I - Foundation Yomthetho - sisekelo Yezinzipho Zomthetho

Inqubo yokulungisa isekelwe ngokujulile esimisweni somthetho-mthetho we-United States. ISiphakamiso I soMthetho-sisekelo sinikeza uMkhandlu igunya lokwenza imithetho, futhi ukulungisa kusebenza njengendlela yokulungisa leyo mithetho. Le nqubo ibonisa ukuqonda kwabahleli bemithetho ukuthi kumelwe kuvumelane nezimo ezishintshayo, izidingo zomphakathi, nokwaziswa okuvelayo. Abenzi bomthetho bayakwazi ukusabela ekwazini nemininingwane emisha, izici ze-actic, kanye nokuguqula amandla ezombangazwe ngaphandle kokuqala inqubo yomthetho wokushaya umthetho.

Inqubo yokulungisa futhi ihlanganisa isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela phakathi kwegatsha lomthetho ngokwalo. Indlu yabameleli neSigele isebenza ngaphansi kwemithetho ehlukene elawula ukulungisa, engaholela emiphumeleni ehlukene kuye ngokuthi iyiphi igumbi elithathwa njengencwadi. Lokhu kungafani kwemiklamo akunangozi; kubonisa umklamo wamasuntswana wangamabomu ukuqinisekisa ukucabangisisa nokuvikela izithakazelo zedlanzana phakathi nenqubo yomthetho.

Ukuqonda Izinqumo Ngokujule

Ukulungisa kumelela okungaphezu nje kokushintsha kwemali; kuyithuluzi lokulungisa i-project ne-politiki. Uma abenzi bomthetho behlela ukulungisa, bazama ukuthonya isimo sokugcina sesimiso. Iziphendulelo zingafeza imisebenzi eminingi ngesikhathi esisodwa: zingacacisa ulimi oludidayo, zifake amalungiselelo amasha, zisuse izingxenye ezingathandeki, noma zikhiphe yonke indlela yesimiso somthetho.

Ukubaluleka kokulungisa kudlulela ngalé komphumela wakho osheshayo ohlahleni olulodwa. Le nqubo yokulungisa yakha umlando wenhloso yomthetho inkantolo engase ithintane nayo kamuva lapho kuchazwa imithetho. Uma ukulungiswa okuthile kwamukelwa noma kwenqatshwa, kunikeza ukuqonda ukuthi yikuphi abasunguli bomthetho ababehlose ukuba umthetho ufezeke. Lokhu kuchaza kwenza ukulungisa kube baluleke kakhulu ekumiseni umlando wemithetho ocacile.

Iziphendu futhi zisebenza njengekhomputha yemizwa yezombangazwe ngaphakathi kweSishaya-mthetho. Izindlela zokulungisa ezihlongozwayo, izimpikiswano ezibangelayo, kanye nemifelandawonye ezungeze leyo zindawo yembula imigqa yephutha nezivumelwano phakathi kwamaqembu. Ukuqaphela inqubo yokulungisa kunikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile ngamandla ezombangazwe abumba ukubusa kweMelika.

Inqubo Yesichibiyelo

Ukumiswa Kwekomiti

Inqubo yokulungisa iqala ngokuzikhandla lapho ikomiti ifika. AmaKomiti alapho umsebenzi wesikhokhelo oningiliselwe kakhulu nongasho lutho owenziwe khona. Amalungu amaKomiti, ngokuvamile anolwazi olukhethekile kulendaba, abukeza umugqa wemali ngomgqebhezana futhi ahlongoze. Lezi zimo zekomiti ngokuvamile ziwukulungisa okulandelana kakhulu ngoba angawubuyisela umbhalo ngaphambi kokuba ufike egumbini eligcwele.

Izihlalo zamakomiti zilawula kakhulu ukuthi kulungiswe kanjani. Ezimweni eziningi, izihlalo zingahlela inqubo yokulungisa ukuze zikhethe imiphumela yazo engcono ngokulinganisela isikhathi senkulumo-mpikiswano, ukwenza ezinye izinguquko phezu kwabanye, noma ukusebenzisa amasu okubhula ukuze kuvinjelwe izinguquko ezingafunwa. Lokhu kugcina amasango kwenza izikhundla zobuholi bamakomiti zifuneke kakhulu futhi zibe nencazelo enkulu kwezombangazwe.

