo se-Monetary:[ Imali ekhokhwayo imbophelelisa ukulahlekelwa kwangempela (izindleko zezokwelapha, iholo elilahlekile, ubuhlungu nokuhlupheka). Isijeziso singanikezwa uma ukuziphatha kommangalelwa kungubukhahlo noma okubi. Nokho, ngaphansi iDolobha lase Newport v.cters, Inc., isijeziso asikho kuhulumeni bamapulasipala.
  • Ukukhululeka okungalawuleki: Inkantolo ingayala inxusa likahulumeni noma isikhulu ukuba simise umkhuba (umz., siyeke ukusebenzisa uhlelo oluthile lokuvalela noma i-protocol yokulungisa). I-injnctions zingamathuluzi anamandla okuguqula isimiso.
  • Inkululeko yokukhipha izigwegwe:[ Isifungo senkantolo sokuthi umthetho noma umkhuba awuvumelani nomthetho, ngisho noma ungalimali, kungaba yisibonelo esisetshenziswayo ukubekela inselele ukuziphatha okufanayo kwenye indawo.
  • Izinguquko zezemfundo: Ngisho nangaphandle kwemvume yenkantolo, ukuqulwa kwecala kuvame ukubangela ukubukezwa kwenqubo yangaphakathi, ukuqeqeshwa okusha kwangemva kwesikole, noma izenzo zokuyala ngokumelene nezikhulu ezicasulayo.
  • Ukulandisa ngecala:[ Icala noma inhlawulo inganikeza ukucubungula komphakathi ekuziphatheni okubi, ikhuthaze izinguquko zemithetho noma ibangele ukucindezela kwezombangazwe kwenguquko.

Izindonga Zokulinganiselwa Nezindaba Eziyisijeziso

Imithetho-mthetho ingaphansi kwemithetho eqinile elandelwayo. Kusho ukuthi, umthetho wokulinganiselwa ubolekiwe emthethweni kahulumeni wokulimala komuntu siqu (ngokuvamile iminyaka yokuqala kuya kwemithathu. Nokho, iwashi lingase lingaqali kuze kube ukwazi noma ukwazi ukuthi laphulwe (“umthetho oyimfihlo”). Qaphela ummeli wakho ngokushesha, njengoba ukuvala kwemuva kuzoba yingozi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kumelwe ukhonze abamangalelwa phakathi nezinsuku ezingu-90 (umthetho osemthethweni) wokuvala isigwebo. Ukwehluleka ukusebenza kahle kungaphumela ekuxoshweni. Okunye ukusho kudinga ukuphelelwa amakhambi okulawula (isimo, iziboshwa ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso seQeqeshi iLitigation Reformation Act kumelwe kuqala zisebenzise isimiso sezikhalo zasejele).

Indima Yokungahlangani Okufanelekayo

Enye yemigoqo ebaluleke kakhulu ekubekeni inselele ekuphuzweni komthetho-sisekelo imfundiso yokuvikeleka okufanelekayo. Lezikhulu zikahulumeni zivikelekile ekubekelweni isibopho somphakathi ngaphandle kokuba ukuziphatha kwazo kuphule “okucacile” noma amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo umuntu onengqondo abengawazi. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqinisa lendinganiso eminyakeni yamuva, idinga isibonelo esithandekayo esisuka kulelo gunya elifanayo (ngokuvamile inkantolo yesifunda).

Kuthathwa isinqumo esifanelekile sokuvikeleka kusekuqaleni kwendaba, ngokuvamile ekuthatheni isinyathelo sokulahla isahlulelo noma sokufushanisa. Ukuze unqobe, ummeli wakho kumelwe abonise ukuthi ilungelo lamiswa ngokucacile ngesikhathi sokwephulwa. Lokhu kudinga ukucwaninga nokunxusa kwamacala afanayo. Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zamisa umthetho ovimbela ukuvikeleka okufanelekayo enkantolo; hlola umthetho wendawo.

Enye Impikiswano Yokuxazulula Isinqumo Nomthetho

Akuyona yonke inselele yomthetho-sisekelo okumelwe iphele lapho kuqulwa icala. Izenzakalo eziningi zixazululwa ngezingxoxo zokuxazulula iziphetho, ukudluliswa kwesivumelwano, noma ukunqatshelwa. Isinqumo esihlukile singashesha futhi singabizi kakhulu, futhi singavumela amakhambi okusungula anjengokuqeqesha izinguquko, ukulungisa izimiso, noma ukuxolisa okuyimfihlo.

Ngalé komthetho ngamunye, cabangela ukuhlanganyela nezinhlangano zamalungelo omphakathi ezisekela ushintsho lwesimiso somphakathi. Amaqembu anjenge ACLU, i-[NAACP Levic Defense Fund[, kanye nezinhlangano zendawo eziqaphe zivame ukubeka i-alumics, ukungenela umthetho, noma ukuqala ukuphenya ngenqubo. Indaba yakho ingaba i-platton yenguquko.

Isiphetho

Ukungavumelani nokuphulwa kwamalungelo akho angokomthetho kuyinselele yokuphishekela ubulungisa nokunikela ekwakheni umthetho. Le nqubo idinga ukuthatha isinyathelo ngokushesha, ukuqinisekisa, ukumelela okuphelele, ukumelela okungokomthetho okungochwepheshe, nokubekezela ngesimiso somthetho eside. Nokho, imiphumela engenzeka, kusukela ekululameni ngokwezimali kuya ezinguqulweni zezimiso zezimiso zemvelo, yenza umzamo ube ozuzisayo. Inselele ngayinye ephumelelayo iqinisa isivikelo esithenjiswa uMthetho-sisekelo. Khumbula ukuthi ilungelo lokunxusa uhulumeni ukuba kulungiswe izikhalo ngokwalo liyilungelo lomthetho, futhi isimiso sixhomeke ezakhamuzini ezizimisele ukukusiqinisekisa.