Ikomiti engaphansi ingafeza indima futhi enqubweni yokulungisa. Kuzo izingxenye ezinkulu zomthetho, izibopho ezincane zivame ukubukeza futhi zihlongoze ukumiswa kuqala ngaphambi kokuba ikomiti egcwele ithathe imvume. Lesi sakhiwo sekomiti esineziqu ezimbili sivumela ukuhlolwa nokuthuthukiswa kolimi lwemithetho.

Ukuvinjwa Kwempikiswano YamaFloor

Lapho nje isikweleti siphuma ekomitini, singena phansi egumbini eliyilo, lapho kungahlongozwa khona ukulungisa okwengeziwe. imithetho elawula ukuhlaziywa kwendlu ihluka kakhulu phakathi kwendlu neSigele, ibonisa ubukhulu obungafani namasiko alezi zindlu ezimbili.

Endlini yabameleli, iKomiti Yemithetho ifeza indima ebalulekile ekunqumeni ukuthi yiziphi izinguquko ezizocatshangelwa phansi. Imithetho yeKomiti ikhipha umthetho wemithetho emikhulu echaza izilinganiso zengxoxo, kuhlanganise naziphi iziphetho ezilandelanayo. ivimbela noma yiziphi izinguquko, umthetho ovaliweyo [[FLT]] uvimbela noma iziphi izinguquko, ukunciphisa umthetho ovaliwe uvumela kuphela ama-antementsment, [[[FLT:]] umthetho owe-opensayo] owe-odayokuvimbela noma isiphi inguquko. Ikomiti ivumela noma isiphi inguquko esilawula inqubo yokulawula inqubo elawulayo.

Kuyi-Gabene, inqubo yokulungisa ngokuvamile ivumelana nezimo. Izigebengu zingahlongoza ukulungiswa kwezikweletu eziningi ngaphandle kwemvume yangaphambili, futhi umnyango wokucabangela ukulungisa uphansi. Nokho, imithetho yeSigele ivumela futhi i-filibusters[, engavimbela ngokuphumelelayo ukucatshangelwa kokulungisa ngaphandle kokuba abavoti abangamashumi ayisithupha bevotelela ukuvulela i-active. Lokhu kwenza indawo ezungezile eyinkimbinkimbi lapho abasizi be-senakekeli kumelwe balinganisele khona isibopho sokulungisa isifiso sabo sokuvikela ukusekela i-bipartic zisithiyo zokunqoba izithiyo.

Izinhlobo Zeziphendu Ngokuhlaziya Okuyandisiwe

Izinqumiso Ezingagunyaziwe

Izinguquko ezilawulayo ziguqula ingqikithi yemali, zishintsha imiphumela yayo yesimiso, izinqubo. Lezi zinguquko zidala impikiswano enkulu ngoba zithinta ngokuqondile lokho umthetho ozokufeza. Ukulungisa okungasho lutho kungashintsha amazinga okuxhasa izimali, kushintshe izinhlelo zesimiso, noma zenezele izimfuneko ezintsha zokulawula. Abenzi bomthetho basebenzisa izinguquko ezingaphansi kwemithetho ukuze bathuthukise isimiso sabo futhi bavivinye amandla ezombangazwe emibono ephikisanayo.

Izinqumo Zobuchwepheshe Nezokukhanya

Izinguquko zobuchwepheshe zilungisa amaphutha ekubhaleni, ukungavumelani phakathi kwezingxenye, noma ulimi oludidayo olungaholela kwimiphumela engalindelekile. Nakuba kungcono kakhulu ukulungisa izinhlelo zezobuchwepheshe, izinguquko zobuchwepheshe zibalulekile ekukhiqizeni umthetho owenziwe ngendlela ehlongozayo. Igama elilodwa elilahlekileyo noma ukukhomba okungacacile kungadala iminyaka yokuzichaza noma ukudideka. Izisebenzi zomthetho nezimeli zekomiti ezinolwazi zibukeza ngokucophelela izikweleti zezindaba zobuchwepheshe futhi zihlongoze ukulungisa imithetho ekhona ngaphambi kokuba isiqephu sokugcina.

Izinqumo Zabagibeli Nemiklamo Yezimpahla

Izinguquko zokugibela zingahlanganisa ngokuphelele amalungiselelo angahlobene nemali, ngokuvamile zisebenzisa isimo sokudlula okumelwe kubekwe umthetho othile ukuze kuqhutshwe phambili ngezindlela ezinzima. Abagibeli banedumela eliyinkimbinkimbi kwezombangazwe zaseMelika. Kwesinye isandla, bangavumela ukuyekethisa ngokuvumela izinto eziningi eziza kuqala ziqhubeke ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, banganciphisa ukubonakala nokulandisa ngokufihla amalungiselelo aphikiswayo ezikweletini ezithandwayo. Umkhuba wokufaka abagibeli bafake imizamo yokulungisa emagumbini ombili, nakuba ulokhu ulokhu uyisici esivamile senqubo yomthetho.

Okuhlobene nabagibeli amaphawu , asekela ngokuqondile izakhiwo ezithile esifundeni noma esifundazweni selungu. Nakuba amabhanile avinjelwa okwesikhashana ngo-2011 ngenxa yokukhathazeka ngokuchitha imali, abuyiselwa ngo-2021 nezimfuneko ezintsha zokubona. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngokuthi izimpawu ziyasiza ukwakha ukusekela umthetho futhi nikeza amalungu isigxobo ekudluliseni izikwele ezingaphezulu.

Izinqumo Eziphawulekayo Nezingena Esikhundleni

Izinguquko ezithatha imvume zisusa ulimi oluthile emalini, ezingasusa zonke izingxenye noma izinhlelo. Ukulungisa kungahlongozwa ukususa ilungiselelo eliyimpikiswano elingenakho ukusekela kweningi, ngokuphumelelayo ukufinyeza izinga lomthetho. Indlela enonya kakhulu i- i-activement [, ethatha indawo yayo yonke umbhalo wesimemezelo ngenye indlela. I-antement iqala kabusha ngokuphumelelayo inqubo yomthetho ngesicelo esisha, ngokuvamile iveza indlela ehlukile.

Ukusetshenziswa Okuhleliwe Kweziphetho

Abenzi bomthetho abangomakad ’ ebona bayaqonda ukuthi izinguquko zingafeza izinjongo ezingokomthetho ngaphandle kokuthuthukisa nje umthetho. Iziphendu zingasetshenziselwa ukufaka abaphikisi ezikhundleni ezinzima zezombangazwe, zibaphoqelele ukuba bavote ezinyaweni ezithandwayo kodwa ezingahlobene noma bavikele izikhundla ezingathandeki. Lelisu ngezinye izikhathi libizwa ngokuthi i-rama eSigeqeni, lingadala iziphakamiso zezombangazwe ezisetshenziswa ngokhetho olulandelayo.

Izinqumiso zisebenza futhi njengemishini yokubonisana. Uma ilungu lisikisela ukulungisa okungenawo amathuba okudlula, kungenzeka ukuthi lisebenzisa inqubo yokulungisa ukuxhumana nabantu abazimele, amaqembu anezithakazelo, noma abaholi beqembu ngezabo eziza kuqala. Ngisho nokulungisa okuhlulekile kungaveza ukushukuma kwemithombo yezindaba, ukubuthela abasekeli, nokumisa idumela lelungu endabeni ethile.

Izigwebo ezihlongozwe ekuqaleni kwale nqubo zingase zithonye indlela yokuqondisa impikiswano elandelayo, kuyilapho izinguquko ezihlongozwayo ezithi zithathwe ngemva kwesikhathi zingase ziphoqe ukuba kwenziwe izinqumo ngokuphuthumayo. Abenzi bomthetho kumelwe bacabangele ngokucophelela ukuthi ziyowaletha nini amakhambi ukuze baphumelele futhi bafinyelele izinhloso zabo ezibanzi zezombangazwe.

Indima YamaKomiti Engqungquthela

Uma iNdlu neSigele kudlulisa izinguqulo ezihlukene zesivumelwano esifanayo, kuhlanganiswa ikomiti yengqungquthela ukuze ivumelane nomehluko. Amakomiti engqungquthela afeza indima ehlukile enqubweni yokulungisa ngoba angakha ngokuphumelelayo uhlelo olusha lomthetho oluhlanganisa izingxenye zemali zombili izindleko. Umbiko wekomiti yengqungquthela kumelwe uvunyelwe yizo zombili izikhundla, kodwa angeke alungiswe phansi. Lokhu kunikeza amakomiti engqungquthela amandla amakhulu okuhlela uhlobo lokugcina lomthetho.

Amakomiti engqungquthela akhiwa yiziqu eziphakeme ezivela emakomitini ahlobene nawo womabili amakamu. La malungu axoxa ngeminyango evalekile, ukuhwebelana nokuthola izimvume zokusekelana ezingase zisekele iningi kuzo zombili iNdlu neSishaya-Mnyango. Umbiko owumphumela umelela ukuthengiselana okunzima kwezombangazwe okungaxazululwa, okuyisizathu esenza ukuba imibiko yengqungquthela inqanyulwe lapho ifika phansi.

Ithonya Lezichibiyelo Kwababambi Bomgunyathi Abahlukahlukene

Amaqembu Anesithakazelo Nabathandi Bobugovu

Amaqembu anesithakazelo ayibhekisisa inqubo yokulungisa ngoba ukulungisa kungathinta kakhulu izinzuzo noma umthwalo amalungu awo awutholayo. Amaqembu anezisusa ezinhle asebenzisa abangenisi abahlakulela ubuhlobo nezisebenzi zekomiti namalungu ukuze athonye ukuhlelwa nokuvota. Lamaqembu anganikeza ukulungisa ulimi, ukuhlaziya okungokomthetho, nokucwaninga ukuze asekele izikhundla zawo. Inqubo yokulungisa isuke iyinkundla eyinhloko yokuncintisana nesithakazelo nethonya leqembu.

Izinhlangano zendawo ezungezile, amabhizinisi, izinyunyana zezisebenzi, namaqembu okuphatha amaqembu asebenzayo konke kuhlanganyela enqubweni yokulungisa ukuhlelwa kwazo. Ikhono lokuvikela ukubuyiselwa okuhle noma ukuvimbela okungekuhle yisilinganiso esiyinhloko sokuphumelela kweqembu lenzalo. Amaqembu anesithakazelo aphumelela aqonda ukuchaza okuqhubekayo kwenqubo yokulungisa futhi afake imali ngokuhambelana nemisebenzi yawo yezemithetho.

Izinhlangano Zegatsha Eziphethe

Izinhlangano ze-Federal ezizomisa umthetho zinesithakazelo esiqinile enqubweni yokulungisa. Izikhulu ze-arhente zinganikeza usizo lobuchwepheshe kumakomiti enhlangano futhi ziveze ukukhathazeka ngamalungiselelo anzima noma angenakusetshenziswa. Iziphendu ezicacisa igunya lezinhlangano, ezinikeza imali eyanele, noma ezimisa izikhawu ezingokoqobo zingalithinta kakhulu ikhono lenhlangano lokufeza imithwalo yayo yezomthetho.

Igatsha eliphethe lisebenzisa futhi inqubo yokulungisa ukumiswa komongameli ukuthuthukisa izinto eziza kuqala. I-White House Office of Legislative Affairs ihlangene nama-constal ahlangeneyo ukuze ihlongoze ukuhlelwa kwezinhlelo zikamongameli. Ukusekela noma ukuphikisa komongameli ekulungiseni okuthile kungashintsha amavoti futhi kulolonge ujuqu lwemithetho yokugcina.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo Zeziphendulo Ezinethonya Ezihlelweni

Umthetho Ka - 1964 Wamalungelo Abantu

I-Civil Rights Act ka-1946 yalungisa izinguquko eziningi phakathi nohambo lwayo lweSishaya-Mkhandlu. Inguquko edumile kwakuyi-Dirksen , eyaguqula iSihlomo VII ukuze icacise ukuthi abaqashi bangasebenzisa ikhono labo elithuthukisiwe uma nje bengaklanywanga noma besetshenziswa ekucunuleni. Lokhu kulungisa kwasiza ekuqiniseni ukusekela kwe-Senator Everett Dirksen kanye nezinye iziRepublics ezilinganiselweyo, ekugcineni ukunikeza amavoti adingekayo ukuze kuphulwe i-Palicebu eseningizimu. Inqubo yokulungisa lomthetho ebonisa ukuthi ushintsho lungakha izikhawulo ezidingekayo ukuze kugcinwe injongo yomgwaqo ngesikhathi sokugcinwa komthetho.

Isinyathelo Sokunakekela Esingenakuntengantengiswa Sango - 2010

I-Affordlable Care Act yabunjwa amakhulu entengiselwano phakathi nohambo lwayo olude lwemithetho. Isibonelo esiphawulekayo kwakuyiSichibiyelo sikaNelson , esaphulwa nguSenator Ben Nelson of Nebraska, esanikeza izimali ezengeziwe zezwe ezandisiwe zeMedicaid. Nakuba amalungiselelo akhethekile e-Nebraska kamuva abukezwa ngenxa yokukhala komphakathi, inqubo yokulungisa yayibalulekile ekulondolozeni amavoti angamashumi ayisithupha adingekayo ekunqobeni i-palcess. I-A ACAA ibonisa futhi indlela yokusebenzisa inqubo yokubuyisana okungasetshenziswa ekuhleleni i-mediadcaid.

Isikweleti Sentela Nemisebenzi Ka - 2017

I-Taxis Cuts and Jobs Act yadluliselwa ngenqubo yokulungisa izindleko zokuhlela, elinganisela ukuhlelwa kwemithetho yokuhlelwa kwemali. Lokhu kunqanda ukulungiswa kwenqubo ephawulekayo, kuvimbela ushintsho lwenqubo engadibekiyo ekubeni inamathele kule mithetho. Abaphathi bazo zombili bahlongoza ukulungisa intela, ukulungisa izikweletu, nokushintsha indlela yokuphatha amabhizinisi ahlukahlukene. Inqubo yokulungisa inqubo yembula ukuhlukana okujulile phakathi kwengqungquthela yeRepublican enjengentengiswano kazwelonke nenkokhiso elinganiselwe yentela yendawo.

Izinselele Nezinguquko Zesikhathi Esizayo

Ukwanda Kobungane

Ukukhula kokuhlukana okubangelwa ukuhlukana kuye kwenza inqubo yokulungisa yaba yingxabano futhi yaba nezithelo ezimbalwa.

Ukuhlelwa Kwezinto Eziphilayo

Ukusetshenziswa okwandayo kwamasu okuvimbela ukulungisa kuye kwaphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokucabangela idemokrasi. ESigedeni, umzanyana ufuna amavoti angamashumi ayisithupha ngokuphumelelayo ukuba umthetho omningi uqhubeke, kunciphisa isisusa sokuba iqembu elikhulu licabangele ukubuyiselwa kweqembu elincane. E House, iKomiti yeMithetho ivame ukuvala noma ukuguqula imithetho evaliweyo evimbela ukuqedwa kwemithetho engenziwa phansi.

Izikhangiso Zenguquko

Iziphakamiso eziningana zenguquko zihloselwe ukubuyisela umsebenzi wokulungisa inqubo yokuzimela. Abanye basekela ukubuyela ekuvuleni imithetho emisha eMzini njengomkhuba ongahleliwe. Abanye bahlongoza ukuguqula iSigele i-monicbuster ukuba ifune i-pagerbuster ekhulumayo, okungavumela ukulungisa kubhekwe kuyilapho idlanzana liqhubeka liphikisana. Abanye basikisela ukusungula izindlela ezihleliwe zokulungisa inqubo ye-bipartisan. Lezinguquko zibhekene nezithiyo ezinkulu zezombangazwe, kodwa zibonisa ukukhathazeka okuqhubekayo ngenqubo yomthetho.

Isiphetho

Inqubo yokulungisa inqubo ebalulekile yokuguqula umthetho eUnited States Congress. Kunokuba ibe yimininingwane yezobuchwepheshe, ikhono lokuveza nokuthatha inguquko ngokuyisisekelo lithinta imithetho edluliswayo nendlela esebenza ngayo. Ukuqonda inqubo yokulungisa kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuthonya umthetho noma ofuna ukuqonda ukuthi ukubusa kwaseMelika kusebenza kanjani ngempela.

Lenqubo yokulungisa ihlanganisa izindinganiso zentando yeningi zokucabangela, ukuyekethisa, nokusabela ekwazisweni okusha. Uma isebenza ngokuphumelelayo, yenza ukuba kuzwakale amazwi ahlukahlukene futhi kuncintisane izithakazelo eziphikisanayo ukuba kubuyisane. Uma isithiywe noma isetshenziswa, inganciphisa ukulandisa kwentando yeningi futhi iveze umthetho ohlulekayo ukunikeza isithakazelo somphakathi.

Kubafundi, othisha, nakuzo izibopho zezakhamuzi, ukuqonda indlela ukulungisa okuthonya ngayo inqubo yomthetho akuyona nje inqubo yemfundo. Kuyimfuneko ukuba ulwele ukubusa kwentando yeningi ngokuphumelelayo. Inqubo yokulungisa inikeza amaphuzu amaningi okufinyelela kulabo abafuna ukuhlela isimiso somphakathi, futhi ukuqonda abaklami bayo kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokuyisebenzisa ngokuphumelelayo. Njengoba izinselele ezibhekene nesimiso sokubusa ngentando yeningi saseMelika ziyoqhubeka zifeza indima enkulu ekunqumeni ukuthi abalawuli bemithetho basabela kanjani ezidingweni zesizwe.